唐古拉山地区第四纪冰川作用与冰川特征

自中更新世以来,唐古拉山地区发生过3次更新世冰川作用(即昆仑冰期、倒数第二次冰期和末次错冰期)和2次全新世晚期冰进(即新冰期和小冰期冰进).昆仑冰期(最大冰期)发生在中更新世早期(0.80～0.60MaBP),不仅是本区最早的一次冰期,而且也是冰川规模最大的一次冰期,当时的冰川规模比现代冰川大16～18倍;倒数第二次冰期发生在中更新世晚期(0.30～0.135MaBP),比现代冰川大13～15倍;末次冰期发生在晚更新世晚期,应分为末次冰期早冰阶(75.0～58.0kaBP)和晚冰阶(32.0～15.0kaBP,23.0kaBP时达到极盛),但在唐古拉山地区截止目前还未找到早冰阶的冰川遗迹,因此,只对末次冰期的晚冰阶(LMG)进行了探讨.LMG时,冰川规模比现代冰川大10倍;新冰期发生在全新世高温期后,冰碛物的¹⁴C测年为(3540±160)aBP,冰川规模略大于现代冰川;小冰期发生在15～1世纪,冰川规模已接近于现代冰川.由于青藏高原的上升,对高原腹部地区引起的干旱化过程和水分严重不足,使唐古拉山地区的冰川自昆仑冰期以来,冰川规模一次比一次明显的减小.     

中国的多年冻土──过去与现在

中国多年冻土区的总面积约占中国陆地面积的２２．４％，达２１５００００ｋｍ²。多年冻土的分布特征受气候条件在三度空间的变化所制约。自晚更新世以来，其分布情况已有相当的变化。在东次冰期最盛期，东北地区多年冻土南界曾推进到北纬４１—４２°，在全新世暖期，南界向北退缩，但晚更新世形成的冰楔和多年冻土至今仍存在于大兴安岭北部，全新世中期严寒期冻土有所扩展并形成冰楔。随着气候变化，中国西部高山和高原区高海拔冻土的分布下界已上移８００—１０００ｍ，但高山和高原的主要部分仍处于冰缘环境，有的地方在全新世还发育了共生型多年冻土。     

末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期浑善达克沙地边界的变化

本文在浑善达克沙地选取34个代表性沙丘-砂黄土剖面,利用光释光测年技术确定地层年龄,在野外考察、风沙动力学分析以及气候替代性指标测试的基础上,结合前人的研究,确定了浑善达克沙地在末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期的范围:在末次盛冰期时,流沙南界到达镶黄旗-正镶白旗-正蓝旗-多伦一线,较现代沙地南界偏南约40km,沙地面积扩张约1.39×104km2,扩张了37％;在9 ～ 5ka时段的全新世大暖期,沙地普遍发育灰黑色砂质古土壤,植被覆盖良好,沙丘固定,流沙南界向北退缩约200km.末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期浑善达克沙地空间格局的变迁受控于东亚季风强度和有效湿度共同影响.     

阿尼玛卿山第四纪古冰川与环境演变

阿尼玛卿山是黄河上游现代冰川和第四纪古冰川最发育的地区.其中出现时间最早、发育规模最大的是倒数第三次冰期,东坡的古冰川末端下伸到海拔3600m,古雪线较现代雪线降低801m,冰川面积扩大了381km²,是现代冰川面积的16.2倍;西坡的古冰川末端下伸到海拔4100m,古雪线较现代雪线降低了635m,冰川面积增加了80.8km²,是现代冰川面积的5.8倍.之后,气候类型由海洋性逐渐过渡到大陆性,经历了湿冷-干冷-干暖的演变过程,冰川面积渐次缩小,特别是在晚末次冰期之后,进入全新世大暖期,气候急剧趋于干暖化.     

末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期新疆地区沙漠边界移动初探

位于新疆地区的塔克拉玛干沙漠、库姆塔格沙漠和古尔班通古特沙漠是我国沙漠的重要组成部分,它们在末次盛冰期以来的空间变化受气候影响[1-3].本文基于野外观察分析,结合实测数据和前人的研究资料,尝试重建这3个沙漠在末次盛冰期(LGM)和全新世大暖期(HO)的空间变化.沙漠边界内外有确定测年的晚第四纪沉积,尤其是含有风成沙、黄土的沉积序列,是指示沙漠扩张和收缩的重要标志[1-4].可以认为,在现代沙漠边界外围LGM时期的风成沙往往是沙漠扩张的证据;在现代边界内HO时期的黄土堆积往往揭示了沙漠收缩与沙丘固定.     

中国现代冰川平衡线分布特征与末次冰期平衡线下降值研究

青藏高原及周边山地拥有地球上最高大且最广阔的高山高原,是除两极外最大的现代冰川作用中心,这也使得中国成为中低纬度地区现代冰川最发育的国家之一. 现代冰川平衡线分布具有纬度地带性特征,在青藏高原上还呈不对称的环状. 根据相关研究资料估算,中国末次冰期最盛期时的冰川面积约为50×10⁴ km²,是现代的8.4倍. 基于平衡线处年降水量和夏季平均气温（6-8月）之间的相关关系重建的中国西部（105° E以西）末次冰期最盛期时的平衡线分布图与现代的相似. 在青藏高原内部与西北部,平衡线下降值在500 m以内,小的仅为200~300 m;在青藏高原东南边缘下降值约800 m,最大可达1 000~1 200 m. 天山与阿尔泰山平衡线下降值均在500 m左右. 中国东部（105° E以东）没有发育现代冰川,仅有数处中高山地,如贺兰山、太白山、长白山与台湾山地保存有确切的末次冰期冰川地形,末次冰期最盛期时的平衡线下降800~900 m,大于青藏高原、天山与阿尔泰山地区的下降值. 根据中国东部末次冰期的平衡线分布图以及相关的古气候与古环境研究资料,海拔2 000 m以下的中低山地在第四纪期间任何一次冰川作用中都不具备冰川发育所需的地势条件.     

末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期中国季风区西北缘沙漠空间格局重建初探

通过实际考察和总结分析位于中国季风区西北缘的腾格里沙漠、巴丹吉林沙漠以及共和沙地的地层年代资料,初步确定这些沙漠/沙地在末次盛冰期和全新世大暖期的空间范围.结果发现,在末次盛冰期腾格里沙漠扩张到了香山北麓和祁连山北麓,东至贺兰山前,向西覆盖了整个民勤盆地,面积至少扩大了28.8％:巴丹吉林沙漠南到北大山,东至雅布赖山,北部覆盖了整个额济纳盆地,面积扩大了39.0％;共和盆地沙地流沙面积至少扩大了19.8％.在全新世大暖期,腾格里沙漠南部边界向北退缩了20km左右,共和盆地沙地流沙大范围固定成壤.     

中国西部末次冰期以来冰川、环境及其变化

晚更新世以来,由于青藏高原及其周围山地的上升,中国西部的气候愈来愈干冷,冰川发育受到抑制。末次冰期最盛时,雪线比今日低300—1500m,古冰缘下限比今日低300—1400m,高山带的气温比今日低3—7℃,高原外围地区低8—10℃。青藏高原从13000aB.P.开始气候变暖,6000aB.P.高温期时冰川强烈退缩或消失,4000—3000aB.P.气候又再次变冷进入全新世新冰期和现代小冰期。目前气候又开始变暖,大部冰川又转入后退时期。     

青藏高原东北部黄土次生碳酸盐氧同位素的古气候意义

黄土中含有较为丰富的碳酸盐,其中次生碳酸盐记录了成壤时期的气候和环境,可以用来重建古气候.测试了末次盛冰期和全新世早期青藏高原东北部乐都、中国东北和新疆巴音布鲁克黄土中次生碳酸盐的δ18O值,结果显示高原东北部这两个时期的δ18O值分别为-1.38‰和-5.58‰,比该地区现代季风气候条件下次生碳酸盐δ18O理论值分别高5.74‰和1.54‰.温度的差异不足以导致次生碳酸盐δ18O值如此幅度的变化.同时,末次盛冰期和全新世早期乐都地区黄土中次生碳酸盐的δ18O值比同时期黄土高原和东北地区等东亚季风区明显偏正约2.0‰~6.2‰,但其与新疆等西风区次生碳酸盐的δ18O相近.这些不同时期黄土中次生碳酸盐的δ18O值的分布特征及空间差异,可能反映东亚夏季风夹带的水汽可能不是青藏高原东北部末次盛冰期和全新世早期降水最重要的来源,而西风降水和（或）局部水汽蒸发循环对该地区的降水可能有重要贡献.青藏高原东北部黄土次生碳酸盐的δ18O值从末次盛冰期到全新世早期逐渐降低,这可能是由于气候由干冷向暖湿转变、有效湿度增加而导致的.有限的数据表明不同气候带（青藏高原东北部、东亚季风区和西风带）的黄土中次生碳酸盐氧同位素存在明显差异,它所代表的气候意义值得进一步的深入研究.      

中国西部末次冰期以来冰川、环境及其变化

晚更新世以来,由于青藏高原及其周围山地的上升,中国西部的气候愈来愈干冷,冰川发育受到抑制。末次冰期最盛时,雪线比今日低300—1500m,古冰缘下限比今日低300—1400m,高山带的气温比今日低3—7℃,高原外围地区低8—10℃。青藏高原从13000aB.P.开始气候变暖,6000aB.P.高温期时冰川强烈退缩或消失,4000—3000aB.P.气候又再次变冷进入全新世新冰期和现代小冰期。目前气候又开始变暖,大部冰川又转入后退时期。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861