高寒草旬地区沙漠化发展过程及成因分析——以黄河源区玛多县为例

遥感监测和野外调查研究结果表明：玛多县的沙漠化经历了由迅速发展到急剧逆转的过程，其中，20世纪80年代到2000年是沙漠化迅速发展的时期，沙漠化土地面积从1987年的12827．6km^2增加到16330．7km^2，达到全县土地总面积的64．7％，而在此后的6a里，沙漠化状况得以有效逆转，在2006年，沙漠化土地下降到12977．2km^2，年均逆转面积为559km^2；研究区沙漠化发生、发展的主要原因是气候变暖引起的冻土退化，以及随之引起的表土干旱化、草场退化、鼠害等；人类活动虽然在研究区沙漠化发生、发展过程中没有起到主导作用，但是可以通过以草定畜、围栏、灭鼠等措施有效控制沙漠化的发展，并使其得到逆转。     

近35 a来中国北方土地沙漠化趋势的遥感分析

 以近35 a来中国北方的5期 Landsat MSS、TM/ETM遥感数据为主要信息源,通过目视解译方法提取不同时期沙漠化土地现状数据,并进行了沙漠化发展趋势的分析。 2010年中国北方沙漠化土地达 37.59万km2,其中轻度沙漠化土地占33.80%,中度沙漠化土地占22.84%,重度沙漠化土地占22.16%,严重沙漠化土地面积占21.21%。 1975—1990年期间,沙漠化土地净增面积33 838.32 km2,增加速率为2 255.89 km2·a-1; 沙漠化程度加重面积41 662.48 km2,减轻8 383.20 km2,净加重面积33 279.28 km2。综合两者变化,沙漠化净发展速率为4 474.51 km2·a-1。1990—2000年,沙漠化土地面积净增速率为3 441.49 km2·a-1,净发展速率为5 370.06 km2·a-1。2000—2005年,沙漠化土地面积净减少速率为1 635.28 km2·a-1,净逆转速率为1 0071.02 km2·a-1。2005—2010年,净减少1 114.35 km2·a-1,净逆转7 552.21 km2·a-1。空间上沙漠化发展和逆转发生的区域主要在半干旱地区的农牧交错带。     

灰色预测理论在沙漠化监测中的应用

本文在农牧交错带沙漠化信息系统的基础上，根据数据库中的部分内容，以榆林县为例，用灰色系统的理论及ＧＭ（１，１）预测模型，分别对该县的人口及沙漠化土地进行预测研究，研究结果为；到２０００年，榆林县人口为４４．０３万人，比１９７５年净增人口１８．０５万人，占１９７５年总人口的６９．４９％，人口密度达６２．３９人／ｋｍ￣２，比１９７７年联合国沙漠化会议提出的２０人／ｋｍ￣２，为干旱地带的人口对土地压力的临界值高４２．３９人／ｋｍ￣２；榆林县重度、中度、轻度沙漠化土地面积分别为２０．６９６５万ｈａ，１５．０１２６ｈａ和１０．７１０５万ｈａ。严重沙漠化土地面积比１９７５年减少约１９万ｈａ，中度沙漠化土面积比１９７５年增加约４．８万ｈａ，轻度沙漠化土地面积比１９７５年增加５．６万ｈａ，总的趋势是沙漠化土地面积减少。     

近10年来黑河流域生态环境变化特征分析

对比分析黑河流域13万km^2范围内2000年遥感影像数据资料及1987年流域遥感影像资料，结果表明：近10年来黑河流域生态环境总体上仍然向恶化方面发展，流域内天然森林分布面积减少6.35%，中游取代下游成为流域沙漠化发展的主导区域，上游区土沙漠化发展最为迅速；下游草地生态退化十分强烈，草地面积减少达2095.39km^2。但局部或生态环境的某些方面出现明显逆转。     

近50年来毛乌素沙地的沙漠化过程研究

根据野外考察、应用遥感和地理信息系统技术对毛乌素沙地进行动态研究表明，50年代沙漠化土地面积约为12900km^2，到了70年代中期达41110km^2,80年代后期，减少为32590km^2，至1993年又下降到了30650km^2。50-70年代是沙漠化土地迅速发展的时期，而进入80年代以后，总体上是处于逆转过程中，已有近9460km^2的沙漠化土地得到了治理，这主要得益于“三北”防护林工程的实施和当地政府与干部群众积极开展沙漠化防治的努力，也进一步证明了：沙漠化主要是人类造成的，也只有人类能够控制它。     

近30a浑善达克沙地沙漠化时空演变特征及驱动机制研究

浑善达克沙地作为中国北方沙漠化最严重的地区之一,已被列入全国重点生态环境建设地区,其沙漠化发展过程及其影响因素研究具有重要意义。利用1985—2017年浑善达克沙地5期遥感影像数据,通过e Cognition 9.0软件,采用面向对象计算机自动分类法,获取沙漠化指数,进行浑善达克沙地沙漠化时空演变特征研究,并利用主成分分析法,进行了沙漠化驱动机制研究。结果表明:近30 a,浑善达克沙地沙漠化土地面积以2002年为转折点呈现先增加后减少的趋势,其中轻度沙漠化土地面积先减少后增加,由42.1%减少到20.9%后又增加到32.1%,主要分布于东部地区;中度沙漠化有逐渐增加的趋势,由20.6%增加到39.0%,分布于中部地区;重度沙漠化土地由30.3%减少到22.6%,而极度沙漠化先增加后减少,由7.0%增加到16.0%后又减少到6.3%,分布于西部及以南逐渐往西北方向移动。沙漠化程度空间上形成由西向东逐渐减轻的趋势。浑善达克沙地沙漠化发展过程受年末总人口、国内生产总值、三次产业、载畜量、耕地面积等人为因素影响较大,自然因素起到辅助作用。因此,沙漠化治理过程中,有效实施退耕还林还草和禁牧、休牧等政策,合理开展治沙防沙工程,进一步改善浑善达克沙地沙漠化,推动区域生态环境的健康发展。     

黑河中游张掖地区沙漠化土地动态变化

在我国的西北干旱区,由于所处的自然地理位置生态环境脆弱,加之人类不合理的经济活动,使得该区土地沙漠化现象严重,生态环境恶化。位于黑河流域中游的张掖地区,是我国西北地区重要的商品粮生产基地。由于近年来人口、经济快速增长的压力和人类对土地资源不合理的开发利用,产生了土地沙漠化等一系列环境问题,而且土地沙漠化总体呈上升扩展的趋势,严重地阻碍了绿洲经济和社会的持续、稳定发展。以1994年和2000年具有相同时相(秋季)的Landsat TM4、3、2波段(分别赋予红、绿、蓝三种颜色)、分辨率为30m的标准假彩色合成卫星影像的两期TM影像为信息源,利用Erdas8．4遥感图象处理软件、Arcinfo8．1和Arcview3．2等GIS软件,对黑河流域中游张掖地区的沙漠化土地进行了动态监测研究和分析。结果表明：研究区的沙漠化土地类型共有8类,分别为流动沙地(丘)、半固定沙地(丘)、固定沙地(丘)、风蚀残丘、戈壁、闯田、潜在沙漠化土地和非生物治沙工程地;张掖地区各类沙漠化土地发展和逆转同时存在,1994-2000年沙漠化土地面积增加了642．17km^2。其中,临泽、山丹、民乐和肃南4县的沙漠化土地面积增加了714．85km^2,而张掖市和高台县沙漠化土地面积减少了72．68km^2。从总体上来看,全区的各类沙漠化土地变化仍呈上升扩展的趋势。     

近50年来中国北方沙漠化土地的时空变化

中国北方在过去的近50年里,沙漠化土地以其广泛的分布和迅速发展构成了区域主要的环境和社会经济问题。遥感监测和评价结果表明,到2000年沙漠化土地已达到 38.57×104 km₂,其中潜在和轻度沙漠化土地13.93×104 km₂,中度沙漠化土地9.977×104 km₂,重度沙漠化土地7.909×104km₂,严重沙漠化土地面积 6.756×104 km₂,它们主要分布在农牧交错带及其以北的草原牧业带、半干旱雨养农业带和绿洲灌溉农业与荒漠过度带。对上世纪50年代后期、1975年、1987年和2000年沙漠化土地遥感监测结果进行对比分析显示,我国北方沙漠化土地自20世纪50年代后期以来一直处于加速发展的态势,沙漠化土地年均发展速率20世纪50年代到70年代中期为1 560 km₂,1976年到1988年提高到2 100 km₂,1988年到2000年之间达到3 600 km₂。“整体恶化,局部治理”是近50年来北方沙漠化土地的变化的基本趋势。沙漠化土地的迅速发展不仅使中国北方的生态环境面临严峻的挑战,而且将严重影响中国整个区域国民经济的发展以及人民生活水平的提高。     

黄河源区1975—2005年沙漠化时空演变及其成因分析

结合遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术,对黄河源区1975年和2005年沙漠化状况进行了监测。研究发现,黄河源区有大面积的沙漠化土地分布,且比较集中,主要集中在源区西部、北部和东部。30 a间,沙漠化土地面积明显增加,沙漠化土地面积从1975年的19 297.34 km2增加到2005年的22 042.32 km2,增加了2 744.97 km2,即从占整个源区面积的14.68％增加到16.77％。各类沙漠化土地面积均呈增加趋势,极重度、重度、中度、轻度和潜在沙漠化土地面积分别增加了233.27 km2、987.93 km2、336.28 km2、544.8 km2和642.7 km2。在2005年,黄河源区有3 075.57 km2的沙漠化土地是由1975年的非沙漠化土地转化而来的,占沙漠化发展面积的57.28％,另外42.72％的沙漠化发展土地是由1975年较低沙漠化程度向较高程度发展所致。气候变化和不合理的人类活动共同作用导致了黄河源区沙漠化的快速发展,其中,气温升高是自然因素中的主要因素,过度放牧是人为因素中的主要因素。     

中国北方沙漠化土地时空演变分析

对2000年中国北方256×10⁴ km²区域内沙漠化土地的遥感监测结果表明:沙漠化土地总面积现已达到38.57×10⁴ km²,其中轻度和潜在沙漠化土地13.93×10⁴ km²,占沙漠化土地面积的36.1%;中度沙漠化土地9.977×10⁴ km²,占25.9%;重度沙漠化土地7.909×10⁴ km²,占20.5%;严重沙漠化土地面积6.756×10⁴ km²,占17.5%。与20世纪50年代后期到70年代中期和80年代后期的沙漠化土地发展状况相比,目前我国沙漠化土地演变趋势具以下特征:(1)沙漠化土地仍在蔓延,面积已由1987年的33.895×10⁴ km²增加到了2000年的38.569×10⁴ km²,13a中净增4.674×10⁴ km²;(2)沙漠化土地继续呈加速发展的趋势,年平均发展速率从20世纪50年代后期到70年代中期的1560 km²、70年代中期到80年代后期的2100 km²发展到90年代的3600 km²;(3)部分旱农区以及农牧交错地区沙漠化土地出现明显逆转,但荒漠草原地区沙漠化土地面积继续扩大,并且程度有所加剧。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,