新疆博格达地区中-新生代碎屑成分特征与盆山分异过程

新疆博格达地区中—新生界碎屑成分自中侏罗世的中晚期开始发生了巨大变化,主要表现在：自中侏罗世晚期开始,沉积重矿物组合及相对含量发生较大变化,不稳定重矿物、较高级别变质岩岩屑明显增多,显示此时发生的物源属性变化及构造活动的存在;自侏罗系西山窑组沉积晚期开始,砂岩碎屑成分中的沉积岩碎屑明显增加,显示盆缘沉积岩物源的隆升和剥蚀作用。结合前人研究成果,笔者认为,博格达地区的盆山分异过程主要对应于中晚侏罗世-早白垩世早期、晚白垩世和新近纪以来,其中中侏罗世的中晚期是博格达地区开始发生盆山分异的初始时期。     

A lithostratigraphic revision and palaeoenvironmental assessment of the Cretaceous System exposed in the onshore Cauvery Basin, southern India

The exposed Cretaceous shelf succession of the Cauvery Basin, southeastern India, has provided a world-class record of mid and Late Cretaceous invertebrates, documented in a substantial literature. However, the lithostratigraphy of the succession has been little studied and previously subject to a range of nomenclature. It is revised here, on the basis of intensive regional mapping, to stabilize the definition and nomenclature of lithostratigraphic units. The Uttattur Group is restricted in outcrop to the Ariyalur district and divided into the Arogypapurum Formation (new; Albian), Dalmiapuram Formation (late Albian), and Karai Formation (late Albian–early Turonian) for which the Odiyam and Kunnam Members are recognized. The Trichinopoly Group follows unconformably and is also restricted in outcrop to the Ariyalur district. It is divided into the Kulakkalnattam Formation (Turonian) and Anaipadi Formation (late Turonian–Coniacian). The Ariyalur Group is more widely distributed. In the Ariyalur district, the Sillikkudi Formation (Santonian–Campanian) and its Kilpaluvari Member, the Kallakurichchi Formation (early Maastrichtian), the Kallamedu Formation (mid and Late Maastrichtian) and the Niniyur Formation (Danian) are recognized. The sequence in the Vriddhachalam area consists of the Parur and Patti formations (Campanian), Mattur Formation (late Campanian–earliest Maastrichtian) and Aladi Formation (Maastrichtian). For the Pondicherry district, the Valudavur and Mettuveli formations (Maastrichtian) and Kasur and Manaveli formations (Paleocene) comprise the succession. The interpreted depositional environments for the succession in the Ariyalur district indicate four eustatic cycles in the mid and Late Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary: late Albian–early Turonian, late Turonian–Santonian, Campanian, Maastrichtian, and Paleocene. Overall the Cauvery Basin sequence is arenaceous and relatively labile in terms of framework grain composition, and contrasts with the pelitic assemblage developed on the west Australian margin from which eastern India separated in the Early Cretaceous (Valanginian). The difference is ascribed to palaeoclimate as controlled by palaeolatitude. For the Late Cretaceous, the Cauvery Basin drifted north on the Indian plate from 40 to 30°S. This zone is inferred to constitute Southern Hemisphere horse latitudes for Late Cretaceous time, characterized by an arid climate, physical weathering and the production of labile sands. By contrast, the west Australian margin of matching tectonic history remained in a high palaeolatitude (>40°S) throughout the Late Cretaceous, experiencing a pluvial climate, the dominance of chemical weathering and the production of clays.     

Seismic stratigraphy of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic in northern Belgium: main results of a high-resolution reflection seismic survey along rivers and canals

This paper presents the results of high-resolution reflection seismic surveys carried out between 1989 and 1996 along rivers and canals in northern Belgium. The seismic data penetrate down to 900 m in the sedimentary cover or to the Paleozoic basement. The reflection response of the acoustic basement provides clear indications with regard to the top of the Paleozoic: crystalline basement and Lower Paleozoic metasediments and volcanics of the London-Brabant Massif and NE-dipping Devonian and Carboniferous strata. The subhorizontal Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary cover comprises 20 unconformity-bound seismic units: 5 in the Cretaceous and 15 in the Cenozoic. Based on borehole information, these units are correlated with lithostratigraphically defined formations or groups. Some of the unit-bounding unconformities are of regional importance. They are attributed i) to eustatic sea-level changes causing regional flooding during the Late Cretaceous or incision of deep valleys during the Late Oligocene and Late Miocene, ii) to regional tectonic tilting between Late Eocene and Early Oligocene, or iii) to a combination of eustasy and tectonics causing valley incisions during the Lutetian. Faults of the Roer Valley Graben have offset different stratigraphic levels by sometimes considerable amounts (up to 230 m in the Oligocene to Quaternary succession). Although the main tectonic phase took place during the Miocene, the activity has varied considerably through time, and also from fault to fault. Most faults seem to have a 10 to 30-m displacement since the Late Pliocene.     

Tithonian–Early Valanginian evolution of deposition along the proto-Caribbean margin of North America recorded in Guaniguanico successions (western Cuba)

In the Guaniguanico Mountains of western Cuba, the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous limestones occur in three stratigraphic successions, which have accumulated along the proto-Caribbean margin of North America. The Late Jurassic subsidence and shallow-water carbonate deposition of the Guaniguanico successions have no counterpart on the northeastern Maya block, but some distant similarities with the southeastern Gulf of Mexico may exist. Four facies types have been distinguished in the Tithonian–Lower Valanginian deposits of the Guaniguanico tectonic units. Drowning of the Late Jurassic carbonate bank of the Sierra de los Organos occurred at the Kimmeridgian/Tithonian boundary. During this boundary interval, sedimentation in the west Cuban area and southwestern margin of the Maya block (Mexico) has evolved in a similar way in response to a major second-order transgression.The Lower Tithonian ammonite assemblages of the Guaniguanico successions indicate, in general, the neritic zone. Presence of juvenile gastropods and lack of adult specimens suggest unfavorable environment for these molluscs, probably related to low oxygenation levels. The Early Tithonian transgressive phase terminated about the lower boundary of the Chitinoidella Zone. The Late Tithonian “regressive” phase is weakly marked, whereas the latest Tithonian–earliest Berriasian strata were deposited during a deepening phase. The latter transgressive phase has ended in the Late Berriasian Oblonga Subzone. We correlate the bioturbated pelagic biomicrites of the Tumbitas Member of the Guasasa Formation with a significant fall of the sea level during the latest Berriasian–Early Valanginian. The average sedimentation rate for the Tumbitas Member biomicrites was about three times faster than for the Berriasian Tumbadero Member limestones. Sedimentation rates for the Tumbitas Member and the Valanginian limestones at the DSDP Site 535 in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico were similar. In the Los Organos succession, the Late Valanginian transgressive interval is associated with radiolarian limestones and black chert interbeds in the lower part of the Pons Formation. In the Southern Rosario succession, the pelagic limestones pass into the radiolarian cherts of the Santa Teresa Formation indicating a proximity of CCD during Late Valanginian–Hauterivian times.     

Palynological record from a composite core through Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene deposits in the Songliao Basin, Northeast China and its biostratigraphic implications

Two boreholes drilled approximately 75 km apart in the Songliao Basin, Northeast China, have together provided a composite core that represents an almost continuous section through Late Cretaceous-early Paleocene deposits. Eight biozones have been established for this succession of seven formations based on occurrences and associations of biostratigraphically significant palynomorph genera. Seven of these suggest that there was more or less continuous deposition from the late Turonian to the early Paleocene, with the eighth encompassing a Miocene formation that overlies the succession unconformably. This zonation provides a new chronostratigraphic framework for the Late Cretaceous deposits of the Songliao Basin. The ages of most of the formations involved differ from those determined previously. One of the sedimentary units, the Mingshui Formation, includes the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary, which seems to be indicated by an apparent “mass extinction” of palynomorph taxa, a comparatively rare occurrence outside North America. The upper Quantou Formation, the lowest unit in the succession, is dated as late Turonian-Coniacian, which is much younger than previously thought. The same applies to the overlying Qingshankou and Yaojia formations, and also to the other three (Nenjiang, Sifangtai and Mingshui) but to a lesser extent, in the conformable succession. The Early/Late Cretaceous boundary must now be located probably below the Quantou Formation, either between it and the underlying Denglouku Formation or within the latter.     

Contrôle tectonique de la sédimentation néogène dans la zone des diapirs de Tunisie septentrionale

During the Neogene, the sedimentary succession changed from marine shallow water formations during the Early and Middle Miocene to lagoonal and continental formations during the Late Miocene and the Pliocene. This succession is subdivided into three sedimentary major cycles that are mainly due to compressional tectonic events. Propagating folds above a detachment within the evaporitic Triassic strata caused the formation of the tectonics. To cite this article: M. Chikhaoui, C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

羌塘地块西南缘上侏罗统-下白垩统海相地层的发现

通过1∶5万区域地质调查,在青藏高原羌塘地块西南缘鸡夯地区原划上三叠统日干配错群中新识别出一套上侏罗统—下白垩统地层。本文根据该套地层的岩石组合以及古生物面貌特征,初步探讨了该套地层的沉积环境和沉积相特征,对其中发育的玄武岩夹层采用锆石U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS)同位素测年方法,获得其年龄为118.3±2.1Ma。在发育的生物碎屑灰岩夹层中采集了珊瑚、双壳类、腕足、腹足类化石,化石资料显示该套地层形成于晚侏罗世—早白垩世。这是首次在南羌塘地块发现该时期海相地层,这一发现证明南羌塘地块在晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期海水并未完全退出,而是局部发育海相三角洲。     

贵州赤水地区晚白垩世古流向特征及构造意义

贵州赤水地区位于四川盆地西南缘,晚白垩世时期该地区沉积了一套厚达1300m的陆相地层。本文通过地表露头的古流向野外观测和室内分析,详细研究赤水地区晚白垩世沉积充填过程及构造意义。赤水地区晚白垩世早期辫状河的古流向为自北东向南西,表明碎屑物源主要来自盆地北侧和东侧。根据物源、地层分布及区域地质背景推断,赤水地区晚白垩世的陆相沉积盆地属于陆内前陆盆地,陆内造山带位于盆地东侧。晚白垩世陆内前陆盆地的形成,可能受控于此阶段华南的构造挤压事件形成的陆内造山作用。     

论敦达古鲁巴哈里亚地区的陆相夹层及非洲其他地层中早白垩世恐龙化石的时代

列举并尝试对比了非洲早白垩世脊椎动物化石的主要产地。晚侏罗世(坦桑尼亚的敦达古鲁基默里奇期提塘期)至白垩纪最早期(南非的阿尔戈阿盆地凡兰吟期)的组合中含有剑龙、腕龙和梁龙,到前阿普特期(欧特里沃期巴列姆期?)被另一组合所取代。这一更年轻的组合中含有重爪龙亚科棘龙类、大头鳄类鳄鱼Sarcosuchus以及大型禽龙,它们主要来自尼日尔(ElRhaz组和喀麦隆(Koum组),部分来自利比亚(Cabao组)和突尼斯(Douiret组),后两组中还含有鲨鱼Priohybodus ar ambourgi。阿普特期(?)至早阿尔必期组合中仍含有禽龙,但是棘龙科棘龙类取代了重爪龙亚科。早塞诺曼期组合(Bahariya,Kem Kem)以恐龙Spinosaurus、Carcharodonto saurus,鲨鱼(Onchopris tisnumidus)和鳄鱼(利比亚鳄类、无棘腔鳄类)为特征。由此可知,中非的一些原先被认为是早白垩世的地层(坦桑尼亚的Galula组、马拉维的含恐龙层)为晚白垩世。脊椎动物化石在非洲陆相地层的对比中具有重要作用。     

Cretaceous and Jurassic intrusions in Crimean Mountains: The first data of U–Pb (SIMS SHRIMP) dating

U–Pb geochronological studies of igneous rocks of the Crimean Mountains were carried out for the first time. The ages of magma crystallization determined for gabbro–dolerites of the Dzhidair and Pervomaiskii intrusions point to the injection of these rocks during the Middle Jurassic Aalenian–Bajocian stage of magmatism. The Berriasian–Valanginian and Aptian age of sill-like bodies within the mass of volcanogenic–sedimentary rocks presumes the necessity to reconsider the common notion of an exclusively Albian magmatic event during the Cretaceous. High-precision U–Pb dating of magma intrusions allowed us to verify the age of Middle Jurassic magmatism and to distinguish the new Early Cretaceous Berriasian–Valanginian magmatism stage of basic composition.     

孙吴-嘉荫盆地晚白垩世地层物源及构造背景

为揭示孙吴-嘉荫盆地晚白垩世富饶组和太平林场组的物源特征及其构造背景,对两组样品进行了碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年和地球化学特征研究.富饶组碎屑锆石55个测点产生以下年龄峰值:65 Ma、280 Ma和496 Ma,太平林场组碎屑锆石78个测点产生以下年龄峰值:98 Ma,189 Ma,240 Ma和488 Ma,表明富饶组和太平林场组具有混合物源的特征.Al₂O₃/TiO₂平均值分别为41.42和29.31,结合主量、微量及稀土元素特征和碎屑锆石峰值年龄,确定富饶组和太平林场组物源主要为晚中生代长英质火成岩和沉积岩.地球化学和区域构造演化特征共同揭示富饶组和太平林场组物源区构造背景为活动大陆边缘,区域内晚中生代岩浆事件、佳木斯地块北部麻山群及广泛分布的古生代花岗岩为盆地晚白垩世地层提供了沉积物源.      

柳河盆地中生代充填特征与盆地演化

柳河盆地中生代地层发育有中侏罗统侯家屯组,下白垩统果松组、鹰嘴砬子组、林子头组、下桦皮甸子组和亨通山组。主要岩石类型为碎屑岩、火山碎屑沉积岩、火山碎屑岩和熔岩,沉积相为扇三角洲-湖泊相。根据岩性变化和岩相组合,将下白垩统划分为13个三级层序和8种充填类型。根据盆地构造和层序特征,划分为5个构造发育阶段,分别是中侏罗世初始凹陷阶段、晚侏罗世抬升剥蚀阶段和早白垩世的3个火山喷发-沉降阶段。柳河盆地是一个受走滑张扭-走滑压扭机制控制的走滑伸展盆地。     

Comparison of the Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary cycles of Somalia and Madagascar: implications for the Gondwana breakup

The Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary history of northern Somalia and the Morondava Basin of south-western Madagascar have been studied. Both regions display an independent facial development; however, a comparison of the sequential evolution of the Mesozoic sedimentary successions in these two presently widely separated areas reveals a surprisingly high level of similarity, which probably reflects major events during the disintegration of Eastern Gondwana during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Although in Jurassic times the onset of transgressions and regressions in both areas compares well with eustatic development, major deviations in combination with the tectonic activities of different degrees are observed in the Early and Late Cretaceous synchronously in both regions. Transgressions are observed in Toarcian, Bajocian (not dated in northern Somalia), Callovian, Valanginian (Madagascar only), Aptian and Campanian times. Tectonism is noted before the Aptian and Campanian transgressions in northern Somalia and the Morondava Basin of south-western Madagascar.     

甘蒙交界北山地区早白垩世地层梳理及时代归属新见

甘肃和内蒙交界的北山地区早白垩世发育众多小型内陆沉积盆地,富含煤、铀、油气等能源资源,但由于该地区岩石地层系统划分较为混乱、时代归属不清,从而制约了近年来的大规模资源勘探工作。本研究基于众多钻孔及露头剖面的沉积序列特征和孢粉等古生物资料,系统清理了该地区的下白垩统归属关系,建议将该地区的下白垩统老树窝群划分为3个组,自下而上依次为驼马滩组、甜水井组(新名)以及马鬃山组(新名),驼马滩组和甜水井组呈不整合接触。驼马滩组以灰黑色、深灰绿色含煤泥岩、粉砂岩及粗砂岩为主,含早白垩世早期孢粉Aequitriradites,但早白垩世中晚期繁盛的Cicatricosisporites含量极低且类型单调,指示驼马滩组的时代为早白垩世早期(大致为贝里阿斯期晚期至瓦兰今期早期)。甜水井组以灰绿色泥岩、粉砂岩为主,Ephedripites、Cicatricosisporites等孢粉含量丰富且类型多样,指示其时代为早白垩世中期(大致为欧特里夫期至巴雷姆期)。马鬃山组以紫红色、浅灰色粉砂岩为主,含有少量三沟类早期被子植物花粉化石,指示其时代为早白垩世晚期(可能为阿普特期至阿尔布期)。以上研究初步整理了甘、蒙...     

准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗纪沉积相演化与盆地格局

通过对准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系5条剖面的沉积特征对比,结合钻井资料和地震资料,确定了准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗纪盆地边界、沉积相演化及盆地格局。头屯河剖面和后峡剖面的沉积相对比及古流向测量表明二者在早、中侏罗世形成于同一沉积体系。在早、中侏罗世,沉积相逐渐从以辫状河-三角洲-湖泊相为主过渡到以河流相-湖泊相为主,沉积水体逐渐变浅;其中三工河组沉积时期盆地沉积范围达到最大,西山窑组沼泽相发育,车排子-莫索湾凸起自西山窑组沉积时期开始形成;早、中侏罗世的盆地边界至少位于后峡以南附近,此时不存在地理分割明显的天山山脉。晚侏罗世－早白垩世早期,沉积相从辫状河-滨浅湖相为主迅速演变为以辫状河-冲积扇相为主。在此期间盆地边界明显向北迁移,天山山脉明显隆升并造就天山南北沉积环境的巨大差异,博格达山构成盆地南缘的又一重要物源体系。     

Jurassic - Early Cretaceous paleogeography and paleoenvironments of the north-eastern margin of Gondwana: Insights from the Carpentaria Basin,Australia

Although Jurassic-Early Cretaceous sedimentary systems were extensively developed on northeastern Gondwana, deciphering their paleogeography has been complicated by poor exposure and the lack of a robust chronostratigraphic framework. The southeastern margin of the Carpentaria Basin, northeastern Australia is one of the few regions where these sedimentary systems are extensively exposed. Employing a combination of facies analysis and new data from paleontology and detrital zircon geochronology, we present a temporally and environmentally refined paleogeographic framework for this region. A Late Jurassic, southeasterly directed marine incursion invaded northeastern Gondwana, extending inland across the Carpentaria Basin, as demonstrated by a thin (~30 m), marine influenced (fluvio-estuarine) stratigraphic succession capped by a sequence bounding ~30 myr paraconformity. The depositional hiatus marked the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous uplift of the Euroka Arch, with loss of sedimentary and fluvial connectivity between the Carpentaria Basin and adjoining Eromanga Basin. Subsequent deposition by low-accommodation fluvial systems resulted in a thin, fluviatile depositional package developing during the Early Cretaceous. Paleocurrent and provenance data indicate that the Middle to Late Jurassic (c. 170–160 Ma) fluvial systems predating the paraconformity extended from the Eromanga Basin to the south across the southeastern Carpentaria Basin, transporting sediment from distal sources in the Lachlan Orogen of southeastern Australia. Fluvial systems of the southeastern Carpentaria Basin post-dating the paraconformity and Euroka Arch uplift show a provenance shift to easterly sources in the Mossman Orogen and Kennedy Igneous Association. Previously unrecognised Jurassic-Early Cretaceous igneous activity provided a persistent source of sediment to the southeastern Carpentaria Basin succession due to reworking of air fall tuff from an active magmatic arc located on the continental margin of northeastern Gondwana.     

大兴安岭北部±130Ma火山岩的地质意义

大兴安岭地区北部广泛发育一套早白垩世中酸性火山岩组合,这套组合下部以粗面岩-粗安岩为主,上部以流纹岩为主,二者的形成时代完全一致,锆石年龄均为130Ma,对应的地质时代为早白垩世欧特里夫期。岩石地球化学资料表明,火山岩以富硅、碱及贫镁为特征,且轻重稀土分馏明显,都具有明显的Eu负异常,反映其同源演化的特点。火山岩时代与相邻正常沉积地层中化石组合时代的对比结果表明,这套火山岩与其上下正常沉积地层的沉积时代是连续演化的。火山岩之下南屯组的化石组合时代为早白垩世凡兰吟期,对应的数值年龄为139~132 Ma,之上大磨拐河组—伊敏组的化石组合时代为早白垩世欧特里夫期晚期—芭蕾姆期,对应的数值年龄为129~125 Ma。这一证据揭示,大兴安岭北部在139~125Ma的早白垩世期间经历了连续的沉积—火山—沉积作用演化过程,反映了该区当时伸展盆地的演化特点。其中,约130 Ma的火山岩是该区一次重要的区域性火山岩喷发事件。     

Fluvial and lacustrine successions in the youngest part of the Murihiku Supergroup,New Zealand

Fossil-bearing Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous volcaniclastic sandstones and siltstones from the Murihiku Supergroup are described from the Kaimango Syncline South Auckland, New Zealand. These constitute the youngest known sedimentary succession within the Murihiku Supergroup (Murihiku Terrane). We concentrate on the youngest Matira Siltstone Formation which has yielded a rich but relatively low-diversity macroflora of ferns and gymnosperms, diverse miospore palynofloras, with fair to good preservation, and sporadic occurrences of bivalve and gastropod faunas. Collectively, the paleontology and sedimentology of this formation is interpreted to represent paludal and lacustrine deposition, with intercalated sandstones thought to represent fluvial channelised or deltaic settings. U-Pb dating of detrital zircons (DZ) from sandstones in the youngest formations, Mangatara Measures and Matira Siltstone, have provided significant components in the age range 140 to 143 Ma, possibly straddling the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary, although miospores suggest a Late Jurassic correlation. Lacustrine and paludal depositional environments have not previously been recognised from the Murihiku Supergroup and this raises the prospect of their enhanced petroleum source rock potential in frontier basins to the north and east of New Zealand.