地球内部各圈层介质的地震各向异性与地球动力学

地球内部各圈层的结构和构造在本质上是不均匀的和各向异性的.各向异性的研究不论是对深化地球本体的认识,还是在资源、能源、灾害和环境以及全球变化的研究中均具有重要作用.本文基于这一科学问题的本质性和重要性着重讨论了以下5个问题:1)各向异性介质中地震波场效应与判据;2)复杂介质地震各向异性#*[-15]-#*[+15]-S波分裂的成因分析;3)当今S波分裂监测技术的进展与探索;4)地震各向异性在不同科学问题研究中的效能;5)地震各向异性在地球科学发展中的作用与今后的任务.     

地球内部壳幔介质地震各向异性与动力学响应

实际的地球介质十分复杂,远非当今人们所采用的理想模型可以概括,因为其属性和结构的变异是非均匀、非线性和各向异性的.在研究地球内部壳幔介质与结构、构造与属性差异、金属矿产资源和油、气、煤能源的勘查中,无论是区域构造格局、岩相和结构特征(如裂缝、破碎带、不同尺度的洞穴以及一些不规则几何体)均十分复杂.近年来基于成山、成盆、成矿、成岩和成灾研究的不断深化,对地下介质各向异性的研究受到广泛的关注.地震波动传播理论和介质与结构的物理属性研究结果表明:地震各向异性在成因上主要是由岩石、矿物和晶体的晶格优势取向、应力场异常变异和构造裂缝与深部物质运移造成的.为此,本文对14次地震各向异性会议的主体内涵进行分析,在此基础上,指出了在各向异性研究的发展进程中、特别是在应用中尚存在着的一些问题.在深化认识地球内部物质物理属性的基础上,探讨了S波分裂和偏振效应与地震各向异性与介质结构分区、构造活动,油气田勘探与岩相特征,裂隙与构造精细刻划和地震活动区(带)深部介质与构造环境的深层过程和动力学响应的关系.最后提出了地震各向异性在地球物理学发展中的作用和今后的任务.     

剪切波在双层方位各向异性介质传播中分裂参数的变化特性

以质元运动方程和应力应变关系为基础建立了各向异性介质的波动方程．从数学上对体波在各向异性介质中的传播进行了严格的数学推导,给出了各向异性介质中三种体波波速与介质弹性常数及波传播方向的数学关系．由此对剪切波在单层和双层弱方位各向异性介质中的分裂行为进行了系统讨论,给出了合成分裂参数、每一层分裂参数与入射剪切波偏振方向的数学表达式．假定每一层分裂参数之后,得到了合成分裂参数随入射方位角变化的合成地震图．研究表明,剪切波在双层各向异性介质中传播时产生的两对分裂剪切波可用一合成分裂因子来描述．由合成分裂因子确定的分裂参数随入射剪切波偏振方向的变化呈现出π／2的变化周期．其结果可用于双层各向异性介质反演研究,对进一步解释板块运移、地幔对流规模、深源地震成因、浅部地震构造及深部力源问题等有参考意义．     

地震各向异性研究进展

简要介绍了各向异性介质中地震波传播理论的最新研究进展，总结了地震各向异性在地球动力学，地震灾害监测以及资源探查等方面的应用研究新进展。目前，主要通过数值模拟和物理模拟来研究地球内部典型各向异性介质中波的传播规律；利用横波分裂，Pn波的方位变化，面波成像方法研究地球内部的结构和物质交换，应力场的变化以及地震的孕育和发生过程。在资源探查中，地震各向异性理论主要用于解决测线不闭合，中长排列动校，时深转换以及裂缝分布等问题。     

几种弱向异性介质中qSV波速度和偏振异常

研究了在具有生趣对称轴的横向各向同性介质（ＴＩＶ介质）中ｑＳＶ波群速度及偏振矢量,给出了相应的精确和近似公式,进一步讨论了用较简单的近似公式来代替复杂精确公式的可靠性;最后展示了地球内部几种常见各向异性岩石矿物中地震ｓＳＶ波速度各向异性因子、偏振信息及其与传播方向之间的偏差。     

S波分裂研究与地震前兆探索

本文概述了国际上S波分裂和介质各向异性研究现状与进展,简要介绍了S波分裂观测研究的主要原理和方法,及其应用于地震预测、地应力测量以及地球物理勘探的前景。文中还结合我国地震工作的实际和特点,提出了开展S波分裂研究与探索地震前兆的建议。     

利用剪切波分裂方法研究玉树和冰岛地区各向异性

正地震波各向异性反映了地球内部的结构、构造变形、应力状态等方面的信息,在岩石圈演化、壳幔耦合变形以及地幔对流等研究中发挥着重要的作用。剪切波分裂现象是地震各向异性最直观的表现形式,在各向异性研究中扮演着重要的角色。本文回顾了地震各向异性研究的进展和意义,特别介绍了剪切波分裂的原理、方法,以及近年来剪切波分裂研究的进展和现状。利用剪切波分裂分析方法,可以获得地壳和上地幔各向异性的空间分布特征,分析各向     

各向异性与S波分裂及其在地震预报中的含意

近十年来世界在地震各向异性与S波分裂研究领域取得的长足进展,特别是英国科学家将S波分裂理论与观测实验技术逐步引向地震预报研究的努力,说明S波分裂作为体波在各向异性介质中传播的最显著特征,可望提供地震波穿过岩石内部结构最可靠的信息,而震前应力变化最直接的效应将会改变裂纹的几何图象。S波分裂研究是伴随通讯革命在地球物理学领域内发展起来的前沿学科,其形成的高技术反过来又可能产生重大经济效益,特别对石油、地热、煤炭、工程等部门更是如此。通过对国内外大量有关文献的分析、比较和筛选,对无序的情报信息作了有序的浓缩加工,本文将看重概述地震各向异性与S波分裂研究领域的发展历史、S波分裂机理及近期研究成果、S波分裂在地震预报研究中的应用、以及各向异性与S波分裂研究的前景,并给予相应评述。     

玉树地区上地幔各向异性初步研究

上地幔各向异性的研究对了解地球各个圈层介质特性以及地球动力学的研究具有深刻意义,同时也有利于了解地壳和上地幔变形的一些特征,而剪切波分裂是研究地震各向异性的一种有效的手段和方法.     

泰安-忻州剖面S波分裂计算及介质各向异性与深部构造相关性探讨

利用深地球测深资料进行Ｓ波震相的有效识别和Ｓ波分裂参数计算方法,对泰安－－忻州剖面Ｓ波资料的计算分析,得到了该区域地壳介质向各异性、区域应力场方向异常的可靠证据。与震源机制解及深部的构造结构对比分析表明了Ｓ波传播和Ｓ波偏振异常的超壳断裂带和深部构造活动密切相关,表明测深资料Ｓ波分裂研究了对了解介质各向异性构造活动特征,分析地壳介质属性了解其动力学特征是十分重要的。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.