基于内变量和张量函数表示定理的本构方程

针对各向同性材料,基于张量函数表示定理,建立了本构关系的张量不变性表示,其中,3个不可约基张量取决于应力的0～2次幂,且相互正交,3个系数由塑性应变增量和应力的不变量表示。基于塑性应变增量的不变量定义内变量,本构关系归结为确定内变量的演化。使用张量函数表示定理,给出了内变量演化方程的一般表达式,它取决于应力不变量的增量,因而与主轴旋转无关。讨论了如何根据试验资料和引入适当的假定,确定具体的演化方程。通过与塑性势理论和多重屈服面理论进行比较,表明所建模型是这些理论的最一般表示,且简捷直观、使用方便。     

基于广义位势理论的接触面本构模型一般表述

基于广义位势理论建立的岩土体材料本构模型以及岩土体材料与结构接触面本构模型原理相通,只是前者是在三轴剪切试验条件下的三维应力空间建模,后者是在单剪试验条件下的二维应力空间建模。单剪试验条件下土与结构的接触面问题可以看作是法向与切向应力空间上的二维问题,其试验结果可以表达成由应力、应变组成的二维矢量。结合接触面力学特性,确定应力空间中的势函数以及塑性状态方程,可以推导出双重势面接触面弹塑性本构方程的一般表达式。进一步取两个势函数分别为法向应力和切向应力,建立简化双重势面接触面弹塑性模型的本构方程,该方程可直接应用于有限元等数值分析。结合试验实例对建模方法的合理性进行验证,模型拟合效果良好。研究结果表明,基于广义塑性位势理论建立接触面本构模型无需推求塑性势函数和屈服函数,可以直接得到弹塑性刚度矩阵,且建模方便。     

基于双胞元的颗粒材料应力-应变关系研究

基于细观力学,建立颗粒材料的宏观应力-应变与接触力、接触位移、枝矢量等细观量之间的关系。用改进的Voronoi-Delaunay法对颗粒材料进行几何和物理上划分,得到改进Bagi双胞元体系;以固体胞元为基础,运用牛顿第二定律和Gauss定理提出含有旋转矢量和重力的颗粒材料平均等效应力,避免了颗粒材料的准静态假设;在孔隙胞元区域内利用变形协调条件推导出含有孔隙面矢量等几何变量的颗粒材料平均等效应变。结合文献的二维颗粒材料宏观试验结果验证了双胞元平均等效应力-应变的正确性;在三维情形下,对比双胞元等效应变和最优拟合应变结果,同样验证了基于双胞元的颗粒材料应力-应变关系,因此,该颗粒材料应力-应变关系可以为数值模拟颗粒材料力学行为提供依据。     

考虑颗粒破碎的冻结砂土非线性本构模型研究

颗粒破碎是粒状材料在高应力状态下的一种基本现象。为了研究冻结砂土中颗粒破碎对应力应变关系的影响,将冻结砂土视为复合颗粒材料,忽略冰的压融,考虑内摩擦角随应力状态的变化,构建一个适用于冻结砂土的考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型。构建过程分为三步,首先是基于三轴剪切前后颗粒分析对冻结砂土颗粒破碎模式和产生机理进行探讨;其次是基于考虑颗粒破碎的能量平衡方程,对冻土在三轴剪切试验过程中的颗粒破碎耗能进行分析,结果表明颗粒破碎耗能随轴向应变呈双曲线变化趋势;最后应用考虑颗粒破碎的剪胀方程修正沈珠江三参数非线性模型中的体积切线模量ν_t,得到一个考虑颗粒破碎的非线性本构模型,模型参数可以通过单轴压缩试验和常规三轴试验确定。将原模型和修正后模型的计算结果与控制温度为-6℃,围压为1 MPa、4 MPa、6 MPa、8 MPa和10 MPa时冻结砂土的试验结果进行对比,结果表明该模型能够较好的模拟冻结砂土从低围压到高围压的应变软化特征与剪胀特征。      

主应力轴变化下非共轴对砂土剪胀特性影响

传统塑性剪胀模型在描述应力比和塑性应变增量关系时都是基于共轴塑性流动法则,从而认为土体的剪胀性仅与应力比有关。大量试验结果表明,在涉及主应力轴变化的复杂应力条件下塑性流动过程中应力-应变是非共轴的,因而在分析砂土剪胀特性时非共轴是不可忽视的因素。为了研究主应力轴变化的复杂应力条件下非共轴对砂土剪胀特性的影响,利用空心圆柱仪对饱和砂土进行了一系列定轴剪切试验、纯主应力轴旋转试验以及组合加载试验。试验结果表明,不同应力路径下应力-应变非共轴都会引起剪胀曲线偏离Rowe直线,通过Gutiereez提出的考虑非共轴因子的修正剪胀方程可以修正非共轴引起的偏差,从而使得Rowe剪胀方程适用于涉及主应力轴旋转等更加复杂的加载条件。     

无加筋、加筋砂土蠕变特征的有限元分析

根据分级加载条件下的蠕变试验,分析研究了无加筋砂土和土工格栅加筋砂土的蠕变特征,发现蠕变变形与分级加载时的应力水平、初始蠕变应变速率有很大关系,且蠕变后以恒定应变速率重新加载时呈现出刚度很大、近似弹性的行为。针对无加筋砂土和土工格栅加筋砂土提出一种弹黏塑性有限元计算方法。有限元计算过程中,砂土和土工格栅均采用统一的3要素弹黏塑性本构模型。该方法能够对含多个蠕变段的恒定应变速率加载全过程进行模拟。通过试验结果与有限元计算结果的比较,表明所提出的弹黏塑性有限元计算方法能较好地模拟无加筋砂土和土工格栅加筋砂土的蠕变特征,特别是蠕变后重新加载时的刚度很大、近似弹性的行为。     

基于Drucker-Prager准则的岩石弹塑性损伤本构模型研究

大多数岩石材料软化本构模型在硬化函数中引入塑性内变量来表示材料的硬化/软化性质,但并不能反映岩石微裂隙损伤对材料力学性能的影响及单轴拉伸和压缩所表现的初始屈服强度f0与屈服极限fu的差异。基于D-P准则同时考虑塑性软化及损伤软化,建立岩石类材料的弹塑性本构关系及其数值算法。塑性屈服函数采用Borja等的应力张量的硬化/软化函数,反映塑性内变量及应力状态对硬化函数的影响;由于岩石损伤软化是微裂隙扩展所导致的体积膨胀引起的,因此,提出用体积应变表征岩石损伤变量的演化,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了岩石的弹塑性损伤本构程序。对单轴压缩及拉伸荷载作用下的岩石材料试验进行数值模拟,结果表明,所提出的岩石弹塑性损伤本构模型可以较好地符合岩石材料的力学特性。     

不同应力路径下砂土的神经网络弹塑性本构模型研究

基于多种应力路径下砂土的加载、卸载和再加载过程的三轴排水试验数据，研究了三种应力路径对屈服面的影响，其结果表明，不同应力路径对砂土的本构模型有着不可忽视的作用。在此基础上，建立了砂土的弹塑性神经网络模型，对相应路径下的本构关系进行了学习。实例分析表明，该模型能够很好地描述具体应力路径下的本构关系，神经网络建模方法具有方便、容错性强的特点，对岩土力学快速、高效数值方法的进一步发展具有重要的参考价值。同时，在这种弹塑性应力-应变关系中，笔者并没有使用塑性势函数，这在目前的弹塑性本构关系的建模中是一种新的尝试。     

单轴压缩非贯通节理岩石尖端塑性区及弹塑性断裂模型研究

基于Drucker-Prager（下简称D-P）准则,建立压缩载荷作用下的非贯通节理岩石的弹塑性断裂模型。针对节理岩石小范围屈服翼裂纹尖端塑性区,推导了D-P屈服准则的纯I、纯II及I、II复合型3种翼裂纹无量纲塑性区径长函数,并与Mises准则的塑性区进行对比;结果表明,D-P准则的I型和复合型塑性区较Mises屈服准则的塑性区大,且其II型及I、II复合型塑性区在翼裂纹上下表面不连续。进一步,引入断裂软化因子以表征节理岩石裂隙断裂扩展后的断裂软化规律,考虑非贯通节理岩石复合型断裂软化,是由于节理尖端翼裂纹应变能密度超过最小应变能密度导致其成核扩展引起的,提出用应变能密度的指数函数形式表征断裂软化变量的演化;塑性屈服函数采用Borja等的应力张量3个不变量的硬化/软化函数,反映塑性内变量及应力状态对硬化函数的影响;建立节理岩石的弹塑性断裂本构关系及其数值算法,并用回映隐式积分算法编制了弹塑性断裂模型的程序。以单轴压缩下非贯通节理岩石为例,分析岩石断裂韧度、节理摩擦系数和节理倾角等参数的影响,结果表明,所提出的弹塑性断裂模型与数值和试验结果比较吻合。     

考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土本构关系

粗粒土在较大的应力条件下容易产生颗粒破碎现象,而现有的大多数模型都没有考虑剪切过程中的颗粒破碎。模型将塑性功引入土体受力变形过程的能量方程中,推导得到土体流动法则。采用直线型屈服轨迹和非相关联流动法则,利用不排水应力路径计算得到硬化函数,建立了一个考虑颗粒破碎的粗粒土本构模型。对比分析表明：该模型对粗粒土在各种围压下的应力-应变和体应变计算结果与试验曲线吻合较好。     

Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical Simulation of Methane Hydrate Dissociation in Porous Media

The vast amount of methane deposits in permafrost and oceanic sediments has significant energy and environmental implications. There are increasing interests in the development of numerical simulation techniques to predict the reservoir responses due to natural gas recovery from methane hydrate dissociation. There has been extensive amount of work on modeling the chemo- thermo- hydro-responses associated with hydrate dissociation. The mechanical responses of hydrate bearing ground, however, have largely been overlooked and are just starting to receive more and more attention. From energy recovery perspective, a comprehensive model that includes the mechanical responses of hydrate disassociation is crucial for predicting the mechanical stability of gas hydrate reservoir and potential geohazards. This paper proposes a thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical model for simulating the dissociation of methane hydrate. The governing equations for the conservation of energy (thermal), mass (hydraulic) and momentum (mechanical) were derived from the local balance equations. The proposed governing equation system for methane hydrate as a four-phase four-component composite was simplified based on reasonable assumptions to facilitate numerical implementations. The dissociation reaction was considered using chemical kinetics. Auxiliary relationships such as the soil water characteristic curve, constitutive correlations, stress formulation based on the mixture theory were employed to mathematically close the formulation. The mathematical model was implemented using the finite element method. The simulation results were evaluated and compared with those obtained by conventional simulators based on thermo-hydro-chemical models. The mechanical module of this new model was applied to predict the geotechnical responses induced by gas recovery in a typical oceanic reservoir.     

储层特低渗透成因分析与评价——以安塞油田沿25区块为例

应用测井资料和铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X 衍射、粒度分析、压汞等化验分析资料综合研究了安塞油田沿25区块长6储层的特低渗透成因和影响因素,并评价了储层储集性能。分析表明,该区块储层物性总体较差,发育粒间孔、溶蚀孔,孔隙结构类型属小孔隙、微细喉道型。其特低渗透成因主要受沉积作用和成岩作用的共同影响,具体表现为：不同沉积微相储层的物性差异较大,软组织含量大、粒度细和成分成熟度较低是造成储层特低渗透特征的主要原因。同时成岩压实、胶结作用使得储层的孔隙度、渗透性进一步减小、变差,而溶蚀作用和成岩缝的产生又在很大程度上改善了储层的特低渗透特征。根据物性和孔隙结构参数分析,将研究区储集岩分为3类,水下分流河道与河口坝砂体是主要储层分布相带。     

Frictional contact algorithms in SPH for the simulation of soil–structure interaction

Simulation of frictional contact between soils and rigid or deformable structure in the framework of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) is presented in this study. Two algorithms are implemented into the SPH code to describe contact behavior, where the contact forces are calculated using the law of conservation of momentum based on ideal plastic collision or using the criteria of partial penetrating. In both algorithms, the problem of boundary deficiency inherited from SPH is properly handled so that the particles located at contact boundary can have precise acceleration, which is critical for contact detection. And the movement and rotation of the rigid structure are taken into account so that it is easy to simulate the process of pile driving or movement of a retaining wall in geotechnical engineering analysis. Furthermore, the capability of modeling deformability of a structure during frictional contact simulations broadens the fields of SPH application. In contrast to previous work dealing with contact in SPH, which usually use particle‐to‐particle contact or ignoring sliding between particles and solid structure, the method proposed here is more efficient and accurate, and it is suitable to simulate interaction between soft materials and rigid or deformable structures, which are very common in geotechnical engineering. A number of numerical tests are carried out to verify the accuracy and stability of the proposed algorithms, and their results are compared with analytical solutions or results from finite element method analysis. Good agreement obtained from these comparisons suggests that the proposed algorithms are robust and can be applied to extend the capability of SPH in solving geotechnical problems. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高温下混凝土水力、热及变形耦合数学模型

针对受高温载荷的混凝土提出了一个水力-热-变形耦合的数学模型,模型中采用了3种不同的连续介质：水蒸汽与干燥空气的混合气体相,液态水以及固态混凝土骨架。在连续介质的Navier-Stokes方程基础上,推导了各相介质的质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程以及混合物整体的能量守恒方程。为了简化问题,引入了若干假设,给出了基于文献资料数据拟合的某些变量的用基本未知量表达的经验公式,建立了基于物理定律的各类运动学变量与其热力学共轭力的本构关系,并给出了系统偏微分方程。     

一种高性能迭代预处理方法及其在岩土工程中的应用

岩土工程建设的发展极大地促进了三维数值模拟的应用。大规模三维有限元计算需要求解一系列大型线性方程组,这些线性方程组的求解直接影响着整个有限元计算的效率。复杂岩土工程问题通常涉及多相和多体耦合相互作用,各相之间或不同固体材料之间性质差别显著,可能导致Krylov子空间迭代法收敛缓慢,甚至求解失败。为了提高Krylov子空间迭代法的求解效率和可靠性,提出一种新的高效预处理技术,通过算例验证了所提出的分区块迭代预处理方法的有效性。     

On the application of the maximum entropy meshfree method for elastoplastic geotechnical analysis

In this study, the Maximum Entropy Meshfree (MEM) method is employed for analysing geotechnical problems involving material nonlinearity, assuming small strains. The efficiency of the MEM method is evaluated through several solution schemes for the global governing equations as well as the local constitutive equations. The conventional implicit approach involving the Newton-Raphson method and an explicit adaptive dynamic relaxation technique are employed for solving the governing equations, while local constitutive equations are solved numerically as well as analytically. Two- and three-dimensional numerical experiments are performed to study the efficiency of different configurations of the solution scheme, which leads to some important conclusions about application of the MEM method in geotechnical problems.     

敏感环境下基坑数值分析中土体本构模型的选择

数值分析已成为敏感环境下基坑工程分析的最重要手段,其关键是选择合适的土体本构模型和计算参数。在分析了岩土数值分析中常用土体本构模型特点的基础上,通过算例较系统地对比了各类模型在基坑开挖数值分析中的适用性。敏感环境下的基坑工程需重点关注墙后土体的变形,从满足工程需要和方便实用的角度出发,建议采用能考虑黏土的塑性和应变硬化特征、能区分加荷和卸荷且刚度依赖于应力水平的硬化类弹塑性模型,如MCC模型和HS模型进行分析。具体工程实例的分析,表明了硬化类弹塑性模型在敏感环境下基坑开挖数值分析中的适用性。     

Data assimilation using the particle filter for identifying the elasto‐plastic material properties of geomaterials

A computational method, incorporating the finite element model (FEM) into data assimilation using the particle filter, is presented for identifying elasto‐plastic material properties based on sequential measurements under the known changing traction boundary conditions to overcome some difficulties in identifying the parameters for elasto‐plastic problems from which the existing inverse analysis strategies have suffered. A soil–water coupled problem, which uses the elasto‐plastic constitutive model, is dealt with as the geotechnical application. Measured data on the settlement and the pore pressure are obtained from a synthetic FEM computation as the forward problem under the known parameters to be identified for both the element tests and the ground behavior during the embankment construction sequence. Parameter identification for elasto‐plastic problems, such as soil behavior, should be made by considering the measurements of deformation and/or pore pressure step by step from the initial stage of construction and throughout the deformation history under the changing traction boundary conditions because of the embankment or the excavation because the ground behavior is highly dependent on the loading history. Thus, it appears that sequential data assimilation techniques, such as the particle filter, are the preferable tools that can provide estimates of the state variables, that is, deformation, pore pressure, and unknown parameters, for the constitutive model in geotechnical practice. The present paper discusses the priority of the particle filter in its application to initial/boundary value problems for elasto‐plastic materials and demonstrates a couple of numerical examples. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Micromechanical viscoelasto‐plastic models and finite element implementation for rate‐independent and rate‐dependent permanent deformation of stone‐based materials

This paper presents parallel and serial viscoelasto‐plastic models to simulate the rate‐independent and the rate‐dependent permanent deformation of stone‐based materials, respectively. The generalized Maxwell viscoelastic and Chaboche's plastic models were employed to formulate the proposed parallel and serial viscoelasto‐plastic constitutive laws. The finite element (FE) implementation of the parallel model used a displacement‐based incremental formulation for the viscoelastic part and an elastic predictor—plastic corrector scheme for the elastoplastic component. The FE framework of the serial viscoelasto‐plastic model employed a viscoelastic predictor—plastic corrector algorithm. The stone‐based materials are consisted of irregular aggregates, matrix and air voids. This study used asphalt mixtures as an example. A digital sample was generated with imaging analysis from an optically scanned surface image of an asphalt mixture specimen. The modeling scheme employed continuum elements to mesh the effective matrix, and rigid bodies for aggregates. The ABAQUS user material subroutines defined with the proposed viscoelasto‐plastic matrix models were employed. The micromechanical FE simulations were conducted on the digital mixture sample with the viscoelasto‐plastic matrix models. The simulation results showed that the serial viscoelasto‐plastic matrix model generated more permanent deformation than the parallel one by using the identical material parameters and displacement loadings. The effect of loading rates on the material viscoelastic and viscoelasto‐plastic mixture behaviors was investigated. Permanent deformations under cyclic loadings were determined with FE simulations. The comparison studies showed that the simulation results correctly predicted the rate‐independent and rate‐dependent viscoelasto‐plastic constitutive properties of the proposed matrix models. Overall, these studies indicated that the developed micromechanical FE models have the abilities to predict the global viscoelasto‐plastic behaviors of the stone‐based materials. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于最小耗能原理的黏弹塑性损伤模型

在基于“应变等效假定”和“余应变能等效假定”两种不同损伤力学基本假定的黏塑性损伤本构方程基础上,将最小耗能原理应用于固体介质的黏弹塑性问题,给出了损伤材料的黏塑性应变流变速率、黏塑性损伤发展速率和黏弹-塑性材料积累应变强弱化速率的非线性演化发展方程,建立了两个不同的黏弹塑性损伤模型（A和B）,并进行了试验验证。作为算例,最后运用黏塑性损伤模型A,对地震荷载作用下建于岩石基础上的某混凝土重力坝的动力损伤问题进行了分析,结果表明该模型应用于混凝土重力坝的动力损伤分析是可行的。