Effects of thermal discharges on mortality ofMercenaria mercenaria in Barnegat bay,New Jersey

Thermal discharges from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station do not affect mortality in natural populations ofMercenaria mercenaria (Linné) in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. The analyses of daily growth increments and disturbance bands in shell cross-sections of death assemblages of the pelecypods collected at the mouth of Oyster Creek (strongly affected by thermal discharges) and at three control sites (unaffected by thermal discharges) in the bay indicate that similar mortality patterns exist in all assemblages. This is revealed by mortality rate curves, survivorship curves, and life tables, which are nearly identical for each assemblage. Each death assemblage results from natural and not census mortality, as is evident from its corresponding death-frequency histogram which shows that individuals have died at different times of the year. The peak frequency of stress and death occurs in older individuals of the populations and develops in the summer and winter. The high incidence of summer death may be associated with the effects of physiologic stress during spawning and with increased activity of predators and parasites during the warmer months of the year, whereas high winter mortality seems to be caused by harsh environmental conditions. Mortality data recorded on life assemblages ofM. mercenaria transplanted to the substrate for 1 year at the mouth of Oyster Creek and at a single control site in the bay show that mortality is significantly greater in the assemblage transplanted to the control site. Shell microgrowth analysis of the dead specimens collected from the transplanted assemblages reveals the following: (1) Maximum frequency of death in clams is between 50 mm and 65 mm in h′ (see text), and at 5 to 6 years of age; (2) peak frequency of death occurs in the summer; (3) no significant difference in the seasonal frequency of death exists between the two samples; and (4) natural instead of catastrophic mortality is evident. It is concluded that mortality ofM. mercenaria in Barnegat Bay is caused by the normal population dynamics of the species. The pattern of ontogenetic mortality in the bivalve is high-low-high. Mortality is high during the planktonic larval stages, low subsequent to spat settlement, and high again in the gerontic stage. Mortality rates rise significantly after sexual maturity is attained.     

Lightning fatalities in Colombia from 2000 to 2009

National lightning fatality information has been gathered and published for Australia, Canada, the USA, and Western Europe, but few such studies have taken place and been published in the formal literature during the last decade in other areas. National lightning fatality data are difficult to collect in many countries, especially in tropical regions, despite a high frequency of lightning. To partially fill this gap, the current paper provides the first comprehensive national summary of lightning deaths in Colombia. Data from the National Administrative Department of Statistics were gathered for 2000 through 2009 and were classified according to the number of fatalities by year, month, gender, age, and location of the fatality. These data were assigned to geographical departments to determine the fatality rates per type of population. Comparison was also made with the population percentage in rural areas where the outdoor lightning risk may be greater than in cities due to labor-intensive agricultural practices, housing that is unsafe from the lightning threat, lack of access to weather forecasts and lightning safety knowledge, and other factors. Data from an international lightning locating system also were used to determine the annual lightning frequency and monthly totals in Colombia. During the ten study years, 757 deaths were identified. The highest mortality rates were in rural areas with a maximum of 7.69 deaths per million per year in the Vaupes Department of eastern Colombia. The death rate for all of Colombia was 1.78 per million per year during the same period.     

高压喷射注浆在上海鱼品厂污水处理工程中的应用

上海鱼品厂污水处理工程地基采用高压喷射注浆法加固,並作为深基坑的围护结构,用于大面积建筑工程和水工构筑物的尚不多见。经过高压旋喷工艺施工和充水予压试验以及运行的实践,业已证明应用新崛起的高压旋喷工艺成桩技术具有良好的技术效果和经济效益,加固软基和围护的综合功能是成功的。     

Coral reef recovery in Florida and the Persian Gulf

Long-term observations and study of coral reef destruction by hurricanes in the Florida Keys show, surprisingly, that although corals are devastated on a grand scale during storms, recovery is rapid. Recovery occurs because of the widespread scattering of live fragments, many of which become growth sites of new colonies. Reef recovery from death by chilling in the Persian Gulf was well under way when last observed, but it is not yet known if the recovery rate was as rapid as recovery from the storm destruction in Florida. Recovery from death by chilling requires settlement of transported coral larvae and a substrate suitable for larval attachment. Such resettlement is subject to the effects of currents, predators, pollution, and competition for substrate. A growth rate of 10 cm per year combined with geometrical progression of branch formation accounts for rapidAcropora cervicornis recovery. Although calculated coral proliferation seems unusually high, it has been confirmed by serial underwater photographs spanning ten years. More precise measurements of growth and branching are needed, along with growth data for other common reef-building corals. Such data would be useful for predicting standing crop of a restocked or transplanted reef.     

露天煤矿草原区植被指数与气象水文要素关系

内蒙古东部草原区某露天煤矿在长期疏排水条件下造成地下水位持续下降，为研究矿区周边植被生长是否受地下水位下降的影响，采用归一化植被指数法（NDVI）分析了研究区2013—2019年植被盖度变化趋势，选择气温、降水量和地下水位埋深3个气象水文要素，基于联合熵理论计算NDVI与不同要素之间的互信息，得出植被生长的主要影响因素。研究结果表明:研究区植被盖度呈逐年好转趋势，植被指数由2013年的0.10逐渐增加至2019年的0.33，年均增长约为0.03；植被生长与当地气温和降水量关系密切，与地下水位埋深相关性弱；研究区气候变暖和稳定的降水量造成植被返青期提前和生长期延长；在矿区目前疏排水强度下引起的地下水位下降不会造成周边草原植被干枯死亡。研究成果丰富了内蒙古东部草原区植被生长与地下水关系的研究内容，为类似分析评价工作提供技术支撑。      

四川钙芒硝矿硐室水溶法开采与三级矿量平衡之探讨

为了确定采掘平衡的定量比例关系，按照开采准备程度，将水平开拓、采区准备和回采工作面的三类巷道圈定的各级别储量称为开拓矿产量、准备矿产量和回采矿产量，简称“三量”。用“三量”来反映采掘工程的经济技术指示、生产准备情况和采掘关系，以保证生产的正常接续，以此确定制硝系统的年生产规模、企业工业硝水浓度。     

William Buckland (1784–1856)

This year marks the 150th anniversary of William Buckland's death. One of the liveliest characters in the early history of our science, Buckland was a keen observer, indefatigable scholar, enthusiastic field geologist, inspirational communicator and possessed of an innovative mind which could quickly embrace, process and apply new ideas. His influence on an emerging discipline during its arguably most formative years in the early nineteenth century, and upon subsequent generations of Earth science scholars, should not be underestimated.     

Mahsuri’s curse—globalisation and tourist development in Pulau Langkawi

The legend of Mahsuri abounds in Malaysian school textbooks. Mahsuri was a beautiful and very charming village maiden who lived in Pulau Langkawi and was wrongfully put to death in 1819 or the year 1235 hijrab. Accused of adultery by a jealous member of the royal house, Mahsuri, who was married to the Chief Minister, was sentenced to death together with her alleged lover, a trader from a place which is now part of Thailand in Phuket. Killed with her own family’s keris (a traditional Malay sword), Mahsuri put a curse on Pulau Langkawi for seven generations. She swore before her death that there would be no peace or prosperity on the island for the duration of these seven generations. Mahsuri’s family moved to another village in what was then the territory of Thailand and finally settled in Phuket, illustrating the cultural and trading links that have existed in this northern part of Malaysia between the southern parts of Thailand and the states of Perlis and Kedah. Mahsuri’s family and she appear to have not been allowed to rest in peace since her premature death. Her tomb, which was enshrined by the villagers, has been relocated several times and the exact location of its whereabouts may not be known. The tombstone itself is now housed in a museum that has been constructed near to the site where the tomb is believed to be. A huge tourist complex called Kota Mahsuri is being developed around the site of Mahsuri’s tomb. Pulau Langkawi may be the island paradise lost. Perhaps Mahsuri’s curse lingers, no matter that seven generations have passed and with them the industries that integration with the global economy has seen developed, declined and disappeared. Then again, perhaps this is indeed the curse—the quest for prosperity in a globalizing world and its relentless exploitation of the heritage in strategic parts of Malaysia—both natural and cultural—for the gains of a few and questionable benefits to the rest.     

机车荷载作用下青藏铁路多年冻土区普通路基的蠕变分析

基于青藏铁路北麓河试验段的机车现场实时振动监测,在三轴流变试验的基础上,利用ABAQUS有限元软件中的时间硬化与Druker－Prager屈服破坏准则耦合的蠕变模型,对青藏铁路多年冻土区的普通素土路基在等效机车荷载作用下的蠕变效应进行分析。研究表明,ABAQUS软件中时间硬化与蠕变模型能较好地模拟路基运营过程中的时间效应,素土路基的竖向位移由路基顶部中心位置向路基内部和两侧逐渐减小,一年中的最大位移达14 mm,与该段的年沉降变形观测值一致。路基中心的蠕变应变值大于路基顶面和天然地表的应变值,路基中心受机车荷载的振动影响最大     

The reconstruction of the last itinerary of “Ötzi”, the Neolithic Iceman,by pollen analyses from sequentially sampled gut extracts

The investigations of the Tyrolean Iceman “Ötzi” and his artefacts, discovered at a remote location high in the Eastern Alps, have contributed greatly to the knowledge of the lifestyle of Neolithic humankind. However, the events immediately prior to the Iceman's death have remained unclear and even the recently discovered arrowhead in his back does not explain conclusively the cause of death satisfactorily. From the pollen and macrofossil content of his gut, we reconstruct his travels just before his demise. Sequential sampling of the food residues in the digestive tract of the 5200 year old glacier mummy has made possible the analyses of a series of meals and, from the pollen content, the deduction of the environments in which the last meals were eaten. During his last 33 or so hours, Ötzi crossed different habitats in the Ötztal mountains over considerable distances from high up near the timber line (at about 2500 m), to low down in the zone of warmth-loving trees (about 1200 m or less), and finally very high in the zone of perennial ice (above 3000 m). These final journeys lend new weight to the “disaster” theory of Ötzi's death, which suggests that, returning from the high alpine pastures to his native village, he came into a severe conflict with his kin such that he had to flee from the community back to the high ground familiar to him, where he died.     

煤矿井简检查孔施工技术探讨

介绍了煤矿井筒检查孔的特点和技术、质量要求,总结了以往工程中的经验教训,针对工程中的技术难点,如取心、孔斜控制、抽水作业和冲洗液选择与维护等影响质量、工期的关键环节提出了技术措施,为优质、高效施工此类工程提供借鉴.     

1931年江淮异常梅雨

1931年江淮流域的异常丰梅,造成了我国近代史上极为严重的一场洪涝灾害,其灾难之深重与死亡人数之众多,为近121年(1885-2005年)梅雨中之最,对该年梅雨及其有关大气和海洋影响因素及其变化特点进行了简要讨论,并认为1931年江淮异常梅雨有其特定的影响因素,这些影响因素有些在数月之前或前一年已有先兆,因而具有一定的长期预报意义。     

Human sociogeophysics — Phase II the difussion of human ethnicity by remixing

The spread of the species, man, on the surface of the earth has been described physically in two initial phases. In a first phase, 40,000–15,000 ybp, man spread to occupy all of the temperate and periglacial regions of the earth as a constant density occupational expansion of about 0.04 persons per sqkm. As of 15,000 ybp, the population might be estimated to be about 4 million, the birth (and death) rate to be about 0.03 per year, and the Malthusian constant (the net increase of population — birth minus death rate) to be about 0.0002 per year. This phase represented a diffusion of ethnicity (breeding populations) with little remixing. In a subsequent second phase, e.g., 15,000–2,000 ybp, through the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and post-Neolithic phases, while condensations to agriculture and to civilizations took place, even though the populations grew to about 180 million with considerable remixing, the Malthusian constant effectively did not change. Thermodynamically (that is as the irreversible thermodynamics of a hydrodynamic field), this result suggests that the persisting demography of a viable species has to be driven by a positive definite Malthusian growth constant beyond a zero thermodynamic equilibrium. It is also suggested that if that constant is globally zero or negative, the species will die. The possible existence of various stability regions (transformations in dynamic states) is also implied.     

黑龙江省土壤冻融期气象要素变化特征

黑龙江省春季土壤冻融剧烈,土壤湿度和温度受土壤冻融影响较大,利用黑龙江省64个气象观测站1961—2018年的逐日最高气温、最低气温、平均气温、降水量、地温资料及34个农气观测站人工观测的1981—2018年的土壤湿度资料,分析土壤冻结期间的气象要素变化,研究春季土壤冻融过程中湿度和温度的变化。结果表明：土壤冻结期从北向南缩短,且逐年缩短,冻结期平均气温从北向南升高,逐年上升,降水量西部少、东部和北部多,逐年增加;春季冻融次数平原少、山区多,逐年减少。春季融雪开始日期由北向南提前,并且呈现逐年提前的趋势,融雪期升温速率北部、东部低,中部、南部高;在春季冻融过程中,土壤湿度随着土壤深度的增加而增多,东部土壤湿度受土壤融冻影响最大;在整个冬季土壤冻结期间,北部、中部及东部土壤湿度是增加的,且随着土壤深度的增加,土壤湿度增加的越多,而西部土壤湿度是减少的,且随着土壤深度的增加,土壤湿度减少的越少;春季土壤冻融期间,0 cm平均地温全省平均在-17.3~22.1 ℃之间,南部与全省变化趋势基本一致,升温趋势明显,而北部升温速度明显慢于南部。     

网络RTK测量成果质量控制方法的研究

随着GPS技术、计算机技术、网络技术的发展,网络RTK技术得到快速的发展和应用。介绍了网络RTK定位的质量控制的重要性．影响网络RTK定位结果的因素．质量控制的方法等内容。通过全面的质量保证措施,能够得到稳定、可靠的、实时高精度定位成果。     

近20年我国煤与瓦斯突出事故时空分布及防控建议

防治煤与瓦斯突出是保障煤矿安全高效开采和国家能源稳定供应的前提条件。近期频发的煤矿瓦斯突出事故(2021年3月25日左权煤矿突出事故、4月9日东风煤矿突出事故)造成12人死亡,再次表明实现“零突出”的目标还有非常艰巨的路程要走。针对当前突出机理不清、突出事故频发现状,开展我国2001—2020年突出事故统计分析,数据显示,20年共发生突出事故484起、死亡3 195人,尽管近年来突出事故得到有效控制,然而在煤矿事故中仍处于相对较高水平且愈加突显。在此基础上,进一步从突出事故等级、发生地点、发生时间等方面分析2011—2020年突出事故时空分布规律,结果表明:12个省(直辖市)近10年共发生突出事故93起、死亡645人,其中较大突出事故持续占据主导地位、特别重大突出事故死亡人数常年居高不下、一般突出事故占比逐渐上升;突出事故具有“分布范围广、分布较为集中、南多北少、南重北轻”的地域分布特点,其中贵州省、湖南省、云南省、河南省4省最为严重,累计占总事故起数和死亡人数的68%和79%;突出事故集中发生在每年的5—7月和11—12月,每月的4—6日、15—17日和28—29日,每日的1—2时、5—6时、10—12时和17—20时等时段。针对突出事故呈现出高低交替的周期性发展规律,从安全管理的角度指出,必须将防突措施落实到每一天、每一班的生产中,越是突出事故低发期,越要加强安全管理,长期保持“安全意识增强—事故低发期—安全意识增强”的良性循环是突出防控的核心思路。      

Solvent–water extraction method for the evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bioavailability in coal–tar-contaminated soils

A solvent–water extraction method was proposed as an assessment tool to estimate the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coal–tar-contaminated soils. The approach taken was to measure the percent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons extracted by a solvent–water mixture and comparing the results with the percent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degraded in a soil slurry reactor. Five soil samples from three former manufactured gas plant sites and a coal–tar disposal site which were operated between 1880 and 1947, and 1945 and 1950, respectively, in Iowa, USA were used in this study. Extraction experiments were conducted using acetone–water or ethanol–water mixtures with solvent volume fractions ranging from 1.0 to 0.4 (v/v). The percent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons extracted from the various soils decreased as the volume fraction of the solvent in the solvent–water mixture was reduced. An acetone–water mixture of 0.6 was found to be appropriate in correlating the percent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons degraded to the percent of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons extracted. For the first correlation, the percent extracted and the percent biodegraded were modified by using the molecular weights and log K _ow of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, respectively. For the second correlation, the equation relating the percent extracted and the percent biodegraded was modified using soil properties such as organic carbon content and percent of clay and silt. Although the experiments were conducted for a limited number of soils, the extraction method appeared to be a good starting point in estimating the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coal–tar-contaminated soils.     

黑河流域上游降水精细化分布与总量年际变化

利用黑河流域100 m×100 m地理地形资料及气象测站多年降水和风向资料,依据坡度、盛行风向与迎风坡对地形抬升速度影响的数学模式,对主导风向效应指数进行了扩展,构建了新的耦合坡度、坡向和主导风向的局地地形因子.通过回归分析,建立了逐年6-9月降水量与地理和局地地形因子的回归方程,通过GIS空间分析技术扩展得到了黑河流...     

基于GRAPES的西北地区沙尘暴数值预报模式及其应用研究

介绍了中国气象局兰州干旱气象研究所和中国气象科学研究院数值预报研究中心合作研制的耦合于GRAPES（Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System）的沙尘暴数值模式GRAPES_SDM。该模式包括沙尘的起沙、传输、吸湿增长、并合、干沉降与云下清洗等详细的物理过程，可以对沙尘暴的起沙和空气中沙尘浓度进行模拟和预报。在此基础上形成了西北地区的沙尘暴数值预报模式系统，并于2005年4月开始在兰州中心气象台试运行，同时还将模式结果与卫星遥感资料反演的沙尘暴监测结果进行了对比验证。以2005年4月17~19日和5月28~29日发生在西北地区的2次强沙尘暴为例，利用GRAPES_SDM对这两次沙尘天气的起沙、传输、扩散直至消散进行了数值模拟。结果表明，模式输出的沙尘时空分布与实况观测和卫星云图监测的沙尘分布范围基本一致，说明该模式系统对西北地区沙尘暴天气的起沙、传输有较好的模拟和预报能力。     

空气扰动技术修复氯苯污染地下水的影响因素研究

通过实验室一维砂柱模拟研究了不同影响因素下空气扰动技术(air sparging,AS)修复氯苯污染地下水的效果,包括介质渗透性、曝气方式、共存污染物、残余饱和态氯苯。结果表明:介质渗透性极大地影响着AS的效果,渗透系数越大,去除效果越好。对渗透系数为10-5m/s数量级及其以下的介质应用AS较为困难;在曝气时间相同的情况下,对于渗透系数为5.1×10-4m/s的中砂,脉冲曝气较连续曝气效果好,对于渗透系数为6.2×10-3m/s的粗砂,2种曝气方式效果相仿;苯和氯苯共存时各污染物的去除存在协同作用;AS对残余饱和态氯苯的去除存在着明显的拖尾效应。