四川广安市响水飞仙关组剖面特征及地质意义

四川省广安市桂兴镇响水村下三叠统飞仙关组地质剖面,位于华蓥山背斜的西翼,其古地理位置位于早三叠世川东碳酸盐台地西侧。对该剖面的详细研究,有利于恢复飞仙关期川东碳酸盐台地西侧的沉积演化过程。响水剖面飞仙关组一段属于半局限浅海陆棚和开阔台地含泥灰岩沉积。飞仙关组二段下部为碳酸盐台地西缘斜坡相及开阔台地相;其上部为较稳定的开阔台地沉积。飞仙关组三段是碳酸盐台缘鲕滩和开阔台地沉积。飞仙关组四段属于典型的混积台地潮坪沉积。川东碳酸盐台地西侧飞仙关组由两个向上变浅的沉积旋回组成,第2个沉积旋回是碳酸盐台地向西增生和鲕滩发育的主要时期。     

The aftermath of the Carnian carbonate platform demise: a basinal perspective (Dolomites, Southern Alps)

In the Dolomites of northernmost Italy the carbonate‐platform growth came to a standstill late in the Early Carnian (Late Triassic). The response to this shutdown of shallow‐water carbonate production in the interplatform basins is largely unknown because erosion has removed most of the soft basinal sediments, giving rise to today's scenic landscape of the Dolomites. Mapping in the central part of the Dolomites and newly available core material has recently revealed a well‐preserved succession of basinal rocks within the Heiligkreuz Hospiz Basin (ital. Ospizio di Santa Croce Basin). In this paper, the regional depositional nature of arrested carbonate platform production is reconstructed by tracing its sedimentological record across the slope and into the basin. The uppermost St. Cassian Formation, the time‐equivalent basinal rocks to the prograding carbonate platforms, is overlain by the Heiligkreuz Formation, whose basal succession was deposited in a restricted and oxygen‐depleted environment immediately post‐dating the platform demise. The succession consists mainly of mudrocks, marlstones, and peloidal packstones, with abundant low‐diversity ostracod and pelecypod fauna and early diagenetic dolomite. C and O isotope values of the basal Heiligkreuz Formation, post‐dating platform demise, average + 2·4 and ? 2·4‰, respectively, and largely overlap the isotopic composition of St. Cassian carbonates. A shift toward slightly lower δ¹³C values in the Heiligkreuz Formation may reflect incorporation of isotopically depleted C released during bacterial sulphate reduction in the Heiligkreuz sediments. Sedimentological, palaeobiological and geochemical indices suggest that near‐normal marine conditions persisted long after the shutdown of shallow water carbonate‐platform growth, although there are clear indications of severely reduced oxygen levels in the restricted Heiligkreuz Hospiz interplatform basin. The Early Carnian platform demise induced a distinct switch in the locus of carbonate production from the shallow‐water platform and slope to the basin floor and a decrease in the availability of dissolved oxygen in the basinal waters. It is inferred that anoxia extended at least temporarily to the top of the carbonate slope, as indicated by the onlap of normal‐marine mounds by dark marlstones of the basal Heiligkreuz Formation.     

豫西地区早二叠世碳酸盐岩台地沉积环境及地球化学特征

焦作-禹州地区下二叠统太原组沉积相可划分为5类：开阔台地相、局限台地相、障壁岛相、泻湖-沼泽相和潮坪相,海相碳酸盐岩地层中风暴沉积事件普遍发育。开阔台地主要发育生物碎屑灰岩,生物碎屑含量高且较为破碎,以LREE明显富集,∑REE、(LREE/HREE)N值与Fe含量正相关为特点,反映古水体开阔、动荡且富含生物碎屑和胶体。局限台地主要沉积泥晶灰岩,古水体环境表现为受限、相对安静的特点。研究区太原组下部灰岩段的底部灰岩形成于海侵体系域(TST),生物碎屑含量、∑REE相对较高且轻重稀土无显著分异,Sr/Ba比值小而Ba丰度高;顶部灰岩形成于高水位体系域(HST),显示台地水体逐渐受到限制,陆源控制作用减弱,演化为更加安静低能环境。不同体系域中局限台地灰岩的对比分析,可为恢复南华北二叠纪陆表海盆地古地理特征及演化提供重要资料。     

新疆阿合奇地区哈拉奇组、康克林组碳酸盐岩微相特征和沉积环境简

采用微相分析的方法,对新疆阿合奇地区晚石炭世—早二叠世哈拉奇组和康克林组碳酸盐岩的微相类型和沉积环境进行了研究,发现两地层单元具有不同的岩石结构、颗粒组分及生物化石组合微相特征。哈拉奇组沉积粒度相对较细,泥质含量较高,生物碎屑相对较少,可划分出5种微相类型和5种次一级微相类型;康克林组生物种类丰富,个体保存较完整,颗粒组分出现了较多鲕粒、核形石等,亮晶胶结普遍,泥级组分相对较少,可划分出6种微相类型和8种次一级微相类型。根据微相类型组合特征和野外沉积构造,认为哈拉奇组碳酸盐岩主要形成于深水陆棚和台地斜坡2种沉积环境,其次为台地边缘浅滩和开阔台地沉积,总体反映较深水沉积环境;康克林组碳酸盐岩主要形成于台地边缘浅滩、开阔台地和局限台地3种沉积环境,反映沉积环境水体相对较浅。     

南天山大山口下石炭统野云沟组碳酸盐岩岩石学特征及沉积相分析

南天山和静县大山口剖面石炭系野云沟组发育齐全,出露完好,主要由碳酸盐岩及少量碎屑岩组成,总厚度为696.8 m.岩石类型以碳酸盐岩为主,主要包括砾屑灰岩、含陆源碎屑鲕粒灰岩、生物碎屑微晶灰岩、含陆源碎屑砂屑灰岩、微晶灰岩及泥晶灰岩等.野云沟组主要为斜坡相和盆地相沉积,少量为碳酸盐台地相沉积.斜坡相主要发育砾屑灰岩、薄层...     

四川盆地东北部长兴期沉积特征与沉积格局

四川盆地东北部长兴组（大隆组）为海洋环境的产物,根据沉积特点,可以分为碳酸盐台地沉积体系和盆地沉积体系。碳酸盐台地沉积体系又可进一步分为局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘礁滩及缓坡等沉积相。在详细研究分析各沉积体系的沉积特点的基础上,探讨了该期沉积相带的空间分布,提出了不存在“开江一梁平”海槽的认识。笔者等认为在“开江梁平海槽”区域内,长兴组只是水体相对台地较深环境（台棚环境）的产物,为碳酸盐缓坡,不宜称为海槽。指出台地边缘浅滩及生物礁是储层最有利相带,礁白云岩及颗粒白云岩等是储层的有利微相。研究区的生物礁为碳酸盐台地边缘缓坡点礁群,沿着台地边缘断续分布。     

珠江口盆地东部中新统珠江组碳酸盐岩沉积微相研究

基于对珠江口盆地东部新近系下中新统珠江组碳酸盐岩1483块常规及铸体薄片显微特征的观察、描述以及古生物特征和岩石学特征的研究,依据碳酸盐岩颗粒组分和结构构造等特点,将珠江组碳酸盐岩划分为8个主要微相类型,并根据灰岩颗粒类型及相对含量的多少,将其进一步细分为22个次一级的微相类型。根据这些微相类型在纵向上的组合特征与环境意义,可在珠江组碳酸盐岩中识别出碳酸盐岩缓坡、局限台地、开阔台地、台地边缘滩、台地边缘礁、台地前斜坡等6个沉积相带。这些沉积相的纵向演化规律揭示了东沙隆起在早中新世海平面上升过程中经历了由碳酸盐岩缓坡到台地的沉积演化历程。      

豫西北及晋东南地区下二叠统太原组风暴沉积及伴生遗迹化石特征

豫西北及晋东南地区下二叠统太原组碳酸盐岩中发育多层风暴沉积并含丰富的遗迹化石。通过对风暴沉积层的宏观及微观分析,特别是对各种风暴沉积序列及其所含遗迹化石的组成与分布特点的研究,在太原组碳酸盐岩中已识别出7种风暴沉积类型,与之伴生的遗迹化石有Zoophycos,Palaeophycus,Nereites.,Chondrites,Planolites,Palaeophycus,Helminthopsis,Teichichnus,Rhizocorallium,Thalassinoides和Ophiomorpha等。它们分别形成在海湾-潟湖、潮间-潮下浅滩、局限台地和潮下开阔台地沉积环境。该成果既可丰富我国华北盆地早二叠世含煤岩系的沉积类型,也可为深入研究该区早二叠世沉积演化乃至成煤与成气的古环境条件提供事件沉积和生物学方面的信息。     

巢县二叠系栖霞组臭灰岩段异地成因碳酸盐岩

下扬子地区二叠系栖霞组臭灰岩段广泛发育。以巢县为例 ,研究表明组成臭灰岩段的石灰砾岩并非正常沉积。剖面特征 ,岩石学、沉积学和地球化学特征的分析结果 ,显示了石灰砾岩的砾石来源于浅海碳酸盐台地 ,它们作为碳酸盐岩碎屑流的产物 ,沿着台地边缘的斜坡 ,被搬运到半深海—斜坡处再沉积。环绕于砾石周围的胶结物和砾岩层之间的薄层硅质粒泥灰岩 ,主要是由等深流沉积物组成。因此 ,臭灰岩段碳酸盐岩主要是异地成因 ,沉积环境属于碳酸盐台地周缘水体较深的斜坡。     

塔里木盆地塔中地区上奥陶统近环带状台地边缘相带特征及勘探前景

发现塔里木盆地塔中地区上奥陶统良里塔格组的台地边缘相带环绕卡塔克隆起呈近环带状发育,晚奥陶世晚期台地边缘相带具有向中央断垒带迁移的特征,北部环带较南部迁移的更为迅速。台地边缘相带可分为4种不同古地貌沉积类型,在古地形、古构造、水体能量的差异控制下,其上沉积微相和礁滩复合体的发育特征不同,礁滩复合体的储层发育受后期成岩作用与构造破裂作用控制,具有强烈的非均质性。     

Study of the Factors Affecting the Abundance of Organic Matter in Jurassic Carbonate Rocks in Qiangtang Basin, Tibet

Field and laboratory analyses of carbonate rock samples from the Qiangtang Basin,Tibet, indicate that carbonate source rocks are mainly developed in the Middle Jurassic Xiali Formation and Upper Jurassic Suowa Formation. Comprehensive studies showed that the Suowa Formation carbonate source rocks have a favorable hydrocarbon-generating potential. The abundance of organic matter in the carbonate rocks is controlled mainly by sedimentary environment and inorganic compounds in the rocks, which is higher in the restricted platform facies than in the open platform facies. Organic carbon contents decrease with increasing CaO contents in the source rocks.     

麦盖提斜坡奥陶系碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素特征及其意义

依据实测的塔里木盆地麦盖提斜坡玉北地区41个碳酸盐岩碳氧同位素数据,结合岩石学方法,研究了碳氧同位素的组成、演化及其地质意义。数据显示,δ~(13) C值主要分布在-2.6‰~0.7‰,均值为-1.0‰;δ~(18) O值分布在-9.4‰~-3.5‰,均值为-6.9‰。玉北地区古盐度为118.39~126.34,平均为121.94。奥陶系碳酸盐岩淡水改造作用明显。碳氧同位素的组成和演化不但可以指示沉积环境,而且还与生物生产率以及古海平面变化呈正相关性:δ~(13) C的低值对应于局限台地台内滩亚相沉积环境;δ~(13) C的高值对应于开阔台地滩间海、台内滩亚相沉积环境。碳氧同位素组成还对成岩环境有明显响应:鹰山组δ~(13) C与δ~(18) O均向高负值偏移,表明经历过强烈的表生岩溶作用;蓬莱坝组δ~(13) C低—中负值,δ~(18) O表现为高负值,在白云岩储层中可见鞍状白云石及燧石,主要为深埋藏成岩环境;良里塔格组同位素特征为δ~(18) O高负值,δ~(13) C低正值,并且在进入埋藏岩溶阶段之前还经历过风化壳岩溶作用。     

塔北奥陶系碳酸盐岩沉积演化特征及台地发育模式

通过对塔北奥陶系碳酸盐岩沉积相类型、相带区域组合及分布特征的研究,根据岩石特征、沉积结构和相序特征的分析,建立了塔北奥陶系碳酸盐岩的沉积演化模式。研究认为塔北下奥陶统蓬莱坝组、中下奥陶统鹰山组、中奥陶统一间房组和上奥陶统吐木休克组沉积相横向分布较稳定。蓬莱坝组、鹰山组鹰四段、鹰三段为局限台地相;鹰二段为半局限台地相;鹰一段和一间房组属于开阔台地相,但向上水体不断变浅,一间房组沉积时期开始出现点礁;上奥陶统吐木休克组沉积时期区域整体沉降,为沉没台地-斜坡-盆地沉积。上奥陶统良里塔格组沉积时期盆地整体抬升,区域沉积厚度和沉积相出现较大变化,早中期发育碳酸盐开阔台地相,后期为典型的台地边缘相。     

瑞丽中下三叠统地层时代厘订及沉积环境分析

滇西瑞丽地区的中下三叠统可划分为三角洲（泻湖）、碳酸盐台地两种相区。三角洲（泻湖）相区下三叠统为扎多组（T1z）;中三叠统为伙马组（T2hm）：碳酸盐台地相区中下三叠统河湾街组（T1-2h）。对扎多组、伙马组重新划分,进行沉积环境分析,确定扎多组、伙马组与河湾街组之间是相变关系,为研究古代三角洲与障壁海（泻湖）及局限台地的沉积环境、相变关系提供了良好实例。     

安徽巢湖二叠系栖霞组碳酸盐岩斜坡沉积

长期以来,人们均认为下扬子地区广泛发育的栖霞组碳酸盐岩属于浅海碳酸盐岩台地沉积。但以巢湖地区为例研究表明,栖霞组主要为碳酸盐岩斜坡沉积。碳酸盐岩碎屑流沉积物形成了臭灰岩段和顶部灰岩段的层状石灰砾岩,分布于斜坡上部;等深流沉积物形成了上、下硅质层段的砂屑硅质粒泥灰岩,主要分布于斜坡下部。而上、下硅质层段中的钙、硅质页 (泥 )岩属于斜坡远端和盆地沉积;唯有本部灰岩段可能属于浅海碳酸盐岩台地沉积。这一认识不仅突破了传统观念,而且有助于重新认识下扬子板块二叠纪的古地理特征和盆地构造演化。     

洛阳龙门地区中寒武统张夏组下部遗迹组构及其沉积环境

洛阳龙门地区中寒武统张夏组为一套富含生物扰动的薄层微晶灰岩和厚层鲕粒灰岩沉积,根据沉积学和遗迹学特征,从中识别出6个遗迹组构,从下到上依次是:潮下低能碳酸盐岩台地中的Planolites montanus遗迹组构,潮下浅水较高能碳酸盐岩台地中的Palaeophycus tubularis-Thalassinoides horizontalis遗迹组构,高、低能交替的滨岸浅滩或开阔台地滩间坪或滩前沉积中的Skolithos linearis-Planolites montanus遗迹组构,深水低能开阔台地沉积中的模糊生物扰动遗迹组构,高能鲕粒浅滩中的Macaronichnus segregatis遗迹组构和潮下低能局限台地环境中的Palaeophycus heberti遗迹组构.龙门地区张夏组由无鲕粒滩的碳酸盐岩台地逐渐向发育厚层鲕粒滩的碳酸盐岩台地演化,沉积环境从滨岸浅滩逐渐演变为无鲕粒滩的开阔台地,并随着海退由深水、开阔台地逐渐变浅形成鲕粒滩、局限台地.      

塔里木盆地上白垩统依格孜牙组碳酸盐岩沉积学特征及地质意义

塔里木盆地西南缘沿西昆仑山前白垩系上统依格孜牙组沉积巨厚的碳酸盐岩，分布范围西至喀什，东至叶城县克里阳地区，主要岩相有以生物碎屑灰岩为主8种岩相，碳酸盐岩主要由亮晶鲕粒灰岩和高晶生物碎屑灰岩组成；沉积环境以台地边缘、开阔台地相、局限台地相为主；沉积环境自东向西由台地边缘-开阔台地相-局限台相演变；厚度在西向东由125m减薄至10m；巨厚的碳酸盐岩沉积可以划分7个米级旋回，7个米级旋回的碳酸盐岩沉积组成了塔里木盆地西南缘白垩系新的油气勘探目的层系，丰富的牡蛎、蛤、螺等化石，稳定的台地相、礁滩相台地边缘相沉积，说明当时塔里木盆地西南缘为向西北开口的海域，古气候温暖，古盐度为半咸到咸水；海域古地理西边与塔吉克相通，东边至叶城县克里阳地区，沿昆仑山前呈显一峡长条带。     

宁夏天景山奥陶纪碳酸盐岩地球化学相关性研究

宁夏天景山—米钵山奥陶纪马家沟组为一套台地碳酸盐岩沉积,米钵山组为一套台地前缘斜坡重力流沉积的碎屑岩夹泥质岩、碳酸盐岩。两组地层碳酸盐岩主要氧化物、微量元素和稀土元素具有明显的时空演化规律,地球化学特征既有独立性,又有相关性,与岩石宏观特征相一致,与沉积环境相关联。     

A Paleoproterozoic drowned carbonate platform on the southeastern margin of the Wyoming Craton: a record of the Kenorland breakup

The Nash Fork Formation in the upper part of the early Paleoproterozoic Snowy Pass Supergroup, Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming, was deposited on a mature passive margin along the southern flank of the Wyoming Craton and straddles the end of the ca. 2.2–2.1 Ga carbon isotope excursion. Two drowning events marked by black shales subdivide the carbonate platform into three parts. The lower Nash Fork Formation consists of outer shelf to supratidal deposits represented by massive and stromatolitic dolomites, heterolithic siliciclastics-carbonates, large silicified domal digitate stromatolites, nodular dolomites and stromatolitic dolomites. Molds after evaporite crystals are pervasive in the heterolithic siliciclastics-carbonates. Large silicified domal digitate stromatolites formed biostromes and bioherms following flooding events. The middle Nash Fork Formation comprises two intervals of black shale separated by inner shelf heterolithic siliciclastics-nodular carbonates. Black shales are organic- and pyrite-rich, contain turbidites and developed in response to drowning of the platform. Overlying massive dolomite of the upper Nash Fork Formation was deposited in an unprotected intertidal setting and displays an upward-shallowing trend terminated by a prominent karstic surface in the middle of the unit. The Nash Fork Formation is open-marine with no evidence for restricted circulation on the carbonate platform. The two drowning events on the carbonate platform are likely related to dissection of the mature passive margin associated with the breakup of Kenorland. The younger drowning event is associated with the end of the carbon isotope excursion. The main building elements of the lower and middle Nash Fork carbonate platform are dolomitic mudstones and stromatolites. Macroscopic seafloor precipitates are volumetrically negligible with the exception of tufa deposits and domes in the massive and stromatolitic dolomites and, possibly, digitate stromatolites within domal digitate stromatolites. The upper Nash Fork Formation comprises dolomitic mudstones, relatively rare stromatolites and inorganic precipitates that are more common than in the underlying carbonates. Styles of carbonate deposition on this early Paleoproterozoic platform differ from those documented on late Archean carbonate platforms; there are fewer macroscopic seafloor precipitates and more dolomitic mudstones. This pattern is considered to be related to a rise of the atmospheric oxygen level that led to a decrease in bicarbonate saturation in the ocean.     

安徽巢湖地区石炭纪-早二叠世碳酸盐岩微相与沉积环境

安徽巢湖凤凰山剖面出露石炭系金陵组(C1j)、和州组(C1h)、黄龙组(C2h)、船山组(C2c)以及下二叠统栖霞组下部臭灰岩段(P1q)等5个含碳酸盐岩地层。本文在野外剖面实测的基础上,对这些碳酸盐岩进行了岩相与微相分析。通过对碳酸盐岩显微薄片的观察分析,共识别出14个微相,分属于干旱近海岸蒸发台地(潮坪)、局限海台地、开阔台地内部浅滩、开阔海台地等4种沉积环境。本文研究结果表明,石炭纪-早二叠世期间,巢湖地区主要为浅海碳酸盐台地环境,期间发生了3次比较大规模的海侵-海退旋回,并间隔有若干次小规模的海平面升降。