碘化银核化过程的数值模拟研究

根据DeMott等给出的不同成核机制下AgI成核效率的实验结果 ,通过数值模拟的方法 ,研究了AgI粒子在云室、层状云和对流云中的核化过程。通过对云室的模拟 ,发现云滴浓度和云雾持续时间是造成不同云室检测的AgI成核率相差悬殊的主要原因。数值试验结果表明AgI的成核方式在层状云和对流云中有很大不同 :层状云中AgI主要以接触冻结、浸没冻结等慢核化过程为主 ,而对流云中则以凝结冻结过程为主。     

人工影响天气碘化银催化剂研究进展

碘化银(AgI)类催化剂是人工影响天气外场试验和业务作业中使用最广泛的催化剂,其核化效率和核化机制在很大程度上影响催化效果.在总结美国、中国和欧洲多个国家利用云室和风洞研究AgI类催化剂的核化机制、核化阈温及成核率的室内实验成果的基础上,梳理利用室内实验成果发展的AgI数值催化模式,旨在为下一步优选新型高效AgI类催化...     

一个用于人工冰核研究的2m3等温云室

本文介绍了一个以研究人工冰核为主要目的的2m~3等温云宝及其结构、测量仪器、实验程序及性能特点。井用对三种不同配方发生的碘化银气溶胶成核率检测结果与国外同类云室的结果进行了比较。已进行的各种试验表明,云室性能稳定,重复性好,是进行人工冰核研究的有效的专用设备。     

A 2M~3 ISOTHERMAL CLOUD CHAMBER FOR THE STUDY OF ARTIFICIAL ICE NUCLEI

A 2m~3 isothermal cloud chamber mainly for ice nucleation research is described in this paper.Its structure,attached instruments and experimental procedures are also presented.The experiments of determining the icenuclei effectiveness for the Agl-containing aerosols produced by three formulations have been conducted andthe results have been compared with those of the CSU 960-liter isothermal cloud chamber.All experimentalresults show that the chamber has advantages of stable performance and reproducibility.It would be expectedto become a useful experimental facility for ice nucleation research.     

一个用于催化剂成冰性能检测的新型等温云室

云雾物理实验是我国大气科学研究需要加强的一个方面, 文中介绍了中国气象科学研究院新建用于人工冰核催化剂成冰性能研究的1 m3等温云室。阐述了该云室主要结构组成、 性能特点、 附属设备和实验程序, 以及所开展的催化剂成冰效率的初步检测研究。实验结果表明, 该云室在原建系列云室基础上, 对制冷及保温性能有很大的改进和优化, 更适合催化剂成冰性能检测和研究, 为今后我国开展云雾、 降水微物理实验研究和提高人工影响天气催化技术水平提供了一个有用的综合研究平台。     

A new three-stage continuous flow CCN-counter

A three-stage vertical-flow thermal gradient vapour diffusion chamber for the fast, continuous measurement of the number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at three different water vapour supersaturations was constructed. CCN are monitored by imaging cloud droplets in the chamber with a CCD-camera. The counting of droplets and the control of all instrumental parameters are computerized. The instrument was calibrated with NaCl-aerosols, and was successfully operated in the field. Data from 2 weeks of field measurements at an island in the North Sea are presented.     

江淮地区对流云人工增雨技术研究基地的可行性分析

利用1989～1999年5～9月资料,从地理环境条件、天气背景及降水资源条件、研究基地开展对流云人工增雨可能性,对江淮地区建立对流云人工增雨技术研究基地进行了分析.分析表明该地区实验期有足够的对流云可供开展人工增雨研究,适合在该地区建立对流云人工增雨技术研究基地.     

减弱对流云降水的AgI催化原理的数值模拟研究

在对流云模式中增加了AgI两个预报量,耦合了考虑受水汽过饱度和温度影响的4种核化机制的AgI催化模块,使其具备了对AgI类催化剂的模拟能力,能够研究AgI类催化剂对对流云系统的影响。利用该模式对一次华南对流云降水过程进行了AgI催化数值模拟试验,对人工减缓对流云降水的可能性及原理进行了研究。模拟结果表明,在适当的时机对适当的部位进行大剂量的催化,可以减少总降水量,也可以减少最大降水中心的雨强。当催化浓度达到2×10~8 kg~(-1)时,可以减少32%的降水量,具备有效减缓对流云降水的可能性。大剂量催化后,大量的AgI粒子在冷区核化后,消耗了大量的过冷水。催化后霰粒子的落速和雨水的落速减小。催化阶段由于霰融化成雨水减少而使降水减弱。催化结束后在霰融化成雨水增多的情况下,雨水的蒸发大幅增加,从而导致了降水量的持续减少。AgI在模拟的强对流云中主要以受过饱和度影响的凝结冻结和催化剂长时间作用的浸没冻结这两种方式成核。研究所用催化方法在外场作业中具有技术可行性。     

江西8种强对流天气形势与云型特征分析

利用1999—2009年红外云图、常规天气图、雷电和地面危险报等资料,针对江西62次强对流天气过程,在分析强对流天气发生时天气尺度影响系统的基础上,提炼了引发强对流天气的中尺度对流云带（团）发生发展的典型云型特征。结果表明：副热带高压边缘强对流云型、斜压扰动云系尾部强对流云型、地面倒槽中MCS、东风波（热带低压倒槽）、冷锋前强对流云带、冷锋前部的MCC、高空低槽后强对流云型、热带气旋及其外围飑线云带云型,这8种云型特征是构成江西强对流天气的典型云型。8种云型特征和低槽、切变、冷空气、东风波及热带气旋,高低空急流、副热带高压等影响系统的强弱、相对位置有密切关系。斜压扰动云系尾部强对流云型、冷锋前强对流云带、冷锋前部的MCC常常和低层较强空气活动有关,当500 hPa低槽经向度大,低层槽前暖平流显著时易出现斜压扰动云,其尾部出现强对流天气;β中尺度的对流云团易在锋前异常暖中心和不稳定中心合并发展成MCC。而高空低槽后部、副热带高压边缘、东风波这三型则和中高层干冷空气及中低纬天气系统相互作用关系较大,高空负变温或水汽云图的＂暗区＂移近低层辐合系统时,MCS发展。当高空出现辐散气流和辐散状卷云时,地面倒槽中的辐合线附近MCS强烈发展。热带气旋及其外围飑线云型则与台风的活动密切相关。斜压扰动云系尾部强对流云型预报指示性最好。     

Fluid Modelling Of Atmospheric Dispersion In The Convective Boundary Layer

A laboratory convection tank has been established following thepioneering work of Willis and Deardorff, but with many improvements and enhancements thattake advantage of modern technology. The main emphasis in the current design was toprovide the ability to conduct a virtually unlimited number of realizations under essentiallyidentical conditions in order to obtain reliable statistics on the dispersion of plumes and puffsreleased within the simulated atmospheric convective boundary layer. Described herein is the tankitself and its auxiliary systems, including a laser-induced-fluorescence and video-imaging system for makingnon-intrusive, full-field measurements of concentrations, and the interfacing of varioussubsystems with a master controller that automates essentially all operation and measurement functions.The current system provides unprecedented resolution, control, and data volumes. Exampleresults are presented from two types of releases: continuous plumes and instantaneous puffs.These data sets clearly show penetration of the highly buoyant plumes and puffs into theinversion above the convective boundary layer, gravity spreading within the inversion, andrapid diffusion within the mixed layer. They also show extreme `spottiness' in the instantaneousconcentration cross-sections.     

一次中小尺度强降水火箭增雨作业效果评估

分析了2003年7月23夜间至24日,衡水市受副热带高压外围强西南气流及弱冷空气共同作用下出现的一次小尺度强雷雨天气。介绍了实施火箭人工催化增雨作业情况,在作业同时进行了雨量、雨滴谱、雷达和闪电定位观测,利用常规天气图资料、雷达观测资料、闪电定位仪和雨滴谱、雨量等观测资料,对此次天气过程进行了分析,并采用作业区和非作业区对比的方法,就增雨效果从雨量、雨滴谱及秩和检验(Wilcoxon氏法)等方面进行了效果分析,结果显示:在局地强对流云系含水量丰沛,云顶高度高,云层温度低,过冷水区浓厚,同时垂直风切变有利于AgI粒子的结晶和扩散时,作业时机宜选择在降雨初期云中能量聚集尚未释放时,可进一步提高增雨作业效果。     

金沙江乌东德水电站暴雨概念模型与云型特征

利用自动气象观测站降水资料、常规地面与高空观测资料及卫星云图资料,对2012—2017年6—10月金沙江乌东德水电站坝区18次暴雨个例的大尺度环流背景及卫星云图演变特征进行统计分析,结果表明,切变冷锋型、两高辐合型、西南涡型、孟加拉湾风暴型、切变线型和高空槽型是金沙江乌东德水电站坝区的六类暴雨概念模型。总结归纳出对应的六类典型云型：切变线云带前界处的对流云团8次(占44.4%)、两高辐合云区内部的对流云团4次(占22.2%)、西南涡西南或东南象限的对流云团2次(占11.1%)、孟加拉湾风暴涡旋云系中分离出来的对流云团或对流云系2次(占11.1%)、切变线云带内部的对流云团1次(占5.6%)、高空槽前盾状卷云区南端的对流云系1次(占5.6%)。     

Numerical quantification of sources and phase partitioning of chemical species in cloud: application to wintertime anthropogenic air masses at the Puy de Dôme station

The Model of Multiphase Cloud Chemistry M2C2 has recently been extended to account for nucleation scavenging of aerosol particles in the cloud water chemical composition. This extended version has been applied to multiphase measurements available at the Puy de Dôme station for typical wintertime anthropogenic air masses. The simulated ion concentrations in cloud water are in reasonable agreement with the experimental data. The analysis of the sources of the chemical species in cloud water shows an important contribution from nucleation scavenging of particles which prevails for nitrate, sulphate and ammonium. Moreover, the simulation shows that iron, which comes only from the dissolution of aerosol particles in cloud water, has a significant contribution in the hydroxyl radical production. Finally, the simulated phase partitioning of chemical species in cloud are compared with measurements. Numerical results show an underestimation of interstitial particulate phase fraction with respect to the measurements, which could be due to an overestimation of activated mass by the model. However, the simulated number scavenging efficiency of particles agrees well with the measured value of 40% of total number of aerosol particles activated in cloud droplets. Concerning the origin of chemical species in cloud water, the model reproduces quite well the contribution of gas and aerosol scavenging estimated from measurements. In addition, the simulation provides the contribution of in-cloud chemical reactivity to cloud water concentrations.     

一个观测冰核的15 L混合云室

小型混合云室常用于自然冰核浓度的观测和人工冰核成核率的检测。使用表明:由于受云室容积、造雾方法和操作程序等因素的影响, 检测结果有很大差异, 难以相互比较。为提高检测数据的可信性, 设计并制作了15 L混合云室。云室由F22压缩机系统制冷, 最低能达到-28℃。为减小云室温度的波动, 在云室外围设计有装满乙二醇-水溶液的夹套。在溶液中, 安装了1个1 kW的电加热器, 接通后可使云室升温。在夹套外, 采用发泡技术形成约10 cm厚的绝热层, 以使云室与外界绝热。云室运行时, 可通过控制压缩机和电加热器得到实验温度。此外, 为拓宽检测冰核浓度的检测范围, 设计了玻璃片接取显微镜读数和糖盘接取目测读数两种可供选择使用的冰晶观测方法, 前者在冰晶浓度高时使用 (人工冰核), 后者在低浓度时使用 (自然冰核)。另一个重要改进是:先由一个超声雾化器产生常温雾, 而后使常温雾穿过一个低温狭缝进行预冷, 当雾温等于或低于云室温度后再进入云室。这一措施不仅避免了瞬时高度过饱和, 而且还减小了对云室温度的扰动。该云室在弹载催化剂成核率的改进实验中发挥了重要作用, 曾用它对多个人工冰核复合配方进行了检测和对比。结果表明:云室具有较好的稳定性和重复性, 整体性能优于以往的同类云室。这一结果是由于改进了提供过冷雾的设计和冰晶接取方法得到的。     

WRF模式云参数化方案对一次深对流系统模拟的验证和改进

使用中尺度数值模式WRF中的双参数云微物理方案WDM6针对2008年台风“凤凰”登陆过程中造成的强降水进行数值模拟,通过卫星模拟器利用MTSAT-1R和TRMM卫星观测的红外云顶黑体亮温TBB、PR雷达反射率资料使用统计方法验证模拟结果。通过修改云水向雨水自动转化过程、冰晶核化过程、雪和霰的下落末速度、雪和霰的截距进行敏感性试验,减小模拟结果和卫星观测结果的差异。研究结果表明:WDM6方案模拟的台风“凤凰”登陆后的降水,强对流云系及对流柱状雷达回波基本符合实况,但模拟结果局部偏强。WDM6方案模拟产生了较多的浅对流云,低估了对流云系的出现频率。不同云类型模拟的雷达回波均偏强,对流云系雷达回波垂直分布接近观测。敏感性试验结果说明修改WDM6方案中云水向雨水自动转化率有效地改善了模拟效果。同时发现云滴初始数浓度影响云水向雨水自动转化率并最终影响云系结构和雷达反射率的模拟结果,过高的云滴初始数浓度会使模拟结果变差。     

宁夏三类降水云的时空分布及环流特征分析

利用宁夏24个测站1971—2000年常规地面观测中云状、总云量、低云量、天气现象、降水量等资料,对宁夏30年中层状云、对流云及混合云降水的时空变化特征进行了分析。同时,利用NCEP/NCAR(1971—2000年)全球再分析资料,对宁夏三类降水云的环流特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明:30年中层状云降水次数明显多于对流云和混合云降水次数,是宁夏降水的主要类型,而混合云降水是宁夏大雨以上降水的主要类型;宁夏南部地区以层状云降水为主,北部地区对流云和混合云降水次数相对较多;三类降水云的月、年际和年代际变化特征及所对应的环流背景和影响系统具有明显的差异。     

On formation of convective roll vortices by internal gravity waves: A theoretical study

Summary The linearized atmospheric equations system is solved analytically in a two layer model. The solutions show that the thermal disturbance located at the interface can induce internal gravity wave, which propagates downstream in the stable layer and brings about flow disturbances in the lower unstable layer. Motion of roll vortices with flow pattern similar to that found in the convective cloud street forms in the lower part of the upper layer and the upper part of the lower layer. If proper content of water vapor exists the cloud lines presenting small angle with the mean wind appear at the top of the lower layer. The effects of the wind speed and the temperature structures of the atmosphere in the lower convective layer and the overlying stable layer on the characteristics of the roll vortices are also discussed in this study.With 7 Figures     

甘肃永登强对流云的雷达气候学特征分析

利用甘肃永登19年(1971—1985年,1999—2003年)的雷达回波资料,分析了强对流云回波形成及分布特征与甘肃永登地区特殊地形的关系;强对流天气大尺度天气背景和相应的强对流雷达回波的移动、高度、强度和回波谱等特征。结果表明,该区的特殊地形造成气流阻挡并使其折转汇合、垂直运动剧烈加速,使得对流云迅速发展,这是该区对流云形成和分布的决定因素;高空天气形势和对流云结构制约了对流云雷达回波的移动和基本特征。雹云回波谱表明,雹暴对流活动一般均处于旺盛状态,强回波高度和其所处的云内温度是形成雹云的重要条件。     

Thunderstorm charging: Laboratory experiments clarified

Further laboratory experiments of thunderstorm charging by ice crystal collisions with riming graupel pellets have led to results that may help account for a major difference between two independent studies reported earlier. The problem concerns values of the cloud liquid water content required to change the sign of graupel charging. The present work has noted and investigated differences in the techniques of cloud nucleation used in the two studies. In one set of measurements by Takahashi, ice crystals are nucleated continuously in a supercooled water droplet cloud, while in the other experiments by Jayaratne et al. and Saunders et al., the droplet cloud is nucleated only briefly. These two nucleation methods lead to differences in the mass of cloud particles collected on a sampling probe used to determine the liquid water content of the cloud. In the continuous nucleation case, the probe collects sufficient numbers of ice crystals to lead to a substantial overestimate of the cloud liquid water content.     

上海暴雨和强对流天气的地面观测分析

近年来,人们利用卫星、雷达和地面观测资料相结合的分析方法,得到了一些暴雨和强对流天气预报的经验。例如,姚祖庆、肖稳安等利用卫星云图资料概括出影响长江中下游暴雨和强对流天气的5种环境云场特征和在这些云场中暴雨和强对流云团的演变过程,通过追踪这些云团活动来作暴雨和强对流天气的预报。杜秉玉等以雷达资料为主设计了长江三峡和荆江地区暴雨预报的临近预报系统。文中利用上海地区稠密的地面观测资料,分析1983年9月3日、1985年7月11日、1983年7月26日影响上海的暴雨和龙卷天气过程中地面气象要素场和物理量场的先兆表现,期望从地面观测资料的变化特征提供暴雨和强对流天气预报的依据。