A STUDY OF THE RECENT TECTONIC ACTIVITY IN JIANGSUSHANDONG-ANHUI AREA

In this paper two vertical deformation maps have been drawn, based on the accurate leveling data of 1950-1980, in Jiangsu-Shandong-Anhui area. Along combining with neotectonic, geological basis and crustal deformation data, an analysis of the recent tectonic activity in the studied area has been made,and some conclusions have been drawn as follows: (1) The Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone across the studied area is the key tectonic element in recent tectonic activity, and the crustal deform...更多ation is controlled by the fault zone. (2) A study of the two deformation maps shows that the section of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone in this area is a creeping section, but both ends of the section are locked parts. The stress concentration ought to be accumulated in these parts. (3) Difference between the two maps suggests that the activity character of the fault zone is right lateral slip during 1950 to 1970, but reverse activity has occurred since 1982 to 1983. This suggests that the most intense earthquake in East 还原 【Abstract】 In this paper two vertical deformation maps have been drawn, based on the accurate leveling data of 1950-1980, in Jiangsu-Shandong-Anhui area. Along combining with neotectonic, geological basis and crustal deformation data, an analysis of the recent tectonic activity in the studied area has been made,and some conclusions have been drawn as follows: (1) The Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone across the studied area is the key tectonic element in recent tectonic activity, and the crustal deformation is controlled by the fault zone. (2) A study of the two deformation maps shows that the section of the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone in this area is a creeping section, but both ends of the section are locked parts. The stress concentration ought to be accumulated in these parts. (3) Difference between the two maps suggests that the activity character of the fault zone is right lateral slip during 1950 to 1970, but reverse activity has occurred since 1982 to 1983. This suggests that the most intense     

华北新构造分区与潜在震源划分问题

归纳了华北地区的新构造特征,划分了4个基本新构造类型和16个次级类型.给出了在新构造类型划分基础上进行新构造分区的5条原则和华北新构造分区的两级划分方案,共划分11个一级区和37个二级区.从潜在震源的新构造背景、分区边界、分区步骤等方面讨论了潜在震源与新构造区的关系.提出了在新构造区的基础上直接划分潜在震源的可行性与合理性.     

城市活动断层探测成果图件集的编制规范研究

城市活动断层探测成果图件集是近年国家活动断层探测科学工程项目开展以来形成的重要资料,其集成编绘将有助于今后地震地质研究和防震减灾的开展。城市活动断层探测成果图件集包括20个城市的1:250000区域地震构造图与1:50000活动断层分布图。文中系统详细地探讨了区域地震构造图与活动断层分布图地图信息的组织与表达、设计思想、制图综合、图例规范与编制过程。最后,还简要介绍了基于ArcGIS平台的计算机规范化制图过程。     

中国东部海区编图及基本地学特征

随着我国海洋区域地质调查事业的发展,编制新的海区地质地球物理图件显得非常必要.中国东部海区1∶100万地质地球物理系列图包括空间重力异常图、布格重力异常图、磁力异常图、表层沉积物分布图和区域构造图.本研究通过利用数字化编图技术对新旧资料进行同化和标准化处理,获得了大范围、基于新资料的图件成果.此外,在编图成果的基础上,本文总结了我国东部海区的地球物理场分区特征,表层沉积物分布特征,并划分了区域构造单元.编图成果将进一步促进对我国东部海区地质构造特征的认识.     

郯庐断裂带安徽段的展布及其新构造活动

本文以近年来野外考察资料为依据,论述郯庐断裂安徽段的展布及其新构造活动特征。通过比较研究,表明该段无论在结构构造还是在新构造活动性方面都明显不同于中段     

青藏高原新生代构造和第四纪研究的进展及问题讨论

简述了近年来国内外在青藏高原晚新生代构造和第四纪地质研究方面所取得的新进展，针对在活动构造研究中所存在的问题，提出 今后研究工作的方向，认为应当加强青藏高原及其周缘地区晚新生代构造变形方式、幅度和速率的研究，同时在研究中应当将第四纪地质与活动构造研究相结合，特别要注重深部构造的研究。     

Neotectonics and associate seismicity in the Eastern Tellian Atlas of Algeria

Seismicity in the Eastern Tellian Atlas of Algeria is active of moderate to low magnitude. The direct identification of active fault is often a difficult task. In fact, in this region, despite the intense seismicity, only the Constantine earthquake of 27 October, 1985 ( M s = 5.7) and the Kherrata earthquake of 17 February, 1949 ( M s = 4.7), have generated surface ruptures. Hence, the integration of both geological, historical and instrumental seismic data are important in order to characterise the most important seismogenic structures. This paper presents a preliminary overview of the identified neotectonic faults that we consider active in the Eastern Tellian Atlas of Algeria. Thus, seismicity and neotectonic maps are presented and the faults which are active or potentially active from a neotectonic point of view are shown in relation with the main seismic groupings. This study based mainly on available seismic and bibliographic data and several unpublished marine seismic data enable us to suspect a fault as the eventual source of the Jijeli earthquake of 21 August 1856 that destroyed the Jijeli town and its surroundings. The results inferred from this work represent a starting point for more detailed studies in seismogenic areas.     

RESEARCH ON EARTHQUAKE EMERGENCY MAPPING METHOD BASED ON TEMPLATE MATCH

After an earthquake, earthquake emergency response and rescue are important ways to mitigate earthquake-induced losses. Various earthquake emergency maps can provide effective references and guidance to those actions. Currently, related studies include the investigation on symbols of emergency maps, remote sensing emergency mapping and GIS-based mapping methods. However, the existing studies overlook the characteristics of rapidity, dynamicity and variety of presentation methods in making earthquake emergency maps. In this paper, a map template matching method is used to quickly make earthquake emergency maps considering their characteristics. We take investigations on the service objects(users)of the earthquake emergency maps to understand the needs of making earthquake emergency maps. The audience theory in mass media field and map information transmission theory are adopted to classify the users of the earthquake emergency maps into four categories: earthquake emergency commanders, technical staffs for decision-making, earthquake emergency rescuers, and the public. The components of different types of users are described and then their diverse demands in earthquake emergency maps are analyzed, such as the needs of on-field disaster information maps, earthquake information maps, physical geography and social economic maps. Following those needs, we introduce the representation methods of the earthquake emergency maps according to their formats(vector or raster)and contents, such as point symbolization method, kilometer grid method, line symbolization method and range method. Then, we study the rapid plotting method of earthquake emergency map based on map template matching method. The core steps of the method include: 1)before earthquake, the templates of different earthquake emergency maps are designed, prepared and connect the earthquake emergency features with their related spatial database. The map layout and map elements are stored in the templates. 2)After earthquake, the earthquake emergency features will be generated from seismic models(such as attenuation model of earthquake magnitude and seismic intensity)or the information obtained from field investigation. 3)Corresponding earthquake emergency map template is selected in accordance with the generated seismic features. And the features are used to update related features inside the selected template. 4)Minor adjustments are made such as to the map scale and some map annotations to finally generate the formal earthquake emergency map. Architecture of template system of the earthquake emergency maps is designed, including map user level, map template level, template layer level and map element level. Regrading to the architecture, the general map template of earthquake emergency is presented which includes four main regions: title region, main picture region, auxiliary region and annotation region. The main picture region is the essential, which lays geographic background maps and earthquake emergency features. Finally, an earthquake emergency mapping system is developed. Based on the system, a case study is presented, which demonstrates making a simulated seismic intensity influence map. From three aspects, the case presents the application of the template-matching method including: generating earthquake emergency features, substituting the features inside the template with the generated features, and revising map annotations. Therefore, the map template matching method is verified so that it can be used to quickly generate various earthquake emergency maps.     

Flood hazard mapping in Southern Brazil: a combination of flow frequency analysis and the HAND model

The Itajaí River basin is one of the areas most affected by flood-related disasters in Brazil. Flood hazard maps based on digital elevation models (DEM) are an important alternative in the absence of detailed hydrological data and for application in large areas. We developed a flood hazard mapping methodology by combining flow frequency analysis with the Height Above the Nearest Drainage (HAND) model – f2HAND – and applied it in three municipalities in the Itajaí River basin. The f2HAND performance was evaluated through comparison with observed 2011 flood extent maps. Model performance and sensitivity were tested for different DEM resolutions, return periods and streamflow data from stations located upstream and downstream on the main river. The flood hazard mapping with our combined approach matched 92% of the 2011 flood event. We found that the f2HAND model has low sensitivity to DEM resolution and high sensitivity to area threshold of channel initiation.     

Towards generic real-time mapping algorithms for environmental monitoring and emergency detection

Real-time analysis of data reported by environmental monitoring networks poses a number of challenges, one of which is the conversion of point measurements of phenomena that display some spatial dependence into maps. This is the case for the many variables that cannot be monitored efficiently over large regions by satellites. Environmental pollutants, radiation levels, rainfall fields and seismic activity are but a few of these variables that are usually interpolated for the production of maps. These maps will then further serve as an essential support for decision-making. Ideally, in order to allow real-time assessments and minimize human intervention in case of hazards and emergencies that are frequently linked to the above mentioned variables (e.g. air pollution peaks, nuclear accidents, flash-floods, earthquakes), these maps should be established in near real time and thus automatically. The ability of real-time mapping systems running in the routine mode to be able to cope with extreme events is not straightforward, and few systems are today used automatically for both monitoring the environment and triggering early warnings in case of necessity. Alternatively, adopting a decision-centered view of environmental monitoring and mapping systems allows us to re-formulate their final objective as a classification problem that consists of discriminating routine against emergency conditions, or background information against outliers. It is the purpose of this paper to give an overview of the main challenges for developing and evaluating automatic mapping systems for critical environmental variables, as well as to discuss steps toward the development of generic real-time mapping algorithms.     

长白山近代火山活动与地震

概述了长白山火山区的构造环境及其构造的活动性，以天池火山为主体的长白山火山区近代喷发的构造的活动，表现有继承与新生的构造双重性和不均衡的脉动性，区内的火山地震与区域性构造地震趋于同步活动。     

Hazard assessment of far-range volcanic ash dispersal from a violent Strombolian eruption at Somma-Vesuvius volcano, Naples, Italy: implications on civil aviation

Long-range dispersal of volcanic ash can disrupt civil aviation over large areas, as occurred during the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallaj?kull volcano in Iceland. Here we assess the hazard for civil aviation posed by volcanic ash from a potential violent Strombolian eruption of Somma-Vesuvius, the most likely scenario if eruptive activity resumed at this volcano. A Somma-Vesuvius eruption is of concern for two main reasons: (1) there is a high probability (38?%) that the eruption will be violent Strombolian, as this activity has been common in the most recent period of activity (between AD 1631 and 1944); and (2) violent Strombolian eruptions typically last longer than higher-magnitude events (from 3 to 7?days for the climactic phases) and, consequently, are likely to cause prolonged air traffic disruption (even at large distances if a substantial amount of fine ash is produced such as is typical during Vesuvius eruptions). We compute probabilistic hazard maps for airborne ash concentration at relevant flight levels using the FALL3D ash dispersal model and a statistically representative set of meteorological conditions. Probabilistic hazard maps are computed for two different ash concentration thresholds, 2 and 0.2?mg/m³, which correspond, respectively, to the no-fly and enhanced procedure conditions defined in Europe during the Eyjafjallaj?kull eruption. The seasonal influence of ash dispersal is also analysed by computing seasonal maps. We define the persistence of ash in the atmosphere as the time that a concentration threshold is exceeded divided by the total duration of the eruption (here the eruption phase producing a sustained eruption column). The maps of averaged persistence give additional information on the expected duration of the conditions leading to flight disruption at a given location. We assess the impact that a violent Strombolian eruption would have on the main airports and aerial corridors of the Central Mediterranean area, and this assessment can help those who devise procedures to minimise the impact of these long-lasting low-intensity volcanic events on civil aviation.     

新构造运动背景下天津中部地区活动断裂浅层地震勘探及新认识

天津地处渤海湾盆地北西西向北京—蓬莱断裂带与北东向唐山—河间—磁县新生断裂带交汇部位,盆地内沉积盖层(N_1-2-Q)覆盖较厚,新构造运动频繁,为了进一步揭示活动断裂浅部特征,本文利用浅层地震勘探方法查明了天津中部地区部分断裂(杨柳青断裂、杨村断裂)新构造运动背景下的表现形式及展布特征.结果表明,杨柳青断裂(F_P3、F_P6)在新构造运动时期仍继续活动,形成截切主断裂而反向复活的继续活动断裂(F_P4、F_P5),且为第四纪活动断裂;杨村断裂(F_P2)于新构造运动时期在主断裂上直接复活,为第四纪活动断裂;同时识别出多条发育于新近系明化镇-第四系(N_1-2-Q)沉积盖层中的新生断裂(F_P1,F_P7～F_P10).新构造运动背景下天津中部地区活动断裂发育,既有继承性活动的继续活动断裂,也有具盖层断裂特征的新生断裂.     

Large-Scale Mapping of Hard-Rock Aquifer Properties Applied to Burkina Faso

A country-scale (1:1,000,000) methodology has been developed for hydrogeologic mapping of hard-rock aquifers (granitic and metamorphic rocks) of the type that underlie a large part of the African continent. The method is based on quantifying the “useful thickness” and hydrodynamic properties of such aquifers and uses a recent conceptual model developed for this hydrogeologic context. This model links hydrodynamic parameters (transmissivity, storativity) to lithology and the geometry of the various layers constituting a weathering profile. The country-scale hydrogeological mapping was implemented in Burkina Faso, where a recent 1:1,000,000-scale digital geological map and a database of some 16,000 water wells were used to evaluate the methodology.     

论四川挽近构造体系及其发展特征

四川最强烈的挽近构造活动时期至少有三次。第一幕在新、老第三纪之间,第二幕在新第三纪与早更新世之间,第三幕在早、中更新世之间。它们各控制多种构造带或构造体系的活动,经过错综复杂的演变过程,最后铸成四川复杂的地质构造轮廓和山川地貌景观。挽近时期进一步活动的构造型式有:东西向构造带、南北构造带、棋盘格式构造、新华夏系、青藏系及旋扭构造等。各构造带的发生演变及成生顺序所反映的构造应力场及其转变方式颇有规律。总体看来,南北向挤压作用在先,东西向挤压作用在后。     

AIRBORNE RESISTIVITY MAPPING USING A MULTIFREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM*

Airborne electromagnetic methods are most commonly used in mineral exploration. However, new developments, such as multifrequency capability and digital on-board field recording, as well as improvements in instrumentation resulting in high signal-to-noise ratios in recorded data, have made their application in geological mapping possible. A three-frequency airborne EM survey carried out over an area northwest of Timmins, Ontario, was interpreted in terms of thickness and resistivity of the layers of a two-layer earth section. Since both in-phase and quadrature components are measured, this provides six independent parameters at each point in space. Based on prior geological information and a preliminary interpretation of the field records, two two-layer models of the subsurface seemed to be appropriate for most of the survey area. An automatic computerized interpretation procedure was devised to interpret the field data at each point in terms of thickness and resistivity parameters of those two models. When the geology is more complex, the data do not fit the models and no interpretations are made. Two maps illustrating the variation of the resistivity and the thicknesses of the layers were constructed from the interpreted data. These maps agree with the known geological information about the distribution of glacial clay in the area. Areas where the layered models do not fit are known to be areas where the geology is complex with a large number of dykes and other lateral inhomogeneities. The study shows that multifrequency airborne EM surveys can be very useful in geological mapping over inaccessible terrain and can significantly help the mapping geologist where outcrops are scarce.     

Shallow structure beneath the Central Volcanic Complex of Tenerife from new gravity data: Implications for its evolution and recent reactivation

We present a new local Bouguer anomaly map of the Central Volcanic Complex (CVC) of Tenerife, Spain, constructed from the amalgamation of 323 new high precision gravity measurements with existing gravity data from 361 observations. The new anomaly map images the high-density core of the CVC and the pronounced gravity low centred in the Las Cañadas caldera in greater detail than previously available. Mathematical construction of a sub-surface model from the local anomaly data, employing a 3D inversion based on “growing” the sub-surface density distribution via the aggregation of cells, enables mapping of the shallow structure beneath the complex, giving unprecedented insights into the sub-surface architecture. We find the resultant density distribution in agreement with geological and other geophysical data. The modelled sub-surface structure supports a vertical collapse origin of the caldera, and maps the headwall of the ca. 180 ka Icod landslide, which appears to lie buried beneath the Pico Viejo–Pico Teide stratovolcanic complex. The results allow us to put into context the recorded ground deformation and gravity changes at the CVC during its reactivation in spring 2004 in relation to its dominant structural building blocks. For example, the areas undergoing the most significant changes at depth in recent years are underlain by low-density material and are aligned along long-standing structural entities, which have shaped this volcanic ocean island over the past few million years.     

Methodological considerations of probabilistic seismic hazard mapping

This paper presents a methodological discussion of several issues involved with the development of maps of seismic hazard. The points made are illustrated with worked examples, using Scotland as an illustrative case. The issues treated are divided under three headings: matters relating to the difference between hazard maps and site studies; matters concerned with the technical issues of mapping, and matters relating to the use to which hazard maps will be put. It is concluded that a hazard map cannot be an all-purpose substitute for site-specific studies, owing to the impracticality of ensuring all-round conservatism in a hazard map, and the lower level of detail (more broad-brush approach) in a regional mapping study. Also, since users of a hazard map are not necessarily going to be engineers, consideration should be given to the provision of maps expressed in parameters other than physical measures of ground motion. Intensity is useful here, since it relates to actual earthquake experience and to damage. One can also move to making maps of generic seismic risk even before one has data on the distribution of exposure and vulnerability. Discussion is made of the issue of testing the validity of hazard maps against real experience, with examples. If a map can be shown to accord with real observations, then it can be treated with greater confidence by users.     

Selecting best mapping strategies for storm runoff modeling in a mountainous semi‐arid area

Accurate runoff and soil erosion modeling is constrained by data availability, particularly for physically based models such as OpenLISEM that are data demanding, as the processes are calculated on a cell‐by‐cell basis. The first decision when using such models is to select mapping units that best reflect the spatial variability of the soil and hydraulic properties in the catchment. In environments with limited data, available maps are usually generic, with large units that may lump together the values of the soil properties, affecting the spatial patterns of the predictions and output values in the outlet. Conversely, the output results may be equally acceptable, following the principle of equifinality. To studyhow the mapping method selected affects the model outputs, four types of input maps with different degrees of complexity were created: average values allocated to general soil map units (ASG1), average values allocated to detailed map units (ASG2), values interpolated by ordinary kriging (OK) and interpolated by kriging with external drift (KED). The study area was Ribeira Seca, a 90 km² catchment located in Santiago Island, Cape Verde (West Africa), a semi‐arid country subject to scarce but extreme rainfall during the short tropical summer monsoon. To evaluate the influence of rainfall on runoff and erosion, two storm events with different intensity and duration were considered. OK and KED inputs produced similar results, with the latter being closer to the observed hydrographs. The highest soil losses were obtained with KED (43 ton ha^{? 1} for the strongest event). To improve the results of soil loss predictions, higher accurate spatial information on the processes is needed; however, spatial information of input soil properties alone is not enough in complex landscapes. The results demonstrate the importance of selecting the appropriate mapping strategy to obtain reliable runoff and erosion estimates. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of methods for mapping snow cover from MODIS

Characterization of snow is critical for understanding Earth’s water and energy cycles. Maps of snow from MODIS have seen growing use in investigations of climate, hydrology, and glaciology, but the lack of rigorous validation of different snow mapping methods compromises these studies. We examine three widely used MODIS snow products: the “binary” (i.e., snow yes/no) global snow maps that were among the initial MODIS standard products; a more recent standard MODIS fractional snow product; and another fractional snow product, MODSCAG, based on spectral mixture analysis. We compare them to maps of snow obtained from Landsat ETM+ data, whose 30 m spatial resolution provides nearly 300 samples within a 500 m MODIS nadir pixel. The assessment uses 172 images spanning a range of snow and vegetation conditions, including the Colorado Rocky Mountains, the Upper Rio Grande, California’s Sierra Nevada, and the Nepal Himalaya. MOD10A1 binary and fractional fail to retrieve snow in the transitional periods during accumulation and melt while MODSCAG consistently maintains its retrieval ability during these periods. Averaged over all regions, the RMSE for MOD10A1 fractional is 0.23, whereas the MODSCAG RMSE is 0.10. MODSCAG performs the most consistently through accumulation, mid-winter and melt, with median differences ranging from −0.16 to 0.04 while differences for MOD10A1 fractional range from −0.34 to 0.35. MODSCAG maintains its performance over all land cover classes and throughout a larger range of land surface properties. Characterizing snow cover by spectral mixing is more accurate than empirical methods based on the normalized difference snow index, both for identifying where snow is and is not and for estimating the fractional snow cover within a sensor’s instantaneous field-of-view. Determining the fractional value is particularly important during spring and summer melt in mountainous terrain, where large variations in snow, vegetation and soil occur over small distances and when snow can melt rapidly.