贵州赫章县猪拱塘铅锌矿床主矿体地质特征及找矿标志

贵州赫章猪拱塘铅锌矿床是贵州省内发现的首个中低温热液型超大型铅锌矿床。铅锌矿体严格受北西向断裂构造控制,主要赋存于北西向F1、F2及隐伏F20、F30断裂破碎带及次级断裂破碎带内。根据矿体的空间展布特点,以控容矿断裂作为矿体对比连接的依据,圈定69个铅锌矿体,探明铅锌金属资源量275万吨。Ⅰ-1号主矿体为区内规模最大铅锌矿体,呈似层状、透镜状产出于猪拱塘断层(F1)破碎带内,赋矿围岩建造为二叠系中统栖霞组(P2q)泥灰岩、灰岩、白云质灰岩建造。矿体长度1 640 m,平均厚11. 01 m,铅平均2. 81%,锌平均8. 71%。铅锌资源量182万吨,占矿床总资源量的57%,资源量规模达特大型。通过对Ⅰ-1号主矿体地质特征及找矿标志详细论述,为矿床总体特征及成矿规律总结提供依据。     

陕西省旬阳县甘沟铅锌矿地质特征及成因

通过对甘沟铅锌矿的地质矿产勘查,已初步查明区内铅锌矿含矿层位为下志留统梅子垭组,圈定了4条铅锌矿体,已获铅锌矿资源量9.78×10^4t。该含矿层矿体单个长180-580 m,平均厚度1.22-1.79 m,平均锌品位5.42%-8.37%,平均铅品位1.93%-11.04%。认为该矿床成因属沉积-变形变质热液改造型矿床。     

留书塘铅锌矿床成矿特征与找矿方向

本文从地质特征、矿体空间分布规律、矿床成因及控矿因素分析三个方面,总结了留书塘铅锌矿床垂向分带特征及I1铅锌矿体向南侧伏的规律,指出矿床属岩浆热液成因,并结合构造、围岩控矿作用分析,建立了区内找矿标志及找矿模式,指出矿区及区域找矿方向,为下一步找矿工作提供指导.     

内蒙古复兴屯超大型银铅锌矿床地质特征及找矿标志

复兴屯银铅锌矿床位于大兴安岭南段中生代宝石火山沉积盆地内,是内蒙古近年来地质找矿的一大突破。文章通过分析复兴屯区域地质背景及矿床地质特征,详细介绍了地球物理及地球化学在该矿床找矿过程中的应用,最后总结了矿床的找矿标志。复兴屯银铅锌矿体产于晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆相火山碎屑岩内,其形态、规模、产状受火山机构-网格状断裂构造体系控制,呈“拱形”产出。矿床以独立银矿体、银铅锌共生矿体为主,其次为锌矿体、铅矿体、锌铅矿体,均为隐伏矿体。矿体形态为似层状、透镜状,主要矿化蚀变有叶腊石化、绿泥石化、高岭土化、碳酸盐化、菱锰矿化、闪锌矿化、方铅矿、黄铁矿化,局部见黄铜矿化。该矿床推断Ag金属资源量5258 t,平均品位198.21 g/t;Zn金属推断资源量17.6万t,平均品位1.61%;Pb金属推断资源量3.3万t,平均品位1.36%,达超大型规模。文章初步总结出复兴屯矿床找矿标志：晚侏罗世—早白垩世陆相火山碎屑岩、网格状断裂构造体系、破火山口和火山盆地、矿化蚀变（铁锰碳酸盐化、硅化、叶腊石化、黄铁矿化、铅锌矿化）、平面及垂向Ag-Pb-Zn-CuAu元素异常组合、环状平稳负磁异常和低阻高极化激电异...     

广西桂北地区临桂-龙胜县铅锌成矿带地质特征及找矿方向

桂北地区临桂-龙胜县铅锌成矿带是广西境内主要的铅锌产地之一,区内的铅锌矿床为受断裂破碎带控制的中低温热液矿床,矿体主要呈不规则脉状、透镜状产出,大多规模小、变化大。本文通过对研究区内的典型铅锌矿床进行剖析,对成矿地质条件进行分析,进而为研究区内下一步找矿指出方向,并总结找矿标志。     

浙西南南弄铅锌多金属矿床原生晕特征与隐伏矿预测

南弄铅锌多金属矿床位于浙西南江山—绍兴断裂和政和大埔断裂间的隆起区, 为区内具有代表性的热液型铅锌多金属矿床之一。通过对矿床多个钻孔岩芯样进行系统采集分析和计算统计,确定了该矿床地球化学原生晕指示元素的组合特征、垂向分带特征以及地球化学参数的垂向变化规律,并以此为依据对深部矿体进行预测,为本区寻找和勘查隐伏矿体提供了较为可靠的地球化学依据。     

四川会东新田金矿矿床地质特征及找矿远景

四川会东县新田金矿是本项目组在康滇中东部地区取得的重要找矿成果。在矿产资源调查评价时,已圈定2个铜金矿体,其中K1矿体控制长1200m,平均厚1.88m,矿石平均品位Au 2.53g/t,Cu 0.45%;K2矿体控制长400m,平均厚2.65m,矿石平均品位Au 4.56g/t,Cu 0.74%。初步估算(3341)金属量Au 5218 kg,Cu 1.27万t。本文详细介绍了新田金矿床成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征,通过对控矿因素的研究,认为新田金矿属于构造蚀变岩型金矿床,其成矿时代、矿床成因与紧邻的播卡金矿床类似,受喜山期南北向的韧性剪切带控制。结合区内化探异常成果,提出在新田矿区及外围地区,具有继续寻找同类型矿床的潜力。     

纳雍枝铅锌矿床——贵州第一个大型铅锌矿床的发现和探明过程

纳雍枝铅锌矿床,位于贵州省中部普定县与织金县交界的五指山背斜南东翼,由北东向南西设置玉合、芦茅林、金坡和砂岩共4个矿权,2012-2015年4个矿权通过评审备案Pb+Zn资源量分别为35.29万t、37.79万t、44.49万t和53.29万t,总计170.86万t,是贵州省境内发现的第一个大型铅锌矿床,改写了贵州省没有大型铅锌矿床的历史。矿床从发现矿化线索到探明大体经历了3个阶段:第一,地表调查,发现矿化线索;第二,地质测量、面上矿点调查、工程验证发现断裂型小矿体;第三,转变找矿思路,探明了全隐伏、产出稳定、规模大的层控铅锌矿体。本文在总结纳雍枝大型铅锌矿床成矿背景和地质特征基础上,详细介绍了该矿床的发现过程、总结了找矿过程中的经验教训。     

西秦岭凤太铅锌矿集区成矿特征、找矿预测及勘查方法技术组合

基于西秦岭凤太矿集区铅锌矿床矿体的产出受背斜构造、地层、特定岩性层位控制,主要铅锌矿床随控矿背斜构造的倾伏,铅锌矿成矿特征从出露到完全隐伏的认识,依据区内铅锌矿床成矿模式和找矿标志研究,把铅锌找矿有利地段分为已知矿体的延深部位、已知矿体深部（或周边）的未知矿体、暂无已知矿床的新区共3类。通过工作,预测提出八方山−二里河铅锌矿床深部、白杨沟−洞沟铅锌矿带、银洞梁−手搬崖铅锌矿床深部和铅硐山−东塘子铅锌矿床深部等4个找矿靶区,找矿靶位的预测聚焦于4个找矿靶区内已知铅锌矿床走向延伸与倾向延深部位、矿床两翼深部对赋矿有利的褶曲部位。近年来的找矿实践证明,地质综合研究、构造叠加晕找矿法、以广域电磁法为主的大探测深度物探方法以及深部探矿工程验证是该矿集区深部铅锌找矿的有效勘查方法技术组合。     

贵州普定五指山地区铅锌矿床成矿模式

黔西北五指山铅锌矿集区是川滇黔接壤铅锌成矿域的重要组成部分之一,近年已探明多个大中型铅锌矿床,提交铅锌金属资源储量超250万t,实现了地质找矿的重大突破。文章对区内典型矿床的地质、地球化学等资料进行综合分析,并与邻区及MVT矿床进行比较。研究结果显示,本区矿体主要赋存于上震旦统灯影组和下寒武统清虚洞组白云岩中,呈层状、似层状和陡倾斜脉状产出,断控和层控特征明显。矿石自然类型为原生硫化矿型,主要金属矿物由闪锌矿和方铅矿组成。矿床形成受构造、层位及岩性、沉积岩相等因素的约束,构造是必要条件和主要控矿因素,灯影组和清虚洞组鲕状白云岩是有利赋矿层位和容矿岩性,局限-半局限的台地-泻湖相沉积为有利沉积岩相条件。成矿物质具有混合特征,其中成矿金属Pb、Zn等主要来源于基底岩石,而矿化剂C和S则分别来自赋矿海相碳酸盐岩及其内的蒸发膏岩。成矿流体属于与右江盆地演化有关的低温中低盐度盆地卤水,矿体是富金属流体在早燕山期区域挤压向伸展转换的动力学背景下卸载,与富硫流体混合的产物,成矿过程与MVT矿床相似。五指山地区铅锌矿床成矿模式的建立,有望推动区内找矿新突破,并为邻区铅锌成矿预测提供理论指导。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.