20世纪夏威夷最大海啸的地质证据

夏威夷历史海啸记录包含远距离和当地产生的海啸,由这些事件引起的人员伤亡和对建筑、环境造成的破坏与损失是惊人的,但是在近来才有一些对历史海啸沉积事件的综合性的研究.夏威夷多岩石的海岸线的演变主要是海啸和风暴的贡献,然而区分风暴和海啸是很难的,特别是相关的小的历史海啸事件.因此夏威夷海啸的研究往往关注于大的古海啸沉积事件.研究表明远距离产生的事件,如1946年阿留申海啸对瓦胡岛岩石岸线的演变具有重要影响.活火山也有助于岩石岸线的形成,且容易引发当地海啸.现代活动的Kilauea火山南侧海域的逐步沉降并没有引起太平洋范围内的破坏性的大海啸,但引发了局部一系列重要的海啸事件,这些事件的周期被估计认为是200年.     

西北太平洋Argo剖面浮标观测及其应用研究

国际Argo计划的实施,就好象是在全球广阔的深海大洋中设置了3000多个"气球探空观测站",从而形成立体的全球大洋长期观测系统,为研究海洋提供前所未有的深广视角,使人类企图深入了解和掌握大尺度实时海洋的变化,提高天气和海洋预报的精度,有效防御全球日益严重的天气和海洋灾害的愿望终将成为现实。     

活动边缘带沉积盆地的地质模式

具有最长活动边缘带的海盆分布于太平洋周边。属于这种类型的海盆有:与印度洋东北部巽他岛弧、大西洋西部和西南部安的列斯和桑威奇岛弧以及西北部的马尔卡边缘有联系的海盆;地中海带西端(第勒尼尔,阿尔伏郎)和与古老岛弧共轭的黑海—里海地域的海盆。总的来说此类海盆占据不大的面积(将近300万km2),其中陆架上为200万km2和胡安德富卡海洋板块与阿拉斯加湾的数拾万平方千米。沉积盖层的总体积为600万km3,即将近3%的整个层状岩石圈。这些数值证明了这一组海盆在地球潜在的含油气性平衡表上只占有不大的份额。按深部构造和地质动力学环境特点,…     

世界洋底金属成矿作用的地质-地球物理分区

当前,在世界洋底已发现的主要和分布最广的固体矿产有铁锰结核、钴锰结壳、相当于黄铁矿型矿石的深海多金属硫化物、磷钙土、金属矿与金刚石砂矿。俄罗斯“南方海洋地质”和“北方海洋地质”联合在安哥拉—巴西和马斯克林群岛—澳大利亚完成了宽带状定期横穿海洋的地质—地球物理研究工作。位于8°—20°S之间的大西洋和印度洋近赤道海区的海洋地质工作总面积超过1000万km2。当前这个地区是世界海洋研究程度最高的地区之一。它包含了不同成因的地质构造和海洋岩石圈所有的地质时代区间。在这个地区所获得的资料是研究世界海洋岩石圈主要的…     

火星南极发现大片冰覆层

一艘绕火星飞行的太空船发现:火星的南极覆盖着大片的冰层,蓄水量非常丰富,假如呈液态,整个火星将会被11m深的水所覆盖。科学家们利用欧洲航天局“火星快车”号太空船上的雷达装置测量出火星南极冰层的厚度和体积。该雷达装置是美国国家航空航天局和意大利航天局联合制造的。根     

土耳其——穿行欧亚大陆的神奇之旅(中)

<正>以弗所遗址位于塞尔丘克城市的近郊,是爱琴海地区保存最完好的罗马时代的古典城市。每一个来土耳其的游客,都不会错过以弗所。但随之而来的是以弗所的人山人海。你想在以弗所古图书馆门前照一张只有你自己的留影?趁早打消这个念头吧,旅行团一拨接一拨的游客让你这个美妙的想法成了泡影。我们希望找到一些其他的遗址,可以静静的感受历史的流淌,所以选择了塞尔丘克周边的另外三处遗址。     

电影:《丁丁历险记》

正丁丁(杰米·贝尔配音)和白雪的故事可以说是影响了不止一代人。在史蒂文·斯皮尔伯格和彼得·杰克逊的努力下,丁丁的故事终于被搬上了大银幕。这一次,丁丁因为一艘古老的船模,而开始了一次惊险的历险。这艘名为独角兽号的模型船,隐藏着一个海盗和财宝的故事。为了解开这个流传了几个世纪的秘密,丁丁和白雪一起不断寻找线索,找寻真相。在航海家阿道克船长(安迪·瑟金斯     

科技短消息

腰围增大,大脑萎缩?与相对较瘦的老年人相比,肥胖老年人的大脑认知区域较小,这使得他们的大脑年龄至少比实际年龄老了16岁。从前有研究表明,中年肥胖会增大日后患老年痴呆的风险,而老年痴呆通常伴随着大脑萎缩。美国加州大学的科学家们选择了94     

团结奋进再创辉煌——中国海洋卫星事业发展20年回顾

我国是管理海域辽阔,海岸线漫长,资源丰富的海洋大国。大力发展海洋事业,事关国家的长治久安和经济社会的可持续发展。加强对海洋的观测和了解,准确预报海洋灾害,合理开发利用海洋资源,努力保护海洋生态环境,有效维护国家海洋主权与权益,是广大海洋工作者和海洋管理部门的神圣使命和战略任务。国家海洋局从建局以来,就一直积极发展海洋科学技术,着力强化海洋观测系统建设,不断提高对海洋的持久观测能力,为海洋事业实现跨越式发展提供了强有力的支撑。     

海洋界那些伟大的母亲

<正>母亲是一艘大船/载着孩子游遍大海/追寻生命的奥秘/探索世界的神奇/母亲是一曲动人的歌/领着孩子云游四方/用那优美的曲调/颂吟着美好的未来。母亲,在大众视野里一直被视作温暖和慈爱的象征,充满了无私的牺牲精神和最博大崇高的爱意。女性在成为母亲的过程中所承受的痛苦与责任,所体验的矛盾与挣扎以及由此而生出的对爱与责任的感知,都会让母亲的身份更引人共鸣。我们赞美母亲,同时也渴望母爱,正是因为母亲本身被赋予了保护者的定义,为我们或者说人类提供了安全感。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

The role of syntectonic sedimentation in the evolution of doubly vergent thrust wedges and foreland folds

This paper shows the evolution of time-constrained two-dimensional scaled analogue models of doubly vergent thrust systems in the presence of syntectonic sedimentation. Two sets of experiments were considered: (1) the addition of a syntectonic layer composed of a polymer and overlying sand in the prowedge; and (2) the addition to the previous condition of a progradational sedimentary load. Results from the first set of experiments indicate that the foreland fold-and-thrust belt has a strong relationship with the competence of the syntectonic layers. When the competence is low, the deformation produces tight asymmetric detachment-folds. As the competence increases, the fold-and-thrust belt shows break-trough folds with longer and better defined foreland-vergence. Results from the second set of experiments indicate that structural vergence is determined by the sense of progradation of the syntectonic layers, and in the case of strong aggradation at the prowedge, extension and reactive diapirism form contemporaneously with the contraction. Three end-members are proposed for mountain front thrust systems formed in the presence of syntectonic polymer and sand sedimentation: (1) outcropping fold-and-thrust belt sequence, in the case of no syntectonic sedimentation; (2) long displacement blind-thrust sheets, in the case of under-filled basins and (3) short displacement blind-thrust sheets, in the case of over-filled basins. All results indicate that ductile units at the base of syntectonic layers increase the displacement of the underlying frontal thrusts at the prowedge, and reduce the critical taper. Results also indicate that at very high sedimentary rates and hyper-critical taper conditions the prowedge collapses. Conclusions drawn from this research may be applied as an analogue to foreland evolution and to evaluate hydrocarbon generation, migration, and entrapment in thrust belts in areas where seismic imaging is generally poor.     

Seasonal variability of water transport through the Straits of Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica, derived from a high-resolution model of the Mediterranean circulation

The variability of the water transport through three major straits of the Mediterranean Sea (Gibraltar, Sicily and Corsica) was investigated using a high-resolution model. This model of the Mediterranean circulation was developed in the context of the Mercator project.The region of interest is the western Mediterranean between the Strait of Gibraltar and the Strait of Sicily. The major water masses and the winter convection in the Gulf of Lions were simulated. The model reproduced the meso-scale and large-scale patterns of the circulation in very good agreement with recent observations. The western and the eastern gyres of the Alboran Sea were observed but high interannual variability was noticed. The Algerian Current splits into several branches at the longitude of the Strait of Sicily level, forming the Tyrrhenian branch, and, the Atlantic Ionian Stream and the Atlantic Tunisian Current in the eastern Mediterranean. The North Current retroflexed north of the Balearic Islands and a dome structure was observed in the Gulf of Lions. The cyclonic barotropic Algerian gyre, which was recently observed during the MATER and ELISA experiment, was evidenced in the simulation.From time-series of 10-day mean transport, the three straits presented a high variability at short time-scales. The transport was generally maximum, in April for the Strait of Gibraltar, in November for the Strait of Sicily, and in January for the Strait of Corsica. The amplitudes of the transport through the Straits of Gibraltar (0.11 Sv) and Sicily (0.30 Sv) presented a weaker seasonal variability than that of the Strait of Corsica (0.70 Sv).The study of the relation between transport and wind forcing showed that the transport through the Strait of Gibraltar is dependent on local zonal wind over short time-scales (70%), which was not the case for the other straits (less than 30%). The maximum (minimum) of the transport occurred for an eastward (westward) wind stress in the strait. An interannual event was noticed in November–December 2001, which corresponded to a very low transport (0.3 Sv), which was characterised by a cyclonic circulation in the western Alboran Sea. That circulation was also reproduced by the model for other periods than winter during the interannual simulation.The transport through the Strait of Sicily is not influenced by local wind.The wind stress curl of the northwestern Mediterranean influenced the transport through the Strait of Corsica.     

大亚湾红树林与海岸植物叶片气孔特征及其发育

光镜下观察了大亚湾地区红树林及海岸20种植物叶片气孔的结构特征及部分植物气孔器的发育过程。结果表明：大部分植物仅下表皮具气孔；气孔类型有无规则、平列、环绕、横列和四轮列型；气孔指数和气孔密度不同植物间变化较大；保卫细胞以卤蕨最大，阔苞菊最小；气孔开张度以桐花树最大，阔苞菊最小。高盐度对秋茄、木榄幼苗叶片气孔器的发生发育有一定抑制作用。海芒果、海漆的气孔器发育为周源型，而木榄、秋茄为中源型。多数真红树植物气孔在表皮下陷，发生于保卫细胞形成之后，气孔特征及其发育表现出生活于相同海岸带的不同植物既有相似性又有多样性。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Numerical Simulation of Extreme Sea Levels Using Location Specific High Resolution Model for Gujarat Coast of India

Although the frequency of tropical cyclones is less in the Arabian sea compared to that of the Bay of Bengal, there are several severe tropical cyclones which caused extensive damage along the Gujarat coast. In view of the high tidal range in the funnel-shaped gulfs of the Khambhat and the Kachch, it is very useful to study the surge response in these regions. There is always a possibility of abnormal rise of sea level when the occurrence of surge coincides with high tide, which may eventually cause inundation of vast stretches of shallow coastal areas. In view of this, a location specific fine resolution model is developed for the Gujarat coast. The east-west and north-south grid distances for the model are 5.1 km and 5.2 km, respectively. Several numerical experiments are carried out to compute the extreme sea levels using the wind stress forcings representative of 1982, 1996, and 1998 cyclones, which crossed this region. The model-computed extreme sea levels are in good agreement with the available observations.     

养殖文蛤体内寄生的一种吸虫幼虫及宿主组织病理学

作为文蛤吸虫病害研究的基础资料,报道了寄生在文蛤体内的1种复殖吸虫幼虫的形态结构及宿主由此所产生的组织病理学变化。研究表明：该吸虫分别为咆蚴和尾蚴。咆蚴圆筒形,内含不同发育阶段的尾蚴。成熟尾蚴体成扁平舌状,具有口吸盘、腹吸盘,1对眼点和1条细长无刺的尾巴。该吸虫主要侵占生殖腺,少部分幼虫进入附近的消化盲囊、鳃、肾等部位。轻微感染者,生殖滤泡萎缩,生殖细胞发育滞后;严重感染的宿主,生殖腺完全被侵占并耗尽。消化盲囊、鳃、肾等器官组织也因幼虫感染呈现不同程度的病理学变化;严重者上皮细胞水肿或脱落,肌肉组织结构紊乱或溶解等。本工作同时显示,吸虫寄生可诱发宿主血淋巴细胞大量增生,并产生凝集、组织浸润及形成包囊等免疫反应。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

对应分析在法国Douarnenez海湾拟庸鲽食性研究中的应用(Ⅱ)

２．４拟庸蝶食性的对应分析２．４．１观察量和变量的分组观察量（捕食鱼类）依不同季节（冬、夏季）、不同性别（雌雄性）和不同性成熟状态（幼鱼和成鱼）来分组，因此得到８（２３）个观察量。对应分析的变量（饵料）首先根据个体生态的不同分为６个类型：游走多毛类，隐居多毛类，双壳类，不大游动的甲壳类（端足目和等足目），爬行甲壳类（十足国短尾部）和棘皮动物。其他６个类型的饵料生物（类、纽虫类、小型游泳甲壳类、腔肠动物、鱼类及苔藓虫类顺在分组时剔除，其原因为它们的出现可能少了些。考虑到捕食鱼类和饵料双壳类贝壳厚度…