薄油层时移地震差异波形特征探讨

开发导致的时移地震差异代表了油藏的岩石物理性质变化,本文从差异波形角度出发,明确了声波阻抗界面的反射系数与油层声波阻抗变化之间的函数关系,进而分析薄油层时移地震差异波形特征.通过分析得出,开发前后油层阻抗变化越大,时移地震的差异振幅幅度越大;薄油层的差异波形特征仅与油层的声波阻抗变化有关,油层声波阻抗增大导致与地震子波微分形式相同的差异波形,油层声波阻抗减小产生的差异波形与180°相位的地震子波微分形式相同;油层声波阻抗变化方向导致差异波形振幅幅度变化的快慢.     

稠油热采时移地震监测研究与应用

我国具有丰富的稠油资源,但国内外针对陆相薄互层稠油油藏热采动态的时移地震监测研究还很少.通过分析火烧油层对储层的影响,结合已有的岩石物理测量结果,建立了薄互层油藏火烧油层模型,开展了地震正演模拟研究,并给出了应用实例.结果表明,稠油热采(注蒸汽、火烧油层、注热水)会引起储层岩石和孔隙流体弹性特性的显著改变,从而导致明显的地震属性差异;时移地震可以用来划分油层中高温区范围,跟踪高温前缘等.在陆相薄互层稠油田热采开发中,利用时移地震来监测油田开发的全过程是可行的.     

基于相关参数的时移地震互均化质量监控方法研究

在时移地震技术的实际应用过程中,限于观测条件及处理流程等因素的影响,不同时期所获得的地震数据的一致性往往是较差的.这些不一致通常表现为地震资料在振幅、时间延迟、频率、相位等方面的差异.为了消除这些差异带来的影响,通常使用的方法就是进行时移地震的互均化处理,本文讨论了一种有效的时移地震互均化质量监控方法,用来评定时移资料的优劣,互均化结果的好坏,能够为时移地震可行性分析及互均化处理流程带来一定的帮助,同时可以起到很好的指导意义.     

基于精确Zoeppritz方程的时移地震流体动态监测

储层流体动态定量评价能够为剩余油开发提供重要信息.流体因子作为一种重要流体表征参数,能有效识别流体位置和类型,理论上可根据油藏开发引起的流体因子变化量实现流体动态监测.通常,流体因子变化量可以利用常规弹性参数间接计算或基于近似公式直接反演得到.但间接计算引入的累积误差及近似公式较低的精度会严重影响其预测精度和分辨率.因此,为了在发挥流体因子优势的同时克服上述问题,本文研究了一种基于精确Zoeppritz方程的时移地震流体因子变化量反演方法.首先,推导包含流体因子的新形式精确Zoeppritz方程;然后,借助泰勒级数展开推导基于上述新方程的时移地震差异数据正演方程;最后,利用该差异数据正演方程构建贝叶斯框架下的目标函数,并通过引入服从微分拉普拉斯分布的块约束项提升反演结果对储层边界的刻画能力.合成数据和实际数据测试表明,新方法能够从差异数据中合理地估计流体因子变化量并实现储层流体动态监测,充分验证了方法的可行性和有效性.     

陆相薄互层稠油油藏热采时移地震监测研究

目前,针对陆相薄互层油藏实施时移地震监测尚没有明显的突破,加强时移地震方法、理论的研究和应用,对于我国时移地震监测技术的发展和应用具有积极的意义.根据油藏工程理论,在详细分析火烧油层对储层物性影响的基础上,结合已有的实验室岩石物理测量结果,重点就稠油热采过程中温度的剧烈变化对储层岩石和孔隙流体弹性特性的影响进行了较为详细的分析.并开展了薄互层油藏火烧油层地震正演模拟研究.结果表明,在稠油热采过程中,高温高压不仅会使得孔隙流体特性发生显著的改变,而且储层岩石本身弹性特性的变化也非常明显.即使是对于薄层或薄互层,两方面共同的变化将使得稠油热采前后储层弹性特性产生巨大的差异,进而引起显著的地震异常.因此,开展陆相薄互层稠油热采时移地震监测,不仅具有坚实的岩石物理基础,而且具有切实的可行性.     

非重复采集时移地震正演模拟及可行性分析

本文主要研究前期为常规三维地震勘探和后期为高精度三维地震勘探的这种典型非重复采集时移地震的可行性,主要使用正演模拟和匹配处理相结合的方法进行.本文推导了基于PML边界的三维声波波动方程时空域高阶有限差分正演方程,根据岩石物理流体替代分析方法计算得到时移前后储层的弹性参数,建立了时移地震地球物理模型,设计了常规三维和高精度三维观测系统,进行地震正演模拟,获得了非重复采集时移地震理论模拟数据.利用匹配处理法对非重复采集时移地震正演模拟数据和实际资料进行可行性分析,匹配处理过程主要包括初始数据匹配、一致性处理和互均化处理等.理论模拟数据和实际资料的匹配处理结果表明,通过针对性的分析和处理,利用非重复采集的地震资料进行时移地震研究是可行的,能够得到较好的时移地震响应,在一定程度上反映了油藏的变化情况.     

地震油藏动态监测的属性表征机理研究

时移地震属性表征油藏参数动态变化机理研究是有效区分不同油藏参数变化,进行时移地震解释的理论基础,是时移地震实际应用的关键环节.从疏松砂岩油藏岩石物理研究出发,计算得到含油饱和度和有效压力变化引起纵、横波速度变化的明显差异.并以此为基础,通过解耦后的地震波动方程模型模拟,分析证明不同偏移距地震振幅对含油饱和度变化响应规律存在差异,分析得到油藏有效压力和含油饱和度变化时P-P反射波和P-S转换波叠前地震属性差异特征,对比分析了油藏有效压力和含油饱和度变化时的P-P反射波和P-S转换波AVO(Amplitude Versus Of fset,振幅随偏移距变化)属性变化规律和差异特征.理论模型研究结果证明了利用叠前时移地震信息(叠前地震属性和地震AVO信息)区分不同油藏参数动态变化的可行性和在有效提高时移地震资料解释精度方面的潜力.同时,研究也表明针对目标油田深入理解油藏参数变化的时移地震响应机理对制定有效的时移地震资料处理和解释方案十分重要.     

时移地震流动单元解释的分析与实现

时移地震又称四维地震,是近些年发展起来的前沿物探技术。本文分析了时移地震中用到的关键技术;给出了其流动单元的概念和具体定义流动单元的数据结构;重点阐述了在剖面或切片上解释流动单元时增加解释点的实现方法。通过一个具体的实例数据展示了处理效果。     

有效压力与饱和度变化的气藏多波时移地震AVO响应

天然气在开发过程中,储层有效压力和含气饱和度均会发生变化,研究有效压力和含气饱和度的变化对地震响应特征的影响,在基于时移地震的剩余气分布预测研究中具有重要意义。天然气和石油的声学性质有着明显的差异,油藏时移地震的研究成果不能直接应用于气藏,因此需要开展气藏的时移地震研究。利用Shapiro模型表征干岩石弹性模量随有效压力的变化,借助Batzle-Wang方程描述流体速度随压力的变化关系,联合Gassmann理论进行流体替代,表征饱和流体岩石速度随含气饱和度的变化,建立了饱和流体岩石速度随有效压力和饱和度变化的岩石物理模型。基于该模型,对不同含气饱和度和不同有效压力下的气藏储层模型进行了多波时移地震叠前振幅变化（AVO）模拟。结果表明多波时移地震AVO技术可以有效地区分有效压力变化和含气饱和度变化,为进一步开展气藏多波时移地震流体监测提供了理论参考依据。      

流体替换方法研究及应用分析

流体替换即为从一种孔隙流体状态下的岩石物理参数计算出另一种流体状态下的岩石物理参数.流体替换对于地震属性分析具有重要作用,其为解释人员进行AVO(振幅随偏移距变化)及四维地震研究提供了正演模拟及定量分析的工具.通常流体替换都是采用基于wood方程的Gassmann流体替换方法.本文借鉴Patchy saturation模型,及Brie经验模型分别提出了针对流体不均匀分布的Patchy saturation模型流体替换方法,及基于经验关系的Brie经验模型流体替换方法.并基于岩石物理实验比较分析了以上三种流体替换方法.通过目标区岩石物理分析,可以从中优选出更合适的流体替换方法,从而为流体的地震响应分析提供正确的指导.     

The added value of joint PP–PS inversion for reservoir characterization: A case study using Jubarte PRM seismic data (offshore Brazil)

The added value of the joint pre-stack inversion of PP (incident P-wave and reflected P-wave) and PS (incident P-wave and reflected S-wave) seismic data for the time-lapse application is shown. We focus on the application of this technique to the time-lapse (four-dimensional) multicomponent Jubarte field permanent reservoir monitoring seismic data. The joint inversion results are less sensitive to noise in the input data and show a better match with the rock physics models calibrated for the field. Further, joint inversion improves S-impedance estimates and provides a more robust quantitative interpretation, allowing enhanced differentiation between pore pressure and fluid saturation changes, which will be extremely useful for reservoir management. Small changes in reservoir properties are expected in the short time between the time-lapse seismic acquisitions used in the Jubarte project (only 1 year apart). The attempt to recover subtle fourth-dimensional effects via elastic inversion is recurrent in reservoir characterization projects, either due to the small sensitivity of the reservoirs to fluid and pressure changes or the short interval between the acquisitions. Therefore, looking for methodologies that minimize the uncertainty of fourth-dimensional inversion outputs is of fundamental importance. Here, we also show the differences between PP only and joint PP–PS inversion workflows and parameterizations that can be applied in other projects. We show the impact of using multicomponent data as input for elastic seismic inversions in the analysis of the time-lapse differences of the elastic properties. The larger investment in the acquisition and processing of multicomponent seismic data is shown to be justified by the improved results from the fourth-dimensional joint inversion.     

Simulation of two-phase fluid flow through compactible reservoirs

Fluid-flow simulators used in the oil industry model the movement of fluids through a porous reservoir rock. These simulators either ignore coupling between the flow and concurring deformation of the solid rock frame or take it into account approximately, in the so-called loose or staggered-in-time mode. In contrast to existing simulators, the one we describe here fully couples two-phase (oil and water) flow to subsurface deformation and simultaneously accounts for all relevant physical phenomena. As such, our flow simulator inherently links time-dependent fluid pressures, saturations, permeabilities and flow velocities to stresses in the whole subsurface. These stresses relate to strains through the non-linear theory of elasticity, allowing us to model time-lapse changes in seismic velocities and anisotropy. The velocity variations manifest themselves in time shifts and reflection amplitudes that are conventionally measured from 4D seismic data. Changes in anisotropy produce time-dependent shear-wave splitting that can be used for monitoring the horizontal stresses.     

油藏水驱开采时移地震监测岩石物理基础测量

岩石物理测量是油藏水驱开采时移地震监测的基础.在实验室对来自胜利油田的5块岩石样品模拟储层条件进行了水驱和气驱动态岩石物理弹性测量,重点分析了流体替换、温度、孔隙压力对岩石纵、横波速度的影响.实验表明,在水驱情形下,由于流体替换和温度、孔隙压力变化所引起的岩石纵横波速度的变化均很小,实施时移地震监测具有较大的风险性.相比之下,气驱可能引起较为明显的纵波速度变化,有利于时移地震监测的实施.进一步完善实验方法、丰富实验内容、是今后时移地震岩石物理实验研究的主要任务.     

Analysis of reservoir heterogeneity-induced amplification effect on time-lapse seismic responses of fluid substitution: A physical modelling study

Seismic wave propagation through a fluid-saturated poroelastic layer might be strongly affected by media heterogeneities. Via incorporating controlled laboratory simulation experiments, we extend previous studies of time-lapse seismic effects to evaluate the wave scattering influence of the heterogeneous nature of porous permeable media and the associated amplification effects on 4D seismic response characteristics of reservoir fluid substitution. A physical model consisted of stratified thin layers of shale and porous sandstone reservoir with rock heterogeneities was built based on the geological data of a real hydrocarbon-saturated reservoir in Northeast China. Multi-surveys data of good quality were acquired by filling poroelastic reservoir layers with gas, water and oil in sequence. Experimental observations show that reservoir heterogeneity effect causes significantly magnified abnormal responses to the fluid-saturated media. Specifically, reflection signatures of the gas-filled reservoir are dramatically deviated from those of the liquid fluid-filled reservoir, compared with ones of the homogeneous media. By removing the influences unrelated to reservoir property alterations, 4D seismic estimates of travel-time and frequency-dependent characteristic are reasonably consistent with fluid variations. Nevertheless, strong 4D amplitude difference anomalies might not correspond to the regions where fluid variations occur. We also find that 4D seismic difference attributes are evident between oil- and water-filled models, whereas significant between oil- and gas-filled models. Meanwhile, rock physics modelling results reveal the predicted 4D seismic differences are obviously smaller than those calculated from seismic observations. The results in this paper, therefore, implicate that the effect of a reservoir's heterogeneous nature might be beneficial for hydrocarbons detection as well as monitoring small variations in pore fluids.     

Uncertainties in quantitative time-lapse seismic analysis

Most seismic time-lapse studies so far have been of a qualitative nature. Identification of areas with minor or no seismic changes has been used to plan new infill drilling targets. Increased accuracy in seismic acquisition methods, in both conventional streamer surveys and newer methods such as multicomponent sea-bed seismic and permanent sensors, opens possibilities for the next step: quantitative time-lapse analysis. Quantitative methods here mean the estimation of, for instance, a change in fluid saturation from 20% water to 90% water or the estimation of a pore pressure change of 5 MPa. Explicit expressions for the uncertainties associated with estimated changes in, for instance, reservoir pressure and fluid saturation are derived. These formulae can be used to compare relative uncertainties between estimated parameters as well as to identify the critical factors in various estimation techniques. The importance of accurate rock physics input, as well as that of highly repeatable time-lapse seismic data, is emphasized. Furthermore, uncertainty analysis can be used to find optimal weight factors when the same parameter (e.g. saturation change) is estimated by two or three different techniques.     

时移地震监测水驱前沿的方法和应用研究

油藏开发过程的有效监测是合理开采油藏和提高采收率的关键之一.本文根据水驱油藏流体变化的基本规律以及其他实验和统计结果,讨论了长期注水开采油藏储层物性变化及其引起的弹性参数变化和地震响应变化特征,明确了水驱前沿的概念,提出了基于差异振幅和奇异值分析的时移地震监测水驱前沿方法.理论模型研究表明该方法是可行的.通过对东部地区某油田的两次三维地震数据处理、分析,确定了水驱前沿的位置,后钻的两口井证实了预测结果的准确性和方法的有效性.研究结果还表明,通过水驱前沿的监测并结合初期油藏描述的结果,时移地震可以很好地预测长期水驱油藏剩余油的分布.     

Intra-survey reservoir fluctuations – implications for quantitative 4D seismic analysis

During the time taken for seismic data to be acquired, reservoir pressure may fluctuate as a consequence of field production and operational procedures and fluid fronts may move significantly. These variations prevent accurate quantitative measurement of the reservoir change using 4D seismic data. Modelling studies on the Norne field simulation model using acquisition data from ocean-bottom seismometer and towed streamer systems indicate that the pre-stack intra-survey reservoir fluctuations are important and cannot be neglected. Similarly, the time-lapse seismic image in the post-stack domain does not represent a difference between two states of the reservoir at a unique base and monitor time, but is a mixed version of reality that depends on the sequence and timing of seismic shooting. The outcome is a lack of accuracy in the measurement of reservoir changes using the resulting processed and stacked 4D seismic data. Even for perfect spatial repeatability between surveys, a spatially variant noise floor is still anticipated to remain. For our particular North Sea acquisition data, we find that towed streamer data are more affected than the ocean-bottom seismometer data. We think that this may be typical for towed streamers due to their restricted aperture compared to ocean-bottom seismometer acquisitions, even for a favourable time sequence of shooting and spatial repeatability. Importantly, the pressure signals on the near and far offset stacks commonly used in quantitative 4D seismic inversion are found to be inconsistent due to the acquisition timestamp. Saturation changes at the boundaries of fluid fronts appear to show a similar inconsistency across sub-stacks. We recommend that 4D data are shot in a consistent manner to optimize aerial time coverage, and that additionally, the timestamp of the acquisition should be used to optimize pre-stack quantitative reservoir analysis.     

Study on attribute characterization for reservoir dynamic monitoring by seismic

Study on characterizing reservoir parameters dynamic variations by time-lapse seismic attributes is the theoretical basis for effectively distinguishing reservoir parameters variations and conducting time-lapse seismic interpretation,and it is also a key step for time-lapse seismic application in real oil fields. Based on the rock physical model of unconsolidated sandstone,the different effects of oil saturation and effective pressure variations on seismic P-wave and S-wave velocities are calculated and analyzed. Using numerical simulation on decoupled wave equations,the responses of seismic amplitude with different offsets to reservoir oil saturation variations are analyzed,pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes differences for oil saturation and effective pressure variations of P-P wave and P-S converted wave are calculated,and time-lapse seismic AVO (Amplitude Versus Offset) response rules of P-P wave and P-S converted wave to effective pressure and oil saturation variations are compared. The theoretical modeling study shows that it is feasible to distinguish different reservoir parameters dynamic variations by pre-stack time-lapse seismic information,including pre-stack time-lapse seismic attributes and AVO information,which has great potential in improving time-lapse seismic interpreta-tion precision. It also shows that the time-lapse seismic response mechanism study on objective oil fields is especially important in establishing effective time-lapse seismic data process and interpreta-tion scheme.