空间信息网格中远程空间连接查询的优化

随着空间信息网格的建设,网格平台上管理的空间信息资源越来越丰富,这促进了空间信息网格中空间数据分布式查询的应用需求,而在分布式空间查询中,空间连接查询操作往往成为性能的瓶颈.根据空间信息的特点,通过利用网格计算资源来优化空间连接查询的执行.首先基于网格服务构建网格平台分布式空间数据查询软件结构,通过设计远程空间连接执行服务利用网格平台中的计算资源;根据空间信息的特点.采用基于Kd-Tree空间分区并行连接的方法提高远程空间数据连接操作执行效率,并给出了远程空间连接执行的查询代价模型;然后根据连接代价模型设计了远程空间连接查询执行计划优化生成算法;最后总结了本文工作并探讨了下一步研究方向.     

An accurate selectivity estimation method for window queries and an implementation thereof

Spatial selectivity estimation is crucial to choose the cheapest execution plan for a given query in a query optimizer. This article proposes an accurate spatial selectivity estimation method based on the cumulative density (CD) histograms, which can deal with any arbitrary spatial query window. In this method, the selectivity can be estimated in original logic of the CD histogram, after the four corner values of a query window have been accurately interpolated on the continuous surface of the elevation histogram. For the interpolation of any corner points, we first identify the cells that can affect the value of point (x, y) in the CD histogram. These cells can be categorized into two classes: ones within the range from (0, 0) to (x, y) and the other overlapping the range from (0, 0) to (x, y). The values of the former class can be used directly, whereas we revise the values of any cells falling in the latter class by the number of vertices in the corresponding cell and the area ratio covered by the range from (0, 0) to (x, y). This revision makes the estimation method more accurate. The CD histograms and estimation method have been implemented in INGRES. Experiment results show that the method can accurately estimate the selectivity of arbitrary query windows and can help the optimizer choose a cheaper query plan.     

一种基于窗口查询的空间选择率估算方法

针对任意空间查询区域提出了一种基于CD直方图选择率的估计方法,确定了影响空间点(x,y)直方图估计值的相关格子,并对其中确定的部分直接引用,对于不确定的部分则充分利用格子提供的信息进行了修正,从而可以较为精确地计算出空间点(x,y)的估计值,为提高查询选择率估计值的准确性奠定了基础。     

Area-based tests for association between spatial patterns

 Edge effects pervade natural systems, and the processes that determine spatial heterogeneity (e.g. physical, geochemical, biological, ecological factors) occur on diverse spatial scales. Hence, tests for association between spatial patterns should be unbiased by edge effects and be based on null spatial models that incorporate the spatial heterogeneity characteristic of real-world systems. This paper develops probabilistic pattern association tests that are appropriate when edge effects are present, polygon size is heterogeneous, and the number of polygons varies from one classification to another. The tests are based on the amount of overlap between polygons in each of two partitions. Unweighted and area-weighted versions of the statistics are developed and verified using scenarios representing both polygon overlap and avoidance at different spatial scales and for different distributions of polygon sizes. These statistics were applied to Soda Butte Creek, Wyoming, to determine whether stream microhabitats, such as riffles, pools and glides, can be identified remotely using high spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery. These new “spatially explicit” techniques provide information and insights that cannot be obtained from the spectral information alone. Received 1 June 2001 / Accepted 25 October 2001     

＂Digital Region＂ in the Context of the ＂Grid Computing＂

This paper is to construct a “digital local, regional, region“ information framework based on the technology of “SIG“ and its significance and application to the regional sustainable development evaluation system. First, the concept of the “grid computing“ and “SIG“ is interpreted and discussed, then the relationship between the “grid computing“ and “digital region“ is analyzed, and the framework of the “digital region“ is put forward. Finally, the significance and application of “grid computing“ to the “region sustainable development evaluation system“ are discussed.     

Research on data consistency in spatial database system

In this paper,two cases of data consistency problems are discussed in Multi-user Geographical Information System.When a user updates some spatial data that have been accessed by other users in database,or executes an UNDO/REDO operation,data consistency will probably be destroyed.To solve the problem caused by the first case,a "Notification-Reread Method" is introduced.As for the second case,there are many problems to be studied.     

Developing local measures of spatial association for categorical data

This paper describes a procedure for extending local statistics to categorical spatial data. The approach is based on the notion that there are two fundamental characteristics of categorical spatial data; composition and configuration. Further, it is argued that, when considered locally, the latter should be measured conditionally with respect to the former. These ideas are developed for binary, gridded data. Local composition is measured by counting the numbers of cells of a particular type, while local configuration is measured by join counts. The approach is illustrated using a small, empirical data set and an ad hoc procedure is developed to deal with the impact of global spatial autocorrelation on the local statistics.The author gratefully acknowledges financial support from the GEOIDE Network of Centres of Excellence (ENV #4) and the helpful comments of three anonymous reviewers.     

Modeling spatial dependence in high spatial resolution hyperspectral data sets

 As either the spatial resolution or the spatial scale for a geographic landscape increases, both latent spatial dependence and spatial heterogeneity also will tend to increase. In addition, the amount of georeferenced data that results becomes massively large. These features of high spatial resolution hyperspectral data present several impediments to conducting a spatial statistical analysis of such data. Foremost is the requirement of popular spatial autoregressive models to compute eigenvalues for a row-standardized geographic weights matrix that depicts the geographic configuration of an image's pixels. A second drawback arises from a need to account for increased spatial heterogeneity. And a third concern stems from the usefulness of marrying geostatistical and spatial autoregressive models in order to employ their combined power in a spatial analysis. Research reported in this paper addresses all three of these topics, proposing successful ways to prevent them from hindering a spatial statistical analysis. For illustrative purposes, the proposed techniques are employed in a spatial analysis of a high spatial resolution hyperspectral image collected during research on riparian habitats in the Yellowstone ecosystem. Received: 25 February 2001 / Accepted: 2 August 2001     

Defining the basic entities in a geodetic data base

The term “entity” covers, when used in the field of electronic data processing, the meaning of words like “thing”, “being”, “event”, or “concept”. Each entity is characterized by a set of properties. An information element is a triple consisting of an entity, a property and the value of a property. Geodetic information is sets of information elements with entities being related to geodesy. This information may be stored in the form ofdata and is called ageodetic data base provided (1) it contains or may contain all data necessary for the operations of a particular geodetic organization, (2) the data is stored in a form suited for many different applications and (3) that unnecessary duplications of data have been avoided. The first step to be taken when establishing a geodetic data base is described, namely the definition of the basic entities of the data base (such as trigonometric stations, astronomical stations, gravity stations, geodetic reference-system parameters, etc...). Presented at the “International Symposium on Optimization of Design and Computation of Control Networks”, Sopron, Hungary, July 1977.     

Changes of spheroid and of datum

Summary A datum change between two geodetic systems with points in common may be derived in three stages; slight adjustments of coordinates to make the networks of common points geometrically similar in the two systems; a scale factor to make them geometrically congruent; finally, an orthogonal transformation to swing them into coincidence. The geometrical concept is developed of a “datum screw”, not arbitrarily chosen as is the “origin” or “datum point” of a geodetic survey, but intrinsic to the geometry. The conditions under which it degenerates to a simple “datum shift” are discussed. Differential and other formulae for changes of spheroid and of datum are given, together with a set of tables of coefficients.     

运用证据权重法进行阳性钉螺-地理因子的空间关系研究(英文)

Schistosomiasis is a serious public health problem in the middle-lower Yangtze River Basin in China. Study of spatial variation of snail distribution that is related to microgeographic factors can help to choose pertinent measures for snail extinguishment and environment rebuilding. This paper studied the theoretical architecture of weights-of-evidence approach. The case study was made for spatial relation between the occurrence of infected snails and geographic factor combinations in Waijiazhou marshland of Poyang Lake region in China. The multievidence data came from the geographical factor combinations by crossing operation of vegetation coverage grade layer, cattle route distance grade layer, and special environment layer (181 combinations in total) in GIS. The calculation of weight contrast index shows that high vegetation coverage, cattle route distance of <45 meters, and special geographic factor “ground depression” had direct spatial relation with the occurrence of infected snails. The verification by crossing operation in GIS indicated 72.45% of the infected snails concentrated on the areas of positive weight contrast index (sequenced in an order of weight contrast index from high to low), demonstrating the high efficiency of the model established in finding infected snails according to the geographic factor combinations that can be explicitly discerned in the study area. Supported by a the National Natural Science Fundation of China (No. 30590370), the Research Project “Spatial Simulation of Schistosomiasis Susceptible Areas in the Poyang Lake Region” Sponsored by Science Research Plan 2007 of Jiangxi Normal University (Natural Science Category).     

一种可扩展的线性可排序四叉树空间索引

分析了四叉树空间索引的优缺点,提出了一种可扩展的线性可排序四叉树空间索引,实现了空间索引的动态更新,同时具有高效的空间查询能力。     

GeoSQL: 一种可视化空间扩展SQL查询语言

根据结构化查询语言ＳＱＬ的基本原理,设计了空间查询语言ＧｅｏＳＱＬ及其表达形式、界面设计和实现方法。ＧｅｏＳＱＬ的特色为：①采用子查询（ｓｕｂｑｕｅｒｙ） 重组ＦＲＯＭ 语句,使其符合一般空间操作的程序;②ＧｅｏＳＱＬ的界面设计融入了Ｉｃｏｎ、Ｌｉｓｔｂｏｘ 等可视化部件,易于查询文本的形成,且减少了语法错误。     

内嵌式空间数据库优化器代价评估框架及实现

传统的优化器缺乏空间数据分布统计信息和空间算子的支持,不能评估和生成有效的查询执行计划。对此,提出了包含空间执行算子的一体化评估框架,根据重要属性及元组流属性实现了执行计划自底向上的代价推演计算。通过服务器端编程实现了利用概率累计扩展空间直方图模型描述空间数据的统计信息,并通过优化器接口计算空间谓词选择率,为优化器提供更为准确的代价参数,改进了评估的准确度。实验结果表明,采用此方法进行涉及空间查询的计算,理论代价估计与实际执行代价具有相对一致性,在统计值完整的情况下能够准确地估算实际较优的执行计划。     

基于MapGIS图元参数检索开发与应用

根据GIS空间数据包含的信息:①空间定位数据;②属性数据;③空间图元信息。把数据检索进行重新分为空间检索、属性检索和空间图元参数检索等3类,并利用Visual basic6.0+Map GIS6.5二次开发函数库设计和开发出图元参数条件查询模块。该模块是空间检索和属性检索的有益的补充,且界面友好,可以有效地通过空间实体的图元参数进行数据检索,并应用于西藏冈底斯斑岩铜矿预测评价中,成功地通过图元参数检索提取了岩浆岩、断裂构造等有用信息。     

Geostatistical incorporation of spatial coordinates into supervised classification of hyperspectral data

 This paper presents a methodology to incorporate both hyperspectral properties and spatial coordinates of pixels in maximum likelihood classification. Indicator kriging of ground data is used to estimate, for each pixel, the prior probabilities of occurrence of classes which are then combined with spectral-based probabilities within a Bayesian framework. In the case study (mapping of in-stream habitats), accounting for spatial coordinates increases the overall producer's accuracy from 85.8% to 93.8%, while the Kappa statistic rises from 0.74 to 0.88. Best results are obtained using only indicator kriging-based probabilities, with a stunning overall accuracy of 97.2%. Significant improvements are observed for environmentally important units, such as pools (Kappa: 0.17 to 0.74) and eddy drop zones (Kappa: 0.65 to 0.87). The lack of benefit of using hyperspectral information in the present study can be explained by the dense network of ground observations and the high spatial continuity of field classification which might be spurious. Received: 12 April 2001 / Accepted: 7 September 2001     

Nonlinear least-squares method via an isomorphic geometrical setup

The resolution of a nonlinear parametric adjustment model is addressed through an isomorphic geometrical setup with tensor structure and notation, represented by a u-dimensional “model surface” embedded in a flat n-dimensional “observational space”. Then observations correspond to the observational-space coordinates of the pointQ, theu initial parameters correspond to the model-surface coordinates of the “initial” pointP, and theu adjusted parameters correspond to the model-surface coordinates of the “least-squares” point . The least-squares criterion results in a minimum-distance property implying that the vector Q must be orthogonal to the model surface. The geometrical setup leads to the solution of modified normal equations, characterized by a positive-definite matrix. The latter contains second-order and, optionally, thirdorder partial derivatives of the observables with respect to the parameters. This approach significantly shortens the convergence process as compared to the standard (linearized) method.     

GML土地利用空间数据查询与应用

本文以全国第二次土地调查中的土地利用数据为例,根据国家标准GML 3.2规范,提出了基于GML的土地利用数据模型;针对传统的符合W3C标准的XML查询语言XQuery不能进行空间查询的问题,提出了一种在Saxon开源版本的XQuery引擎基础上扩展空间函数功能进而对GML数据进行空间查询的方法,并探讨了基于GML和XQ...     

受限自然语言查询在GIS中的应用

简单论述了空间信息系统的自然语言查询问题；在应用范围受限的条件下，提出了主要以自然语言中的关键词构造模式库来反映射查询语句的思想方法；建立了系统的体系结构，并对空间操作算子、空间查询语句、模式库的结构等关键问题进行了讨论。