罗布泊盐湖环状影像成因解释

根据遥感影像信息特征和盐湖气候变化模型，结合盐湖沉积特征和现代盐湖演化理论，通过对环状影像的成因进行解译和分析，将环状影像反映的1000年来盐湖气候变化的信息与北半球同期气候变化曲线对比，认为罗布泊盐湖是现代沉积形成的，是现代盐湖向干盐湖的演化历程中，由于气候冷暖交替变化而使盐湖沉积发生规律性变化的结果。     

基于热红外遥感数据的尕斯库勒盐湖温度异常信息提取及成因探讨

热红外遥感在盐湖地质环境分析和资源评价领域具有良好的应用前景。文章以青海省尕斯库勒盐湖为研究区,基于热红外遥感数据开展了盐湖表面水体温度异常信息提取,在靠近干盐滩的盐湖东部水域识别出了一条低温环状异常带,分析了该低温环状异常带形成的原因,提出了沿低温环状异常带中心线的盐湖深部可能存在一条隐伏断裂的新认识,为热红外遥感识别盐湖水域隐伏断裂提供了一种新思路。     

大浪滩盐湖蒸发盐嗜盐菌培养鉴定及其天体生物学意义

通过火星遥感及火星登陆测量都发现了火星上存在大量的含水硫酸盐,这些盐类的状态和演化也见证了近代火星表面环境条件的变化。大浪滩盐湖是柴达木盆地第二大盐湖,也是中国最为干旱的地区之一,而且大浪滩盐湖分布有与火星类似的硫酸盐盐类沉积。我们采集了蒸发盐表层盐壳,盐湖结晶盐以及剖面沉积盐类等样品,进行室内分离、培养及鉴定嗜盐菌研究。结果表明,大浪滩盐结晶及盐类沉积中分布有不同类型的嗜盐菌,主要类型为Virgibacillus,Oceanobacillus,Halobacillus,和Terribacillus等。大浪滩盐湖蒸发盐中内生嗜盐菌的分离鉴定,为探索火星高盐环境中生命存在的形式和机制提供一种类比模式。     

罗布泊盐湖"大耳朵"盐盘特征、成因及古环境意义

干盐湖蒸发岩沉积是干旱内陆封闭盆地的主要成盐模式,其地表盐壳沉积特征、蒸发盐类矿物具有明显的分带性.罗布泊干盐湖,保存了完整的"耳轮"型环状沉积模式和演化序列,在世界干盐湖中实属罕见.通过对罗布泊"大耳朵"干盐湖区多级环状亚沉积环境下发育的盐壳地貌、沉积结构、龟裂形态、矿物组成以及地下卤水的地表排泄情况进行地面调查和实...     

新疆乌勇布拉克盐湖盐壳层矿物沉积特征研究

新疆乌勇布拉克盐湖以富含硝酸盐资源为主要特征,为进一步探讨盐湖型硝酸盐的富集成矿过程和盐湖环境演化历程,对该区盐壳层矿物沉积特征和NO~-_3等离子含量进行分析研究。结果表明,盐壳层主要盐类矿物有石膏、无水芒硝、钙芒硝、石盐、白钠镁矾等,盐类矿物析出部位与组合变化皆表明乌勇布拉克盐湖演化属"牛眼式"演化过程。盐壳层中K~+、Ca~(2+)、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)具有自冲洪积扇向湖中心迁移富集的潜在趋势,冲洪积扇中上部壳层中NO~-_3含量最高达4.35%,相对扇前缘和湖中心明显偏高,可能是由冲洪积扇中上部长有稀疏旱生植被所造成的,说明生物硝化与反硝化作用对NO~-_3含量的变化不容忽视。     

柴达木盆地盐湖形成演化与水体来源关系的地球化学初步模拟:Pitzer模型的应用

利用Pitzer模型，对柴达木盆地盐湖、地表河水以及地表河水同深部来源的CaCl2水体以不同的比例混合后进一步演化的结晶路线进行了研究。结果表明，柴达木盆地硫酸镁亚型盐湖的结晶路线可分为四类，氯化物型盐湖的结晶路线可分为两类，他们的形成不可能是地表河水蒸发演化到一定阶段的产物。地表河水同深部来源CaCl2水体以不同比例混合掺杂后水体水化学类型及析盐途径各不相同，它们同盒地内不同盐湖的水化学类型及其析盐途径具有很好的对应关系，说明柴达木盆地盐湖的形成同盒地内存在的两种水体－地表河水和深部来源CaCl2水体有着密切的关系。     

罗布泊干盐湖表层盐壳含水率季节性变化及吸水特征研究

根据罗布泊遥感影像图,在干盐湖区域选择"黑纹"和"白纹"观测区为典型研究对象,对其表层盐壳含水率、地下水位埋深、气象参量的动态变化进行了1年多的系统观测,结果发现两个观测区的表层盐壳的季节含水率存在一定的差异,其吸附水含水率均大于结晶水含水率,两观测区的吸附水含水率差异在1%左右,但黑纹观测区盐壳结晶水含水率是白纹观测区的3倍以上;黑纹观测区的地下水水位埋深相对稳定,表层盐壳的吸附水变化与地下水水位变化无明显的直接关系。另在高湿度、不同温度的野外环境和室内模拟环境下开展的盐壳吸水能力实验都发现,黑纹观测区盐壳的吸水能力明显强于白纹观测区,甚至达到10倍以上的差异,分析表明这和表层盐壳盐类矿物成分(如硫酸镁)的差异性密切相关。     

盐湖遥感研究的进展与展望

盐湖遥感因其研究对象的独特性和重要性而具有重要的理论和实际应用意义。从盐湖水体的光谱特征,盐湖水体、盐分的敏感特征波段,盐湖盐量、水深的估测模型,以及盐湖地质演化的解译,盐湖水面、晶间卤水的变化监测、生态环境的变化等方面,详述了国内外最新的研究进展。指出随着遥感从低分辨率到高分辨率,多光谱到高光谱,可见光到微波方向的发展,应在盐湖信息识别、盐湖成分定量估测的基础上,注重盐湖盐分物化参数的高光谱反演、晶间卤水的雷达遥感监测等,从遥感角度探求生态系统和气候、盐度等因素的深层次相互关系,此外还应在盐湖生物、盐湖灾害等领域拓展研究。     

罗布泊“大耳朵”湖区钾元素地球化学与富集机理

对罗布泊“大耳朵”干盐湖盐壳的沉积过程、钾元素空间分布特征及地下卤水化学性质进行了实地调查研究。“大耳朵”湖区地下卤水盐度为341 g/L左右,ρ(K⁺)变化于7.0～12.4 g/L,平均值9.61 g/L,高浓度富钾卤水通过毛细管上升和地表析盐,导致钾盐矿物在地表析出,地表盐壳的w(K⁺)变化于0～4.7 g/kg,平均含量2.05 g/kg,钾盐矿物主要包括光卤石、杂卤石和软钾镁钒。研究表明盐壳盐类矿物在干盐湖地表的聚集及地球化学分布特征与地下卤水的化学性质有着密切关系,盐壳沉积后期风蚀、雨淋、季节性的地表径流都会影响和重塑盐壳地球化学组成特征,钾盐矿物可作为盐壳增长发育的指示矿物。     

干盐湖区隐伏控卤构造遥感识别研究——以马海盐湖为例

马海盐湖是柴达木盆地一个重要的成钾盐湖,本研究对该盐湖区隐伏控卤构造开展遥感识别研究,利用LANDSAT光学遥感数据和PALSAR雷达遥感数据,采用了光学遥感假彩色合成影像解译和雷达遥感数据干涉分析,解译了研究区的构造,识别出研究区一级构造三条,二级的构造若干条.并通过在干盐湖区遥感构造识别及构造应力分析,判定了2条一级压性构造和1条一级张性构造,对解译的构造进行野外查证,压性构造和张性构造野外特征明显,同时受构造几何形态影响,同一断裂不同部位断裂性质会发生变化,张性应力的位置除与构造性质有关外,也与构造几何特征有关,并进行了野外查证.本次研究结合已知卤水矿和浅表给水度和含钾率的分析,最终圈定出两个具有潜力的遥感预测靶区.     

古盐湖卤水温度对钾盐沉积的控制作用探讨

古盐湖卤水的温度对钾盐沉积的控制作用的定量研究是钾盐成矿机理分析的重点和难点。本文分析和测试陕北盐盆奥陶系马家沟组、四川盆地三叠系嘉陵江组、云南兰坪-思茅盆地白垩系及老挝沙空那空盆地白垩系等八个含盐系的石盐岩中的流体包裹体,并利用均一温度计算了古盐湖的蒸发速率。若以老挝白垩纪时盐湖的蒸发速率为标准值100,陕北奥陶纪、四川三叠纪、云南白垩纪的蒸发速率标准值分别为54、68和90,而目前在老挝和云南白垩系都找到了一定规模的钾盐矿,因此高温(气温及水温)是盐湖成钾的有利条件,在卤水演化成钾的过程中可以起到重要的"催化"作用。     

Controls on salt marsh accretion: A test in salt marshes of Eastern Canada

We used¹³⁷Cs-dating to determine vertical accretion rates of 15 salt marshes on the Bay of Fundy, the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Accretion rates are compared to a number of factors assumed to influence vertical marsh accretion: rates of relative sea-level rise, climatic parameters (average daily temperatures and degree days) and latitude (related to insolation and day length), sediment characteristics (organic matter inventory, bulk, mineral, and organic matter density), distance of the core site from the nearest source of tidal waters, and the tidal range. Uniques to our study is a consideration of climatic parameters and latitude, which should influence organic matter production, and thus vertical accretion rates. Significant predictors of accretion rates (in order of importance) were found to be organic matter inventory, distance from a creek, and range of mean tides. Contrary to conclusions from previous studies, we found that accretion rates decreased with increasing tidal range, probably because we considered a wider span of tidal ranges, from micro- to macrotidal. Although four marshes with low organic matter inventories also show a deficit in accretion with respect to relative sea-level rise, organic matter is not limiting in two-thirds of the marshes studied, despite shorter growing seasons.     

Elisional processes and salt tectonics: Communication 2. Formation mechanism of salt diapirs

The possible role of endogenic factors in the formation of salt deposits and salt diapirs is discussed with emphasis on the sedimentary origin of salts and elisional nature of epigenetic salt bodies. It is shown that dehydration and high solubility of chlorides, density inversion, and high coefficient of linear expansion under heating are the main factors responsible for the growth of salt domes. Elisional processes in clays of subsalt formations exert a considerable impact upon their growth in rock basins. Tectonic processes play an important, although secondary, role in these transformations.     

The control of salt supply on entrainment of an anhydrite layer within a salt diapir

The influence of four parameters (sedimentation rate, viscosity of salt, stratigraphic location of the anhydrite layer within the salt layer, and the perturbation width) on salt supply to down-built diapirs and its entrainment capacity are studied systematically in numerical models. Model results show that these four parameters affect salt supply, and the evolution history of a salt diapir. As such, these parameters strongly influence the style and the amount of entrainment of dense inclusions into a diapir. In active diapirs (i.e. unburied diapirs), salt supply increases with increasing sedimentation rate whereas it decreases with an increase in salt viscosity. Diapirs initiating from wide perturbation provide more salt supply to feed the diapir. Presence and initial stratigraphic location of any denser layer (e.g. an anhydrite layer) within a salt layer also affects salt supply. When lateral forces are negligible, salt supply into a diapir depends on these four parameters, which directly control the entrainment of any embedded anhydrite layer into the diapir.     

长江经济带岩盐矿特征与盐穴储库适宜性评价

长江经济带包括上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖北、湖南、四川、重庆、云南和贵州11个省(直辖市),是我国重要的经济发展区域,油气资源长期安全可靠的储存对于该区经济可持续发展至关重要。基于长江经济带战略油气储库基地建设规划布局的需求,在充分收集利用前人地质调查和研究成果的基础上,对区内岩盐矿床进行了综合研究和分析,建立了层次结构模型,评价了盐穴油气储库建设的可行性。长江经济带除上海和贵州外,其余9省(直辖市)均发现了大量的岩盐矿床,主要成盐时代为震旦纪、三叠纪、白垩纪和古近纪; 成盐盆地范围0.29~10 000 km²,盐层累计厚度3~1 050 m,矿体埋藏深度40~3 400 m; 矿石中NaCl含量20%~99.86%; 矿体顶底板及夹层岩石主要为泥岩、粉砂质泥岩及泥质粉砂岩。地质调查揭示出区内大部分地下盐穴远离地震活动带,构造稳定,因此可以改造为石油储库。考虑储气库的密闭性及安全性,江苏金坛盆地等6个盐矿埋深适中,建穴地质条件较好,适合建造储气盐穴库; 江苏淮安等14个盆地的局部地区适合建造天然气储库; 重庆垫江等11个盐矿埋深较大,可以建造储气盐穴库,但建造成本较高; 湖南澧县等21个盐矿埋藏偏浅,应选择更深部的盐层空间建造油气储库。建议在江苏金坛、淮安、赵集和丰县,江西清江和会昌,湖北云应、天门小板和潜江等盐矿地区优先开发利用盐穴。     

长江经济带岩盐矿特征与盐穴储库适宜性评价

长江经济带包括上海、江苏、浙江、安徽、江西、湖北、湖南、四川、重庆、云南和贵州11个省(直辖市),是我国重要的经济发展区域,油气资源长期安全可靠的储存对于该区经济可持续发展至关重要。基于长江经济带战略油气储库基地建设规划布局的需求,在充分收集利用前人地质调查和研究成果的基础上,对区内岩盐矿床进行了综合研究和分析,建立了层次结构模型,评价了盐穴油气储库建设的可行性。长江经济带除上海和贵州外,其余9省(直辖市)均发现了大量的岩盐矿床,主要成盐时代为震旦纪、三叠纪、白垩纪和古近纪; 成盐盆地范围0.29~10 000 km²,盐层累计厚度3~1 050 m,矿体埋藏深度40~3 400 m; 矿石中NaCl含量20%~99.86%; 矿体顶底板及夹层岩石主要为泥岩、粉砂质泥岩及泥质粉砂岩。地质调查揭示出区内大部分地下盐穴远离地震活动带,构造稳定,因此可以改造为石油储库。考虑储气库的密闭性及安全性,江苏金坛盆地等6个盐矿埋深适中,建穴地质条件较好,适合建造储气盐穴库; 江苏淮安等14个盆地的局部地区适合建造天然气储库; 重庆垫江等11个盐矿埋深较大,可以建造储气盐穴库,但建造成本较高; 湖南澧县等21个盐矿埋藏偏浅,应选择更深部的盐层空间建造油气储库。建议在江苏金坛、淮安、赵集和丰县,江西清江和会昌,湖北云应、天门小板和潜江等盐矿地区优先开发利用盐穴。     

Underground excavations in rock salt

An historical review of the geotechnical behaviour of the Northwich Rock Salt is presented as a forerunner to a numerical modelling analysis of the current stability of the Winsford salt mine, Cheshire. Extensive laboratory and in situ tests have been historically undertaken by the mine to characterise the strength and stiffness behaviour of the rock salt. Recent proposals to store waste within the Bostock No. 5 panel of the mine have lead to increasing concerns as to the current stability of the workings, as well as to the long term stability of the mine. This present study uses the wealth of geotechnical data to assess the current mine stability using numerical modelling techniques and validates the results against in situ roof to floor convergence data. The results indicate that the mine structures are stable. Convergence simulation using the numerical model compare favourably with the in situ monitoring data allowing greater con.dence to be placed in future predictions.     

Evaluating salt marsh restoration in Delaware Bay: Analysis of Fish response at former salt hay farms

In a continuing effort to monitor the fish response to marsh restoration (resumed tidal flow, creation of creeks), we compared qualitative and quantitative data on species richness, abundance, assemblage structure and growth between pre-restoration and post-restoration conditions at two former salt hay farms relative to a reference marsh in the mesohaline portion of Delaware Bay. The most extensive comparison, during April–November 1998, sampled fish populations in large marsh creeks with otter trawls and in small marsh creeks with weirs. Species richness and abundance increased dramatically after restoration. Subsequent comparisons indicated that fish size, assemblage structure, and growth of one of the dominant species,Micropogonias undulatus, was similar between reference and restored marshes 1 and 2 yr post-restoration. Total fish abundance and abundance of the dominant species was greater, often by an order of magnitude, in one of the older restored sites (2 yr post-restoration), while the other restored site (1 yr post-restoration) had values similar to the reference marsh. The success of the restoration at the time of this study suggests that return of the tidal flow and increased marsh area and edge in intertidal and subtidal creeks relative to the former salt hay farms contributed to the quick response of resident and transient young-of-the-year fishes.