海底电缆路由的海洋环境研究

本文阐述了海底电缆路由的海洋环境。它包括地质，地理，海洋水文，渔业设施及各种海底障碍物等，是选定海底电缆路的关键因素。     

地形地貌检测在琼州海峡500kV海底电缆运维中的应用

简要介绍了琼州海峡500 kV海底电缆地形地貌特点及保护方式,分析了侧扫声呐及多波束检测的基本原理,对侧扫声呐在海底电缆裸露及悬空检测的原理进行了重点阐述。结合海南联网500 kV海底电缆近几次检测数据,通过侧扫声呐地貌检测结果,重点对海底电缆裸露情况、抛石坝及铸铁套管保护状况、海底电缆周围异常进行了分析,能够正常检测出海底电缆的裸露、抛石坝的坍塌及周围异物等异常情况。通过多波束地形检测结果,分析了海底电缆路由区域整体地形状况及抛石坝整体状况、通过Kriging插值方法生成不同的DEM(数字高程模型,Digital Elevation Model),分别从宏观和微观角度对海底电缆路由区域地形冲淤变化进行了分析,并对沙波稳定性进行了分析。结论认为,部分区域地形冲刷严重,容易造成海底电缆裸露、悬空,需要及早关注并采取防冲刷措施。     

应用磁力仪探测海底电缆方法的探讨

我国沿海大中城市的近海海域，由于经济建设和对外开放的需要，已敷设了很多通讯电缆和电力电缆（下面统称海底电缆）。这些海底电缆有的敷设时间很早，已经失去使用价值，有的目前虽尚在使用中，但经过了岁月的变迁，这些海底电缆在海域中的坐标有了变化，有的是否仍存在于该区海域中还不能完全肯定。此外，过去敷设海底电缆时的定位设备还存在很大误差，因而其目前真正的位置有待确定。为了适应沿海城市的经济发展，必须敷设新的海底电缆（如通讯光缆等），新敷设海底电缆的路由线经过的海域存在着早期已敷设过的海底电缆，为了探明其与准…     

海底电缆管道廊道规划初步构想

为解决海底电缆管道面临的海域空间资源不足、受渔业活动破坏严重等问题,文章提出海底电缆管道廊道规划的构想。研究表明：规划的重点应集中在3个方面,即确定规划廊道范围,做好相关利益者协调,并应考虑海域适应性问题。研究认为,在特定海域对海底电缆管道路由进行统一规划布置技术上是可行的,有助于节约海域空间资源、保障管线安全、提升审批效率。     

檀头山海底电缆路由工程地质条件及评价

在浙江象山檀头山海底电缆路由勘察中获得的地形测量、侧扫声纳和浅地层剖面探测、工程地质钻探等资料基础上,结合其他自然环境资料对路由勘察区工程地质条件进行了详尽的分析和研究。结果表明,该区域工程环境较适合海缆的铺设,海缆可铺设于勘察区的南部,登陆点附近基岩裸露区和砾石应进行清理、开挖和采取防护措施,海底和冲刷槽边坡稳定,檀头山附近水下浅滩地层中浅层气上冲至海底面以下最浅不足5m,对海底电缆影响不大,但要在开挖施工时引起注意。     

海坛海峡海缆路由区工程地质条件及评价

根据路由勘察区水深测量、旁侧声纳、浅地层剖面探测等多项物理探测所获取的资料,结合其它自然环境及历史资料,对勘察区内海底工程地质条件进行了详尽的分析和研究．此外,还对近20a来勘察区海床稳定性进行初步分析,为选择一条最佳的路由通道提供依据．研究分析表明：可能影响该海缆安全运行的不良工程地质条件主要为海底灾害性地貌,如基岩、潮流冲刷槽等;勘察区不同区域内海底冲淤变化存在一定差异,潮汐通道底部受较强冲刷,冲刷速率为0．035～0．1m／a,20m以浅区域海底处于弱冲刷状态一冲淤动态平衡状态,冲刷速率为0．015m／a,海床较稳定;该路由勘察区工程环境较适合海缆的铺设,且其最佳路由区域是在勘察区南半部相对稳定的海底平滑区．     

我国海底电缆管道管理问题分析与对策建议

海底电缆管道是一种重要的海底基础设施,对我国社会经济发展发挥着重要的保障作用,但管理问题日益突出。文章从我国海底电缆管道的发展特点入手,着重分析了我国海底电缆管道管理存在的法规制度不健全、保护主体责任不明确、安全隐患问题突出、信息共享机制不畅4个主要问题,在此基础上,提出健全海底电缆管道管理法规、完善海底电缆管道政策制度、建立海底电缆管道动态监管体系、开展海底电缆管道普查等建议,以期为我国海底电缆管道管理提供参考依据。     

磁力测量在海洋井场、管线工程地质调查中的应用

从理论和应用两方面对磁力测量在海洋工程地质调查中的应用进行了探讨。理论和实践均证明：磁力探测在海洋工程地质调查中是一种十分有效的手段,特别是在井场调查、管线以及海底电缆路由调查当中,针对不同的研究目的分别采用不同的调查方法均能获得满意的效果。它的优势在于不仅能够探测暴露于海底的磁性异常体,同时对于覆盖于海底以下的磁性异常体同样有效。     

论南海海底电缆保护机制之完善

海底电缆连接全球通信,也承担了陆海能源传输的重要功能,对全球社会经济发展有基石性作用,现有国际条约对海底电缆的保护设置基本规范但仍显不足。南海海底电缆众多,各国对保护海底电缆存在共同利益,因此有必要在立法、执法、司法等领域促进对海底电缆的共同保护,并以此建立南海各国之间的互信合作。     

国外对海底电缆管道违法行为处罚对我国的启示 ——以新西兰和澳大利亚为例

近年来,随着海洋油气资源的大规模开发以及跨海电力和通信需求的增加,我国海底电缆管道建设得到迅速发展,近海海底电缆管道分布愈来愈密集,同时与之相关的违法行为也日益增多。目前,我国尚未出台海底电缆管道保护法,现有的处罚规定较为分散、模糊,且处罚力度小,甚至处罚规定之间存在混乱和矛盾的问题,导致难以对海底电缆管道违法行为实施有效打击。澳大利亚和新西兰作为海洋管理经验相对成熟的国家,对海底电缆管道的法律保护较为成熟,其中对海底电缆管道违法行为的处罚分类和方式等,有诸多值得我国学习之处。基于此,文章从违法行为处罚角度深入分析我国海底电缆管道管理与保护的相关制度现状,介绍新西兰和澳大利亚海底电缆管道法律制度概况及处罚规定的特点并与我国进行比较,为完善我国海底电缆管道违法行为的处罚规定和今后的海底电缆管道立法提出了在《中华人民共和国刑法》中增设破坏海底电缆管道罪;制定《海底电缆管道法》等建议。     

Hydroelastic response of a very large floating structure over a variable bottom topography

An influence of sea-bottom topography on the hydroelastic response of a Very Large Floating Structure (VLFS) is considered. When the floating structure is constructed near the shore, the sea-bottom topographical effect should be considered. In this study, the effect of sea-bottom topography is investigated for four different bottom cases. To calculate the sea-bottom effects rigorously, the finite-element method based on the variational formulation is used in the fluid domain. The pontoon-type floating structure is modeled as the Kirchhoff plate. The mode superposition method is adopted for the hydroelastic behavior of the floating structure.     

基于希尔伯特变换的Chirp信号浅地层剖面数据分析及转换

浅地层剖面系统在海洋工程勘察、海洋矿产资源探测等方面发挥着重要的作用。美国EdgeTech公司生产的3200系列是一种应用较为广泛的Chirp信号浅地层剖面系统,该仪器原始记录的JSF格式数据与传统的SEGY地震数据格式存在很多不同的地方,具体体现在文件头和道头部分,特别是数据记录方式上它同时记录了包络信号和振幅信号两种类型的数据。因此,编写适用的C程序代码将JSF原始数据转换为包络信号和振幅信号两种类型的SEG-Y标准地震数据,并运用该程序读取并转换了南海北部某区域的实测浅剖数据,并分析了浅剖资料解释中采用包络信号数据的原因,为利用振幅信号数据反演海底反射系数等后续工作奠定了基础。     

钢在海底沉积物中的腐蚀研究 Ⅲ.海底沉积物腐蚀性的二元评价法

海底沉积物(以下简称SBS)腐蚀性的评价对海底设施的防腐设计和预防海底设施灾害性的腐蚀具有十分重要的意义。SBS系特殊条件下存在的土壤,因而借助土壤腐蚀性评价法的思路研究SBS的腐蚀性是一捷径。 土壤腐蚀性的评价已有100余年的研究历史,但至今尚无统一的评价方法与标准。SBS的腐蚀研究则是近10年才起步,英国学者首先报道了北海油田SBS腐蚀性的评价(Roger,1980),他利用海洋调查的SBS部分物理、化学因子和土壤腐蚀性评价的“加权法”,根据总分划分为强腐蚀、一般腐蚀和弱腐蚀三个等级。上述方法的缺点是没有抓住SBS腐蚀的机理与主要因子,也没有定量腐蚀实验作依据,故而腐蚀性评价只是定性的。本文提出的评价SBS腐蚀性的二元方法,是以定量腐蚀实验为基础,抓住SBS腐蚀的两个主要腐蚀因子,即SBS类型和硫酸盐还原细菌(以下简称SRB)的含量(电化学蚀主要控制因子及细菌腐蚀主要控制因子)进行评价,并具有明确的量级标准。     

Lithological and geochemical typification of surface bottom sediments in the Kara Sea

The Kara Sea is part of the Western Arctic shelf of Eurasia. The deposition of sediments in this shallow sea is largely determined by solid runoff from two great Siberian rivers (the Yenisei and Ob) and the glacial periods when the sea area repeatedly (during the Quaternary) dried up and was covered by continental glaciers. The rise of the World Ocean due to Holocene warming resulted in a significant expansion of the sea area to the south and complete degradation of the ice sheet. In this article, new data on the geochemical composition of the surface (0- to 2-cm) layer of sea-bottom sediments are considered, which reflects the spatial distribution of marine sediments during the maximum sea level. Cluster analysis of the variance for 24 chemical elements reveals sediment chemotypes, and critical analysis of their relationship with lithotypes is performed. The presented data have been collected on cruises of the R/V Akademik Boris Petrov in 2000, 2001, and 2003 and the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in 2015.     

Simulation of backscattering of high frequency sound from complexobjects and sand sea-bottom

This paper describes the simulation of backscattering of high frequency sound from complex objects and sand sea-bottom. Backscattering data from complex objects and seabottom were generated using a Universal High Resolution Imaging Sonar Simulation Toolkit (UHRISST) developed by the authors. Our approach here involves the approximation of objects and the sea-bottom through a series of facets that are small compared to the wavelength. The Target Strength of standard objects like the sphere, cylinder, and cone predicted by our model have been compared with various high frequency approximation formulations and produced a good fit. For the prediction of the backscattering strength from the sea-bottom, we have taken into account most of the small-scale features that represent the sand grain properties, intermediate features that represent seabottom roughness and large features that block propagation. Sea-bottom backscattering predictions made using this model were compared with high frequency scattering strength values measured off Panama City, FL, USA, and produced a moderate fit. Nonparametric statistical analysis was carried out on the bottom backscattering signals from a flat isotropic sea-bottom. The probability distribution function and probability of false alarm function of the bottom backscattering data was measured and found to largely follow the normal distribution     

Gas-hydrate stability thickness map along the Indian continental margin

The gas-hydrate stability thickness (GHST) map along the Indian continental margin is prepared from available bathymetry, sea-bottom temperature and geothermal gradient data. The bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) often marks the base of gas-hydrate stability zone. The prior information about the stability thickness in a particular area will help in identifying BSR on seismic data. The map is also useful to the exploration scientists to set a depth window within which proxies for gas-hydrate can be looked into. A GHST map was initially prepared in 1998 based on the-then available data. A lot of new data has been generated by various organizations under the Indian National Gas Hydrate Programs for the advancement of exploration and exploitation activities. By incorporating the new data from the published and available documents, we have modified the GHST map along the Indian margin. Besides filling the data gap, the new map shows the gas-hydrate stability zone in the Andaman offshore. In addition, we show maps of sea-bottom temperature, sediment thickness, geothermal gradient and heat flow to provide a bird’s eye view of these parameters along the continental margin of India.     

Morphological features of the Apennines foreland/accretionary-wedge boundary in the Ionian Sea

A detailed reconstruction of the morphology and recent tectonic activity of the Northern Ionian basin is provided on the basis of newly acquired high-resolution swath bathymetric and single and multichannel seismic profiles. The tectonic domains in this area are the Calabrian accretionary wedge and the Apulian foreland. The contact between the two domains, oriented NW–SE, morphologically coincides with a sea-bottom erosional channel (Taranto canyon) characterized on both sides by mass movements induced by slope instability. Along the accretionary wedge/Apulian foreland boundary three different morphological sectors have been recognized whose main characters are represented by a southward stepped increase of erosional canyon activity resulting in a pronounced slope acclivity and a superficial sediment instability. By means of seismic data we correlate the morphology of the sea-bottom to different contractional and flexural processes of the accretionary wedge/foreland system. The interaction between the different rheological domains in the subduction/collision processes could have also induced horizontal stress represented by areas of tectonic release. In an area like this, where very few detailed surveys have been carried out, this study represents the first attempt in correlating the recent tectonic activity to the morphological features and in locating possible slope instability that has to be evaluated for the positioning of offshore infrastructures.     

Discovery of Messinian canyons and new seismic stratigraphic model,offshore Provence (SE France): Implications for the hydrographic network reconstruction

The interpretation of high-resolution 2D marine seismic profiles together with the analysis of sea-bottom cores allowed a stratigraphic and structural framework of the Provence continental shelf to be proposed. The integration of onshore and offshore stratigraphy, structure and geomorphology provided new insights into Messinian paleotopography and paleohydrography. A geological map of the offshore Provence continental shelf, isobath map of the base Plio-Quaternary surface are presented for the first time in this area. The base Plio-Quaternary surface is a polyphased unconformity that is composed of deep canyons developed by fluvial erosion during the Messinian event, and wave-cut surfaces formed during post-Messinian transgressions. The study evidenced a deep, E–W-trending canyon (Bandol canyon) connected to the head of the Cassidaigne canyon, and filled with up to 600 m-thick Plio-Quaternary deposits. The development of canyons on the Provence margin during the Messinian event was dominantly controlled by the lithology and structure of pre-Messinian formations. A map of the Messinian paleo-drainage network is proposed to explain the presence of deep canyons in the Eastern area and the lack of incision in the Western area. An underground karst drainage scheme is proposed, linked with the current submarine Port-Miou spring.     

The contribution of marine geology to the knowledge of marine coastal environment off the Campania region (southern Italy): the geological map n. 502 “Agropoli” (southern Campania)

The marine geological map n. 502 “Agropoli”, located offshore the Cilento Promontory, southern Italy, is here described and the regional geology interpreted, particularly referring to water depths between the 30 and 200 m isobaths. The geologic map has been constructed in the frame of a research program financed by the National Geological Survey of Italy (CARG Project), finalized to the construction of up-to-date cartography of the Campania region. Geological and geophysical data on the continental shelf and slope offshore of the Southern Campania region have been collected in the study area, bounded northwards by the Salerno Gulf and southwards by the Policastro Gulf. A high resolution multibeam bathymetry allowed for the construction of a marine digital elevation map; sidescan sonar profiles also have been collected and interpreted. The latter, merged to the bathymetry, have represented the base for the marine geologic cartography. The integrated geologic interpretation of seismic, bathymetric and sidescan sonar data has been calibrated by sea-bottom samples. The morpho-structures and the seismic sequences overlying the outcrops of acoustic basement reported in the cartographic representation have been studied in detail using single-channel seismics. The interpretation of seismic profiles has been a support for the reconstruction of the stratigraphic and structural setting of the Quaternary continental shelf successions and the outcrops of rocky acoustic basement in correspondence to the Licosa Cape morpho-structural high. These areas result from the seaward prolongation of the stratigraphic and structural units, widely cropping out in the surrounding emerged sector of the Cilento Promontory. The cartographic approach is based on the recognition of laterally coeval depositional systems, interpreted in the frame of the system tracts of the Late Quaternary depositional sequence. We present evidence of now subaqueous terraces inferred to be palaeoshorelines representing past sea-level positions and tentatively correlated these to oxygen isotopic stratigraphy.     

A hierarchical classification system for object recognition inunderwater environments

In this paper, a hierarchical system, in which each level is composed by a neural-based classifier, is proposed to recognize objects in underwater images. The system has been designed to help an autonomous underwater vehicle in sea-bottom survey operations, like pipeline inspections. The input image is divided into square regions (macro-pixels) and a neural tree is used to classify each region into different object classes (pipeline, sea-bottom, or anodes). Each macro-pixel is then analyzed according to some geometric and environment constraints: macro-pixels with doubt classification are divided into four parts and re-classified. The process is iterated until the desired accuracy is reached. Experimental results, which have been performed on a large set of real underwater images acquired in different sea environments, demonstrate the robustness and the accuracy of the proposed system