父亲

父亲的肩是厚厚的垫托起家庭的重担不曾有空闲父亲的臂是弯弯的镰在岁月的山坡上砍伐不曾有清闲父亲的脚是短短的尺丈量泥泞的道路不曾间断希望的伸延父亲的背是弯弯的弓搭上母亲的一支支箭竭力射向高高的蓝天父亲的眼是深深的堰盛着生活的辛酸也盛着幸福的甘甜     

全球大气能量演变及其与太阳活动的关系

利用1979—2010年间的JRA-25再分析资料、太阳常数观测资料,重现了1979—2010年间的各能量的时间序列,并对整层大气、对流层大气和平流层大气这3个大气层能量的演变规律及其与太阳活动的关系进行了分析。结果表明:(1)整层大气的总能量和对流层大气的总能量,两者都存在一个显著的3.7 a的周期;而平流层大气的总能量具有一个显著的11~22 a的振荡周期;平流层大气对太阳活动的响应,与对流层大气对太阳活动的响应有所不同:平流层大气的总能量的变化略落后于太阳常数的变化,但是整层大气和对流层大气的总能量的变化均是超前于太阳常数的变化。(2)整层大气、对流层大气和平流层大气这3个层次的总能量和太阳常数分别具有显著的4~11 a的共振周期、5.5~7.3 a的共振周期和3.7~11 a的共振周期。     

气候变化及其脆弱性

人们对全球气候变化的关注从来没有象现在这样“热”过，气候变化问题已从一个纯科学研究的领域变成社会公众和传媒谈论的热门话题。对于人类生产生活而言，气候变化与人们脆弱性的关系是非线性的。因为人类与其生产系统只能适应一定范围内的气候状态，过与不及都是不能适应的灾害。生产的稳定性与气候的多变性决定了灾害不可避免性，但是灾害的减少却是可能的。首先要弄清气候变化的原因，才能最大限度的降低我们对气候变化的脆弱性，提高我们的适应能力，把灾害减少到最小程度。影响气候变化的因子很多，太阳活动的影响是不容忽视的，这种…     

因特网源渊

因特网似乎应运于信息时代而生,因此,致力开发它的人们可能不清楚它的起源。首先,连接千万用户的计算机网络是三次战争的军事计划的现代纪念碑,尽管这是无意的。网络的存在归功于二战期间盟军的战略,归功于冷战的地缘政治压力,还要归功于为核浩劫(虚构的同苏联的“最后战争”)后的大灾难而作的准备。 和思想史上的大多数伟大进步一样,并不存在一个明确的因特网事件。它开始于一个中规模的分析系统,在二战初期设计出来的。     

利用Kappa统计值研究多种空气质量预报方法的一致性

采用基于权重Kappa统计值的方法,在剔除了由于偶然性和随机性造成的一致性的基础上,对三种常用的空气质量预报方法的预测结果的一致性进行了衡量.结果表明,"数值模式预报"与"综合经验预报"的预测结果为"中等的一致性",说明其预测结果的一致性并不是由于偶然性造成的.衡量结果是清晰的,避免了来自主观评价的差异.从而,有利于提高对不同模型预测结果的差异性的认识,对进一步提高空气质量预报的准确度有着重要意义.     

卷云中粒子的密度变化对可见光波段能量传输的影响

本文讨论了卷云冰晶粒子的密度随其尺度大小的变化。及其对折射指数的影响。对该变化所导致的粒子的光散射参数的变化进行了计算。采用Monte Carlo模式，根据观测到的冰晶粒子的数密度，使用不同的粒子密度分布，计算了卷云对0.55 μm波长的入射光的反射和透射率。结果表明，不同的粒子密度假设会导致一定的差别，但卷云中粒子的密度变化对可见光波段能量传输的影响非常小，可忽略不计。     

城里的月光

百花园默默来到城市身旁不经意拔动人世间的忧伤流浪的人在痴痴仰望回家的路途那么漫长远方倚门回归的乡音一次次淋湿游子的胸膛谁在城市的街头独自彷徨憔悴挂满年轻的脸庞月下的爱情为何短暂匆忙遍地的清辉留不住远去的倩影只有任思念把一切埋葬深夜的月亮已经隐藏谁还在把城里的月光演唱窗外的霓虹装点不眠的夜色躲在城市后面的月光让人静静想起旧日的悲凉许多与月有关的往事在这孤独的夜里情不自禁地疯长......城里的月光@姜永育     

在低阶谱模式中、地形对动量、热量和水汽输送的全球特征的影响

为了确定低阶谱模式的模拟能力,分析了模拟的热量、动量和水汽的垂直和径向输送,包括它们的季节、年际变化和地形的影响。对有地形的模式模拟的输送量与实际大气和无地形的模式模拟的结果进行了比较。比较结果表明截断波数为10的低阶谱模式是能够模拟总动量、热量和水汽输送的主要气候特征的。在冬季,地形对模拟的输送量的影响与Manabe和Terpstra(1974)的结果是一致的,他们的结论是一月份地形增加了各种物理量向北的常定涡旋输送而减少了瞬变涡旋输送,我们的模拟结果进一步指出不仅地形对输送的影响随季节变化,而且影响的地理范围也随季节改变。地形不仅对经向输送有影响,而且对垂直输送也有影响。在我们的模拟中经向输送的年际变化是存在的,而且定性地与实际大气的观察结果相吻合。     

大气对称运动和反对称运动的物理性质以及它们之间的能量转换

采用p坐标系,利用控制原始方程模式大气中对称运动和反对称运动的方程组,对其物理性质,如对称的和反对称的能量、角动量等的守恒性和它们之间的相互转换,纬圈平均的和扰动的对称和反对称运动之间的能量的相互转换进行了讨论。结果指出:(1)对全球总的绝对角动量的变化有贡献的,只能是因地形而引起的位势高度的对称部分在纬圈方向的差值和耗失力的纬向分量;(2)不同形式能量之间的相互转换除和经典的情况类似外,还有对称能量和反对称能量之间的相互转换,可以制约对称运动和反对称运动的相互影响。     

论气候变化和经济分析

气候变化及其社会影响是最近十年来人们非常关心的课题。经济分析非常有助于社会了解这种局面的重要性,而以往分析的作用是有限的。从决策分析角度考虑可以得出,通过评价变化着的(不是变化过的)气候的影响和社会对变化着的气候的响应可以获得更为有益的知识。结合不同集合层次的物质模式和经济模式分析变化着的气候可能是有用的。     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Dominant cloud microphysical processes of a torrential rainfall event in Sichuan,China

High-resolution numerical simulation data of a rainstorm triggering debris flow in Sichuan Province of China simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model were used to study the dominant cloud microphysical processes of the torrential rainfall. The results showed that: (1) In the strong precipitation period, particle sizes of all hydrometeors increased, and mean-mass diameters of graupel increased the most significantly, as compared with those in the weak precipitation period; (2) The terminal velocity of raindrops was the strongest among all hydrometeors, followed by graupel’s, which was much smaller than that of raindrops. Differences between various hydrometeors’ terminal velocities in the strong precipitation period were larger than those in the weak precipitation period, which favored relative motion, collection interaction and transformation between the particles. Absolute terminal velocity values of raindrops and graupel were significantly greater than those of air upward velocity, and the stronger the precipitation was, the greater the differences between them were; (3) The orders of magnitudes of the various hydrometeors’ sources and sinks in the strong precipitation period were larger than those in the weak precipitation period, causing a difference in the intensity of precipitation. Water vapor, cloud water, raindrops, graupel and their exchange processes played a major role in the production of the torrential rainfall, and there were two main processes via which raindrops were generated: abundant water vapor condensed into cloud water and, on the one hand, accretion of cloud water by rain water formed rain water, while on the other hand, accretion of cloud water by graupel formed graupel, and then the melting of graupel formed rain water.     

淮河流域水文极值预测模型研究

为探索气候变化影响下水文极值的非平稳性和预测方法,建立了水文极值非平稳广义极值（GEV）分布的统计预测模型。利用1952-2010年淮河上游流域累计面雨量和流量年最大值资料、同期500 hPa环流特征量资料以及17个CMIP5模式对环流特征量的模拟结果,筛选出对水文极值影响显著的年平均北半球极涡强度指数作为GEV分布参数的预测因子。分析了在RCP2.6、RCP4.5和RCP8.5情景下2006-2050年淮河上游流域水文极值对气候变化的响应。结果表明,10年以下与10年以上重现期的水文极值在非平稳过程中呈现前者下降而后者上升的相反变化趋势;多模型预测的集合平均在未来情景中均呈现上升趋势,情景排放量越大增幅越大,重现期越长增幅也越大。与极值的常态相比,极值的极端态更易受气候变化影响。     

A political ecology of maladaptation: Insights from a Gramscian theory of the State

This article analyzes a political process in the aftermath of a disaster and explains why and how it led to maladaptation. Grounding Gramsci’s theory of the State on a case of post-disaster response to a fatal mudslide in the city of Sarno in Italy, this research argues that, under certain conditions, civil society and the ruling classes may coalesce to produce policies that are maladaptive. We unpack the mechanisms through which consent was reproduced in Sarno, and show how the claims of civil society were articulated and fused with the hegemonic goals of capital circulation and economic growth, reaffirming a view of government as only a provider of safety. A Gramscian treatment of the State as a process, and not as a thing, highlights that the main barrier to adaptation is not the lack of techno-managerial solutions. It is the lack of political struggle around the social reconfiguration of the logic and functions of the State.     

ECMWF极端天气指数在华东台风 降水预报中的应用和检验

选取2015—2018年影响华东地区的13个台风个例,分析降水极端天气指数EFI (Extreme Forecast Index)和SOT (Shift of Tails)与台风降水之间的统计关系。结果表明:EFI和SOT与降水气候百分位之间存在明显的正相关关系。EFI和SOT越大,强降水发生概率越高。随着预报时效的增加,EFI和SOT指数对暴雨和大暴雨的预报效果逐渐变差。对于短期(72 h以内的时效),EFI预报技巧优于SOT,而随着预报时效的延长,SOT的预报技巧逐渐接近并超过EFI。以TS评分最大为标准兼顾合理的预报偏差,得到两种极端天气指数不同预报时效、不同等级暴雨的预报阈值。总体而言,事件越极端,EFI和SOT的预报阈值越大,对于暴雨和大暴雨,EFI指数的预报阈值随着预报时效的延长有减小趋势,而SOT的预报阈值基本保持不变。在台风极端降水预报中,EFI和SOT可以作为EC定量降水预报的补充,有助于减少强降水的漏报,并提早发出预警信息。     

Lightning Activity and Precipitation Characteristics of Typhoon Molave （2009） Around Its Landfall

Cloud-to-ground （CG） lightning data,storm intensity and track data,and the data from a Doppler radar and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission （TRMM） satellite,are used to analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of lightning activity in Typhoon Molave （0906） during different periods of its landfall （pre-landfall,landfall,and post-landfall）.Parameters retrieved from the radar and the satellite are used to compare precipitation structures of the inner and outer rainbands of the typhoon,and to investigate possible causes of the different lightning characteristics.The results indicate that lightning activity was stronger in the outer rainbands than in the eyewall and inner rainbands.Lightning mainly occurred to the left （rather than ＂right＂ as in previous studies of US cases） of the moving typhoon,indicating a significant spatial asymmetry.The maximum lightning frequency in the tropical cyclone （TC） eyewall region was ahead of that in the whole TC region,and the outbreaks of eyewall lightning might indicate deepening of the cyclone.Stronger lightning in the outer rainbands is found to be associated with stronger updraft,higher concentrations of rain droplets and large ice particles at elevated mixed-phase levels,and the higher and broader convective clouds in the outer rainbands.Due to the contribution of large cloud nuclei,lightning intensity in the outer rainbands has a strong positive correlation with radar reflectivity.The ratio of positive CG lightning in the outer rainbands reached its maximum 1 h prior to occurrence of the maximum typhoon intensity at 2000 Beijing Time （BT） 18 July 2009.During the pre-landfall period （0300 BT 18 July-0050 BT 19 July）,the typhoon gradually weakened,but strong lightning still appeared.After the typhoon made landfall at 0050 BT 19 July,CG lightning density rapidly decreased,but the ratio of positive lightning increased.Notably,after the landfall of the outer rainbands at 2325 BT 18 July （approximately 1.5 h prior to the landfall of the TC）,significantly higher ice particle density derived from the TRMM data was observed in the outer rainbands,which,together with strengthened convection resulted from the local surface roughness effect,might have caused the enhanced lightning in the outer rainbands around the landfall of Molave.     

浅析鄂尔多斯地区气候变化及其对生态环境的影响

利用鄂尔多斯地区近50a的气候资料,分析气候条件对生态环境的影响。结果表明:1961—2010年鄂尔多斯地区气温变化呈上升趋势;年降水量变化不明显,蒸发量自西向东增多,年蒸发量是年降水量的7.9倍;70年代,由于受干旱气候和人为因素的共同影响,鄂尔多斯市的大风、沙尘暴日数一度增加,但随着2000年开始的大规模治理,大风、沙尘暴日数明显减少;遥感产品监测到近10a鄂尔多斯市的生态状况得到了全面逆转,森林覆盖率、植被覆盖率得到大幅提升,生态步入良性循环的态势。     

西南涡对西昌发射场降雨天气影响的分析与预报

通过对2007～2010年5～10月132例西南涡天气个例的分析,总结了影响西昌发射场的西南涡的形成、移动及降水天气特点,从风场、湿度场、温度场等方面归纳了西南涡的特点,提出了各种类型西南涡的预报着眼点;利用逐步判别方法,建立了西南涡大降水的预报方程并进行了试报,效果良好。     

我国城镇化对二氧化碳排放的影响机理研究

本文首先从规模、结构和效率3个方面在理论上分析我国城镇化对二氧化碳排放的影响机理。并利用1978-2012年的数据,采用对数迪氏平均指数分解方法（LMDI）量化分析规模效应、结构效应和技术效应的影响程度。结果表明：城镇化导致的经济增长是人均二氧化碳排放增加的主要拉动因素;而城镇化过程中结构调整是人均二氧化碳排放的主要拉低因素;城镇化过程中技术效应拉低了人均二氧化碳的排放,但与结构效应相比影响效果较小。研究认为：城镇化带来的结构变化的影响越来越重要,成为降低碳排放的最大因素,目前技术效应正在发挥作用,但是作用有限,如果要实现低碳城镇化,需要提高能源使用效率来发挥技术效应的作用。     

春季江淮气旋及影响的统计分析

以Lu[1]改进的温带气旋识别方法为基础,结合江苏省73个人工气象观测站的降水资料,统计分析了近35年来春季江淮气旋及其与江苏春季暴雨的关系。结果表明,近35年来,春季江淮气旋发生的次数呈现趋势性递减的变化,其源地主要集中在安徽西南部的大别山东侧和西北部的淮河上游平原。江淮气旋对沿江苏南的春季暴雨有重要影响,而对淮北地区暴雨的影响最弱,给江苏春季带来区域性暴雨的江淮气旋主要是介于中尺度和天气尺度之间的次天气尺度系统。引起淮北和江淮之间两个区域暴雨的江淮气旋源于皖、豫、鲁三省交界处的比例较高。春季江淮气旋造成的暴雨区主要位于气旋中心附近和气旋的南部。其中,淮北地区雨区主要位于气旋中心附近,沿江苏南的雨区在气旋中心和南部均有分布。气旋中心涡度和风速大小、低空西南急流的位置和水汽通量辐合的位置是暴雨落区差异的主要原因。