振动三轴试验误差的分析及校正

振动三轴仪是室内土工试验中研究土体动力特性的重要仪器,但从以往的试验结果来看具有一定的离散性。这除了试验操作的人为误差外,振动三轴仪系统本身也会带来一定的误差,如双向动荷载的相位差不能达到预定值,系统本身的阻尼力,及试验数据的滞后性等等。为提高振动三轴试验的精确度,有必要对振动三轴试验的误差进行分析,找到误差的来源并进行相应的校正。     

岩石三轴强度试验

通过自制岩石三轴压力室和配备液压泵与现有万能材料试验机组成岩石三轴试验系统，进行岩石三轴强度试验研究，并与其它方法比对，结果相近，满足了科研和生产的需要。     

土动力三轴仪的动态分析

本文探讨了三个问题:一是建立电磁-机械式动力三轴仪的教学模型;二是根据此模型对 DSZ-100型动力三轴仪作动态分析.得到了与实验结果相一致的结论;三是应用动态分析的结果讨论合理设计的可能途径.     

岩石三轴拉伸试验装置研制及其应用

为准确地测量岩石试样在不同围压作用下的拉伸强度与变形特性,对用于岩石三轴压缩试验的MTS815材料试验机为主体设备进行了一系列技术改造,一方面设计加工了一套试验机活塞与三轴室的随动连锁装置,使原本只能提供压缩载荷的MTS815试验机也能精确提供轴向拉伸荷载;另一方面设计开发一种多自由度岩石试样三轴拉伸夹具,解决岩石等脆性材料在拉伸过程中难以始终保持对中的技术难题。提出一套完整的测试技术方法,能实现0～140 MPa围压范围内各种岩石试件的复杂三轴直接拉伸测试研究,利用研发的配套装置与测试方法对页岩试样进行了三轴拉伸试验。结果表明,试验装置和试验方法完全能够进行不同围压条件下的岩石三轴拉伸试验,得到相应的三轴拉伸试验曲线;页岩在低围压和高围压下呈现不同的破坏特征和破坏形式,低围压下依然呈现脆性特征,高围压下则是由脆性向塑性转换。     

既有三轴剪力仪的自动化改造及应用

为了开发新的上海软土本构模型,需要对既有的旧型三轴仪进行自动化改造,为获得大量试验数据提供物质基础。在分析既有设备的系统构造后,根据三轴仪的基本原理,对围压及反压加压路径进行全面改造,提高了可靠性并简化了操作流程;同时实现了位移测量和体积变化测量的自动化。最后进行了上海黏土试验以验证设备的可靠性。改造工作将原有闲置仪器进行充分再利用,改善了科研条件。介绍的方法可直接或者稍加改动后用于其他类似三轴仪的改造。     

三轴仪改装平面应变仪的研制及应用

在国产常规三轴仪上增加一套能对土试样独立施加和量测中主应力的装量,可将仪器改装成平面应变试验仪。本文重点介绍施加及量测中主应力的侧压力系统的原理、构造和操作方法,并列举了使用该仪器得到的试验成果。这些成果显示了土在平面应变压缩条件下的应力—应变关系特性。     

九甸峡堆石料三轴蠕变试验初探

堆石料蠕变变形,是高土石坝设计中关注的主要问题之一,目前尚未很好解决。针对当前高土石坝的需要,采用大型高压三轴蠕变仪进行了堆石蠕变试验。通过试验,对堆石的三轴蠕变试验方法进行论述,并对堆石三轴蠕变试验中的蠕变时间起点、蠕变变形稳定标准进行了讨论,同时建议了三轴蠕变试验中蠕变时间起点和蠕变稳定的参考标准。试验结果表明,堆石的蠕变变形与围压及应力水平有关,特别在高围压、高应力水平作用下,蠕变稳定明显缓慢;在双对数坐标下,蠕变变形与时间呈较好的线性关系,且不同应力状态下的堆石蠕变规律基本相似。     

岩石三轴试验机的现状及发展趋势

30多年来国内几乎没有关于岩石三轴试验机发展状况的全面介绍资料。为了国内大专院校、科研院所和生产厂家能够更好地分析、设计和制造岩石三轴试验机,在收集大量的参考资料,回顾试验机的发展历史,深入调研和分析的基础上,总结并介绍了国内常规和真三轴两大类岩石三轴试验机,同时介绍了蠕变、静动态、高低温和剪切等岩石试验机的发展状况。列举了国内具有代表性的部分用户使用的不同性能的岩石三轴试验机及其参数。指出今后的岩石试验机将会向CT扫描、三轴剪切渗流、三轴仿真试验系统和原位真三轴试验系统方向发展的趋势。相关内容既可以为研制岩石三轴试验机提供参考,也可以为用户选购试验机提供帮助。     

不良岩层现场大型三轴压缩流变试验及流变模拟分析

本文较详细地介绍了现场大型真三轴试验的过程,对试验结果做了详细的讨论,根据变形与时间的关系曲线,以伯格模型作为理论模型,建立理论流变方程。对试验曲线进行描述,得出了流变模型中各参数,很好地反映了不良岩层的流变特征。     

土工静动力液压三轴扭转剪切仪控制软件系统研究

根据土工试验使用要求,应用计算机自动化控制技术,将大连理工大学与日本诚研社合作研制的新型土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪,配备了完善的控制软件系统。采用VC++6.0语言作为编程平台,利用现代计算机技术中的多线程技术、精确定时技术、绘图技术,结合现代的单神经元自适应PID控制理论,实现了三轴-扭转试验机的自动控制及数据采集处理功能,能够完成静态、动态等各种组合试验,并可实时监测试验全过程的应力、应变和位移等12种数据,绘制实时动态曲线,更加方便试验者操作,进一步提高了系统的控制精度。     

Mothod of Measuring Phase Difference of Lateral System for Dynamic Soil Triaxia1 Apparatus and Development of Digital Phase Meter

In this paper the phase difference of lateral system for dynamic are soil triaxial testing system is discussed and variant measurement meth-ods are compared, according to testing requirement “zero crossing triggering digital phase meter ” was designed, which can measure the phase difference of variant waveforms. In addition, the opration principle, the designing, and the noteworthy prlobems are presented.     

地震信号的相位恢复及误差分析

常见的几种地震子波有:零相位子波、最小相位子波、最大相位子波和混合相位子波。以不同类型的信号为激发子波,对不同地层模型合成地震道。仅用原始合成地震道记录的振幅谱来恢复原始记录,讨论不同方法下,由于激发子波的不同,对比分析原始记录与恢复记录的差异,及其恢复效果。     

相位匹配技术及其在压制OBN地震鸣震中的应用

通过对比海底节点(OBN)地震水检数据(P)和陆检数据(Z)的相位差,将相似系数准则改进并引入到OBN水陆检数据相位匹配中,从而消除两种检波器数据的相位差异;在频率匹配的基础上,用匹配滤波方法对陆检数据进行振幅匹配,之后进行双检数据PZ合并以压制海底鸣震。经理论模型测试和实际资料处理,表明改进的相似系数法可以快速、准确地校正陆检数据的相位差,PZ合并压制鸣震取得了较好的效果。     

Multiphase Extraction of Light Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) Using Prefabricated Vertical Wells

Work in this paper describes the results of a field and modeling study conducted to investigate the extraction of LNAPL (jet propellant 4, i.e., JP-4, jet fuel) using Prefabricated Vertical Wells (PVWs) at a former air force base. Field testing consisted of 185 operating hours on 25 rows, each consisting of 7 or 8 PVWs. A total of 133 L of free-phase liquid is removed from the subsurface in addition to 467 kg of organics in the vapor phase as a result of volatilization due to the application of vacuum heads exceeding the JP-4 vapor pressure. Monitored field data are used to calibrate a numerical model for investigating the effect of irreducible water content, LNAPL, and gas contents on system performance. Analysis results show that increasing the irreducible water content from 5 % to 20 % decreases the free-LNAPL specific volume from 0.08 m to 0.067 m, which led to reduction in removal efficiency. Under a continuous saturation condition, more wetting fluid (water), traps the nonwetting fluid (LNAPL) in the soil pores, and reduces its mobility, which eventually impedes the LNAPL recovery. Given the model parameters that simulate field conditions, the PVWs show best removal rates in the gas phase. The model results indicated that 292 L of JP-4 can be recovered in 19.5 days (based on 8 h of operation per day) with an effective rate of 1.87 L/h. At the end of 4.25 years of system operation, the maximum benzene concentration is 0.002 ppm. At a gas extraction rate of 10,273 L/min, a maximum concentration of 0.38 ppm in the vapor phase is achieved after 2.5 years of vapor extraction.     

含钾水盐体系介稳相关系研究

针对西藏扎布耶盐湖卤水组成,采用等温蒸发法分别研究了含钾四元体系Na+,K+//Cl-,B4O27--H2O308.15K、五元体系K+//Cl-,CO23-,SO42-,B4O72--H2O273.15K下的介稳相关系。分别测定了上述体系308.15K、273.15K时介稳平衡液相组成及密度、pH值。根据实验数据绘制了相应的介稳相图、水图。结果表明,本文研究的两个体系均为简单共饱型,无复盐和固溶体生成。其中,四元体系介稳相图由2个共饱点,5条单变量曲线,4个结晶区组成。平衡固相分别为Na2B4O7.10H2O、K2B4O7.4H2O、NaCl和KCl。对比四元体系308.15K和273.15K下的介稳相图发现,平衡固相盐的种类及结晶形式均没有发生变化,但结晶区大小产生变化:在308.15K下,Na2B4O7.10H2O结晶区变小,K2B4O7.4H2O结晶区变大。五元体系投影图中有1个共饱点、3条单变量曲线和3个结晶相区。结晶相区分别为K2CO3.3/2H2O、K2SO4和KCl。K2CO3.3/2H2O结晶区面积最小,K2SO4结晶区面积最大。K2CO3对KCl有较强的盐析作用。     

材料表面非线性振荡时间序列的相空间重构

在许多固态材料的表面存在着一种天然的非线性振荡花样，这些花样经计算机图像处理在时间和空间上呈现明显的分形特征。利用普通光学显微镜对Cu—Zn—Al合金表面的金相组织进行观察和分析，用高速摄像机拍摄了典型的振荡现象。借助计算机图像处理技术系统地研究该非线性振荡现象的形貌、结构特征及形成动力学规律，通过计算机编程技术构建系统的非线性动力模型，并重构系统的相空间。用R／S方法对系统时间序列的演化特征进行分析论证，结果表明，这种相空间重构方法具有较好的非线性预报效果。     

变化环境下石羊河流域年径流频率计算

受气候变化与人类活动的影响,水文序列一致性遭到破坏,传统的频率计算方法受到挑战。针对石羊河流域8条河流年径流量序列,在基于水文变异诊断系统进行变异分析的基础上,采用条件概率分布法和混合分布法进行了变化环境下的年径流频率计算。结果表明,石羊河流域年径流量序列以向下跳跃变异为主,变异年份多集中在1960年附近;变异序列的两种分布均通过K-S检验,最优分布的拟合效率系数均大于0.97;对比由考虑变异的理论分布与不考虑变异的一致性P-III型分布确定的设计年径流量,当设计频率高于90%时,大靖河与西营河的设计年径流量值相差较大。因此,石羊河流域新建水利工程的规划设计,应适当考虑水文资料的变异特性,选择合理的频率分析方法确定设计年径流量。     

Phase relations governing the derivation of alkaline basaltic magmas from primary magmas at high pressures

A comparison between the variation trend of alkaline basaltic magmas within the CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ system and experimentally estimated phase relations for this system at high pressures, suggests an olivine reaction relationship, which may explain the transition from primary magmas in equilibrium with olivine to alkaline basaltic magmas in which olivine does not form at high pressures. This reaction relationship is considered to be due to a transition from positive to negative crystallization with respect to olivine along the four phase curve where olivine, diopside, pyrope garnet and liquid are initially in equilibrium. The bimineralic, eclogitic character of alkaline basaltic compositions at high pressures is interpreted as being due to the presence of a thermal minimum on the three phase surface, where dioside and pyrope garnet are in equilibrium with liquid.     

Experimental study on variability in mechanical properties of a frozen sand as determined in triaxial compression tests

Large uncertainty exists in soil testing due to the randomness in sampling and system errors, especially in tests on frozen soils. In order to reduce the randomness and improve the test accuracy, the sample preparation method is improved to obtain more homogeneous samples. The standard Chinese sand is used as the soil. An environmental material test apparatus with three-point temperature control was used. Four temperatures and four confining pressures are used for the triaxial compression tests, which makes 16 combinations. For each combination, five repeat tests were carried out to examine the scattering of the mechanical properties of the frozen sand. It is found that under a certain confining pressure, the scattering increased with the increase in temperature and vice versa. Under a certain combination of temperature at ?0.5 °C and confining pressure of 10 MPa, the stress–strain curves are so different that similarity in the curves does not exist. This phenomenon is not scattering because sample randomness or system errors cannot explain it any more and is therefore called variability. It is attributed to pressure melting, pressure crush of soil particles as well as severe phase changes caused by small temperature variations. The difference in the test results is considered as an inherent feature of frozen soils. Strength and strain energy are used, along with temperature and confining pressure to analyze the cause of variability. This work shows that further work must be carried out to develop an optimum testing program in order to make a reasonable analysis for engineering constructions in which frozen soils are involved.     

Identification and Genesis of the Mixed-Layer Lizardite–Saponite Phase in a Kimberlite Pipe,South Africa

In autolithic breccia of a kimberlite pipe in South Africa, the ordered mixed-layer lizardite–saponite phase was first identified in rocks containing a mechanical mixture of lizardite and saponite or only saponite in association with lizardite. The mixed-layer phase consists of 52% lizardite and 48% saponite layers. The trioctahedral type of this phase indicates its formation in a closed system and reducing environment, whereas the high content of expanding layers suggests low PT parameters.