单环刺螠硫醌氧化还原酶间接竞争ELISA检测方法的建立

硫醌氧化还原酶(Sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase,SQR),是线粒体硫化物代谢的关键酶。本研究以生活在潮间带下区及潮下带中的底栖生物—单环刺螠SQR重组蛋白为材料,建立了单环刺螠SQR间接竞争ELISA检测方法,为定量分析SQR蛋白水平表达奠定了基础。将SQR重组蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔获得多克隆抗体,检测效价高达1:64 000。采用免疫印迹实验,将该抗体与重组蛋白和体壁总蛋白杂交,均得到了单一的条带,表明该抗体特异性好。优化SQR间接竞争ELISA检测条件,得出最佳的抗原包被浓度为250ng/mL,一抗浓度为1∶20 000,二抗浓度为1∶12 000,此条件下建立的标准曲线检测范围为2.5～1 000ng/mL。精确度检测结果显示,批内差异在0.42%～7.27%、批间差异在2.58%～7.78%范围内,表明该条件下精确度具有良好的准确性和重复性。以上结果表明,已成功建立单环刺螠SQR间接竞争ELISA检测方法。     

发光细菌法检测水产品中氯霉素体系的建立

从青岛近海分离的多株发光细菌中筛选出1株对氯霉素敏感的鳆发光杆菌Photobacterium leiognathi YL,接种单菌落快速培养,制备出适宜检测的菌悬液,添加不同浓度的氯霉素溶液,研究氯霉素浓度与细菌发光强度抑制率之间的关系.通过控制菌体起始发光强度、菌液与氯霉素作用时间,建立发光细菌检测水产品中氯霉素体系.结果表明,当菌体的起始发光强度控制在(2.0～4.0)×105、菌液与氯霉素的最佳作用时间为30 min时,氯霉素浓度与细菌发光强度抑制率呈良好的线性关系.该方法的线性范围为0.1～1.0 ng/mL,相关系数R2为0.989,该体系对氯霉素的检测灵敏度可以达到0.1 ng/mL,可以作为水产品中痕量氯霉素残留的1种快速、灵敏的检测方法.在水产品的氯霉素加标回收试验中,鱼肉中添加浓度为0.1～1.0 ng/g时,回收率在40.34%～114.26%之间.     

CPA矩阵—催化动力学光度法同时测定镍和铁混合双组分的分析方法研究

本文根据催化动力学原理和CPA矩阵法成功地建立1种新的能同时测定水体中痕量金属铁(Ⅲ)和镍(Ⅱ)混合双组分的分析方法,并将该方法应用于实际水体中铁(Ⅲ)和镍(Ⅱ)的测定。并确定了同时测定铁(Ⅲ)和镍(Ⅱ)的最佳分析条件是:pH=2.00,t=25.0℃,V(1,10-菲啰啉)=2.00 mL,c(KIO4)=1.2×10-4mol·L-1,c(RAWL)=5.00×10-5mol·L-1,反应时间t=10 min。在确定的最佳分析反应条件下,铁(Ⅲ)的线性范围为0~70.00 ng·mL-1,镍(Ⅱ)的线性范围为0~60.00 ng.mL-1,所建方法的相对标准偏差为0.61%~2.32%。对铁(Ⅲ)和镍(Ⅱ)质量浓度分别在5.00~60.00 ng·mL-1范围内的12组铁镍混合液进行测定,回收率在95.4%~104.4%。对自来水和黄河水水样的测定结果表明:铁(Ⅲ)和镍(Ⅱ)的回收率为95.5%~99.0%。     

水产品中多氯联苯残留量的气相色谱法测定

研究并建立了水产品中的7种多氯联苯残留的气相色谱检测方法,用该方法对鱼、虾、贝、蟹、甲鱼等多种水产动物中多氯联苯的残留量进行了分析测定。结果表明,7种多氯联苯的峰面积与其质量浓度在1.0～200ng／mL范围内呈线性关系,相关系数均大于0．999。鳕鱼和牡蛎样品中添加1.0ng／g的多氯联苯标准液时,多氯联苯的回收率为81．33％～85．33％;相对标准偏差为7．33％～9．21％。方法的测定低限为0．3ng／g。另外,通过优化前处理方法,使用硅胶净化柱,缩短了样品的前处理时间,减少了试剂消耗,提高了回收率。     

水体中痕量铬(Ⅵ)的催化动力学测定方法研究及应用

本文对水体中痕量铬(Ⅵ)的催化动力学分析方法做了研究。研究体系为:铬(Ⅵ)-弱酸性艳蓝(RAWL)-溴酸钾-十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)-硫酸。所得最佳分析条件为:pH=1.50,c(RAWL)=1.000×10-4 mol/L,ρ(CTMAB)=2.500g/L,c(KBrO3)=7.200×10-3 mol/L,t=2.0min,θ=45.0℃。所得的分析方法的线性范围为0~16.00ng/mL,检出限为0.45ng/mL,相对标准偏差为0.97%~1.92%,加标回收率为98.8%~101.5%。干扰离子实验表明:海水中的大多数阴、阳离子在此条件下对铬(Ⅵ)的测定无明显干扰。本方法可成功应用于淡水与海水体系中,并得到青岛近海及胶州湾铬(Ⅵ)的含量分布。相对于其他催化动力学分析方法,本方法具有分析温度低、检出限低、准确度高、易操作、耗时短的优点。     

ICP-MS测定聚碳酸酯塑料中锑及其不确定度评定

采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定聚碳酸酯塑料中锑含量。考察了消解介质、消解样品量的选择对消解结果的影响,优化选择了电感藕合等离子体-质谱法(ICP-MS)的测定参数。在选定的最佳消解和测定条件下,称取0.200 0g聚碳酸酯塑料样品于5mL HNO3试剂下消解,实验相对标准偏差RSD为3.68%,对实验样品添加5.00ng/mL标准进行加标回收实验,加标回收率在95.1%~110.9%之间,检出限为0.022ng/mL。该方法具有准确、简便、快速等优点,可以满足聚碳酸酯触塑料材料中锑的检测要求。通过建立不确定性评定数学模型,分析了影响不确定度的主要来源,对样品质量、体积定容、仪器测量重复性、标准储备液、曲线拟合等影响不确定度的分量进行分析,最后计算出合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。ICP-MS法测试塑料中锑含量可以表示为(0.568±0.057)mg/kg,可使实验结果更具客观性和准确性。     

氯霉素单克隆抗体的研制及其特性分析

为了研制氯霉素单克隆抗体,建立氯霉素的简便有效的检测方法.采用碳二亚胺(EDC)方法制备氯霉素免疫抗原和包被抗原,经SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳,三硝基苯磺酸(TNBS)法鉴定表明偶联成功.采用制备的抗原CAP-HS-BSA((CAP-HS,氯霉素琥珀酸酯;BSA,牛血清白蛋白)免疫Balb/c小鼠,通过杂交瘤技术获得了2株抗氯霉素的杂交瘤细胞株,细胞株体外传代和冻存复苏后抗体分泌稳定.经体内诱生法产生腹水,ELISA检测纯化腹水的效价为1:10~6.抗体的亲和常数分别为:1.13×10~(10) L/mol,1.41×10~(10) L/mol.ELISA检测显示这2株单克隆抗体与氯霉素琥珀酸交叉反应率为300%,与其他抗生素及结构类似物的交叉反应小,表明该单抗可满足建立免疫学检测方法的需要和开发应用的要求.     

金鱼卵黄原蛋白单抗夹心ELISA的开发及其在环境雌激素检测中的应用

利用Western blot和ELISA方法,从实验室现有的斑马鱼(Danio rerio)卵黄脂磷蛋白(Lipovitellin,Lv)单克隆抗体库中筛选出了对金鱼(Carassius auratus)卵黄原蛋白(Vitellogenin,Vtg)具有高特异性、高亲和力的单抗H3A8。以纯化的单抗H3A8、金鱼Lv与HRP标记的Lv多克隆抗体建立了夹心ELISA,其工作范围为15.6~1 000ng·mL-1,检出限为9.6ng·mL-1,组内差异与组间差异分别为1.30%~4.99%和2.30%~4.37%,并且金鱼Vtg与Lv的标准曲线几乎重合,表明建立的夹心ELISA可以准确定量金鱼Vtg,并利用建立的ELISA测定了10、100、1 000ng/L 17β-雌二醇(17β-estradiol,E2)暴露3和21d后雄性金鱼血浆与体表粘液中的Vtg含量,发现1 000ng·L-1 E2暴露3d、100与1 000ng·L-1 E2暴露21d均能显著升高雄鱼血浆和体表粘液中的Vtg含量,E2暴露21d后雄鱼血浆与体表粘液中的Vtg含量较为接近,建议将取样简便且对鱼体无伤害的体表粘液用作今后金鱼Vtg的检测样品。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定海洋沉积物中27种有机磷酸酯

应用广泛且具有毒性的有机磷酸酯(organophosphate esters,OPEs)类阻燃剂,通过水、气输送等多种途径进入海洋环境,可能会导致人类和海洋生物面临潜在的健康风险。因此,建立高效可靠的分析方法对于揭示OPEs在海洋环境中的赋存状况,评估其生态风险具有重要的科学意义。文章建立了同时测定沉积物中27种OPEs的超声提取、固相萃取(SPE)净化以及高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)检测的分析方法。结果表明:30mL乙酸乙酯(EA)和乙腈(ACN)混合溶剂(体积比为3︰7)的提取效果明显优于单独使用甲醇(MeOH)、二氯甲烷(DCM)、EA和ACN;用5mL EA经LC-C18固相萃取小柱洗脱两次回收率最好;以MeOH和含0.0025%甲酸的水溶液作为流动相时,质谱离子丰度最高。27种OPEs的线性范围为5~500 ng/g (R²>0.99),方法检出限(MDL)范围为0.004~1.250 ng/g,定量限(LOQ)为0.01~4.17 ng/g。三个加标水平(低、中、高)基质加标样品的平均回收率在45%~130%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)最高11.0%,表明此方法可靠,精密度和灵敏度较高。采用优化的方法分析我国长江口、杭州湾入海口以及东海和黄海交界处海域表层沉积物中OPEs的含量,共检出了21种OPEs,浓度范围为9.83~48.70 ng/g,平均浓度为28.40 ng/g。该方法检测结果高效准确,可用于海洋沉积物中27种OPEs的同时测定。     

固相萃取——气相色谱联用测定海洋沉积物中的长链烯酮

建立了测定痕量长链烯酮的分析方法,获得了优化的前处理条件、气相色谱检测条件.对定性定量方法及实验条件必须满足的要求进行了评价.通过过程质量控制(Quality Control,QC)对整个方法进行了验证.结果显示,本研究所建立的分析方法能够满足沉积物样品长链烯酮测定的要求:仪器的检测限分别为25.75 ng/g和28.54 ng/g;方法的检测限分别为86 ng/g和95 ng/g;平均回收率介于67％～89％,回收率相对标准偏差分别为9.33％和9.39％;精密度RSD(C37∶3)=14.07％,RSD(C37∶2)=13.17％.利用此方法对部分样品进行了分析,测得的结果与布莱梅大学实验室所测的一致.     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.