Caves and karst of Ecuador – state-of-the-art and research perspectives

Current knowledge of caves and karst regions of Ecuador is scarce and broadly limited to discrete areas such as that of the Galápagos volcanokarst. In continental Ecuador, carbonate karst mostly outcrops in the Amazonian basin and accounts for 5–10% of the surface of the country. However, owing to the difficulties of access within the Amazonian rainforest, most surface and subterranean karst is yet to be revealed. In this review, we present an updated map of the solutional karst of Ecuador based on the most recent geological surveys and our own research. We describe the principal karst regions of Ecuador from the Amazonian basin (Napo and Santiago) as well as the Galápagos pseudokarst. We show that Ecuador karst research may be of considerable importance for both basic and applied research owing to its geographical position and intrinsic vulnerabilities. We discuss the main challenges of karst-related research in Ecuador, such as paleoclimatic studies, subterranean biodiversity, and archeology. We discuss the main vulnerabilities and hazards related to karst uses in Ecuador, considering the paramount importance of tourism for the country.     

A Review of “Geographies of Media and Communication”

Contemporary cartographic research on mapmaking and map use has a broad mandate and, as a consequence, researchers need a broad suite of methods. Consistent with research developments in other geographic subdisciplines, cartographic researchers now use qualitative methods. They offer the advantage of bringing research closer to the problem-solving realms of mapmakers and map users. Our purpose here is to discuss an array of qualitative methods for mapmaking and map use. Questionnaires, interviews, and protocol methods are used to gather verbal data about mapmaking and map use. Ethnographies produce data from direct observation of mapmakers and users. Maps also are sources for document analysis. We use examples of published cartographic research to elaborate on each of these methods.     

Analysis of deposition and erosion of Dongting Lake by GIS

The Dongting Lake is located in the south beach of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Its catchment, with an area of 262,823 km2 or about 12% of the total Yangtze River catchment, is situated between 28o43?29o32扤 and 112o54?113o8扙, and crosses Hubei and Hunan provinces in administrative division. The main tributaries include Xiangjiang, Zishui, Yuanjiang, Lishui rivers (4 Tributaries) and some local rivers, such as Miluo River, Xinqiang River and other little streams. In the nor…     

Assessment and utilization of soil water resources

1 IntroductionIt is well known that the major problem of water resources at present is water shortage in the North China Plain. The development of agricultural production certainly increased the water consumption, so level of groundwater table declined year by year. Crop use water directly from soil water, while rainwater, surface water, and groundwater should be firstly transformed and changed into soil water and then be used by crops. Therefore, water interactions, water balance and soil w…     

The Creation of Easy and Stress-free Classroom

This research paper concentrates on creating easy and stress-free classroom in English teaching.The paper talks that teachers should adopt pupil-centered teaching methodology and employ every means of teaching such as listening and speaking;acting;singing songs;playing games;role-playing.     

Trend and Characteristics of Variation on the Runoff of the …

根据唐乃亥等有关台站的水文气象观测资料,对黄河上 唐乃亥以上流域的径注琢演变规律进行了分析探讨,并在此基础上用灰色拓扑、混合门限自回归及周期外延－逐步回归等数学模型对其未来的变化趋势进行了预测。结果表明,黄河上游唐乃亥以上流域径流目前正处于一个枯水段的底部,并且从现在超的今后若干年里将呈现一个波动状上升的变化趋势。     

Review of and prospects for China’s human and economic geography

The “High-Level Forum of the Development of China’s Human Geography Under the Background of Change” was held in Beijing on January 22-23, 2016. More than 30 professors attended this forum. At this conference, they discussed the major progress made towards developing China’s human geography, as well as the existing problems, limiting factors, opportunities, international collaborations, emerging directions, and prospects in the development of this discipline. In recent years human geography has boomed, generating many important opportunities for its development. Establishing an academic community for joint research on major research issues and collaborative innovation is a promising and important route to take. We should embrace both domestic and international characteristics, to promote China’s human geography onto the world stage. Meanwhile, the cultivation of various scholarly talents is also of great value to enrich and advance the discipline.     

The validity and international comparability of China's floating population concepts and data

The two concepts of “liudong renkou(floating population or FP)” and “renkou liudong(mobility of the floating population or MOFP)”, along with relevant data based on these two concepts, have long been used extensively in China’s research and policy making, playing a central role in Chinese studies of migration. Unlike the concepts of “migrant” and “migration” in the international literature, which are focused on people’s spatial mobility, “liudong renkou” and “renkou liudong” are identified and m...     

资源环境承载力与中国经济发展可持续性模拟

1978年改革开放以来中国经济创造了长期高速增长的奇迹,但人和自然关系出现严重不协调,突出表现为资源的过度消耗与环境污染的加剧。与此同时,为实现2050年成为现代化强国的发展目标,中国亟需持续发展。为此,中国学者和政府需着力解决问题是,在未来中长期内,中国应当期望多高的经济增长率及其对应的发展模式或调控手段?本文对影响乃至决定国民经济增长的资源环境支撑系统以及建立在这之上的发展模式进行分析,揭示经济增长及发展模式与支撑系统之间的耦合关系,模拟发展与环境之间相互作用过程,阐释未来经济增长可能的方案及其对资源环境支撑系统（主要因素）的要求,对中国资源环境状态和发展状态做出预警。模拟结果显示,为实现2050年进入发达国家行列并保持良好生态环境的发展目标,在考虑技术进步会改善资源利用效率和污染排放的前提下,中国采取3.8%~6.3%的经增速较为适宜。在该区间内,3.8%~4.4%是较为安全的发展速度,而4.4%~6.3%的发展速度则要求较高的技术进步。本文所构建的系统动力学模型可用于对比分析不同发展情景,选择更优发展方案,为实现国家的可持续发展提供决策支持。本研究也是对“未来地球”框架文件的响应,从人口和产业发展速度方面发展了资源环境承载力的理论体系,具有重要理论探索意义和应用价值。     

论北极环境变化对中国国家非传统安全的影响

随着全球环境问题的升温,北极环境变化也越来越受到了国际社会的关注,中国作为一个近北极国家,深受北极环境变化的影响。本文从环境安全、经济安全、资源安全等非传统安全因素方面来探讨北极环境变化对中国可能产生的影响。就环境安全来说,北极环境变化对中国生态环境将产生直接的威胁,未来气温可能升高所导致北极海冰融化,对中国的社会和经济有着巨大危害;就经济安全而言,北极环境变化所带来的北极航道的全面开通,可能是中国未来发展的一个机遇,但是中国要想在北极航运资源的开发上分得一杯羹将面临着多重障碍;就资源安全来说,北极地区资源丰富,这对能源缺乏的中国而言,意义重大。但鉴于目前中国对北极问题的参与来看,即使北极地区的资源能得到良好的开发,其开发利用主要掌握在环北极国家手里,那么对能源供给越来越依赖国外的中国来说,必定会受制于人,无法从根本上保障中国能源供给的战略安全。     

中国区域发展的资源环境协调问题

随着人口规模和经济发展水平的快速增长,社会经济发展与自然资源基础的协调状态已经成为我国区域社会经济持续发展能力建设的首要任务和基本目标。为此,本项研究选择了决定区域社会经济发展最为关键的5大“公用性资源”并建立相应模型以评价区域发展与自然资源基础协调状态。结果表明,在全国7大区中,以华北、东北、华东、华中和华南5个区条件相对较优,而西北和西南地区的状态相对较差。人地关系对应分析表明,华东、华南、华中和华北4个大区人地关系的紧张状态突出,其中华东区的情况最甚,目前当地实际人地关系压力系数接近6.8,高出全国均值水平33倍。尽管西北和西南的人地关系压力状态远低于其他地区,但是由于自身资源环境基础的脆弱性,当地资源环境大规模开发同样面临严重挑战。作为全国资源环境基础最佳的地区,目前东北区的人地关系依然保有较大演进空间,这也是全国区域发展与资源环境协调的最后希望所在。     

中国省际人口空间格局演化的分析方法与实证

中国正在经历着史无前例的城镇化过程,2011年全国城镇人口已达6.91亿人,城镇化率攀升至51.27%。按2030年城镇化水平到70%计算,还将有接近3亿人口从农村流动至城市。与此同时,由于总生育率受社会经济发展水平、生态环境以及社会思潮的共同作用,人口自然增长率正在减少,“单独二胎”政策即是国家对人口发展战略的重大战略调整。由此可见,对正处在城镇化、工业化和全球化加速推进的中国而言,人口自然增长与空间迁移正在且必将持续重塑人口空间格局,因而科学地认识中国人口自然增长和空间迁移的区域差异、准确地把握人口空间格局及其演化趋势,对于科学编制城镇化发展、土地利用、生态环境保护等各类空间规划和制订流动人口、区域协作等各项空间管理政策具有重要意义。本文构建了一种全新的自上而下的人口预测方法,考虑人口自然增长和空间迁移两种影响因素,着重对一级单元 (全国) 和次级单元 (省级) 在2010-2050年间的人口总量进行预测,并进一步研判我国人口空间格局的发展情景和演化特征：从各省人口密度变化来看,中国人口空间分布密度继续保持了东部高、中部次之、东北再次、西部最低的总体格局。东部省份中上海、北京、天津及江苏的人口密度始终保持在一至四位,最末三位依次是新疆、青海和西藏。根据本文提出的省际人口变化强度及其主导类型的测算指标和量化结果,可将中国划分为人口快速变化区 (净迁入主导型、净迁出主导型、自然增长主导型)、人口低速变化区 (净迁入型、净迁出型) 以及人口平稳区。净迁入主导型人口快速变化区将吸纳99%的未来新增流动人口,其中上海、北京、浙江至2030年时人口密度达到顶峰,而广东的人口密度持续增加到2035年;净迁出主导型人口快速变化区,包括河南、安徽、重庆、湖北,75%的新增流动人口将由此类型区域迁出;辽宁和山东同属于自然增长主导型人口快速变化区,其新增流动人口比重极小,由人口自然增长变化主导区域的人口快速变化态势。在低速变化区中,除福建和海南作为少有的流动人口净迁入型省份,其余省份人口密度不断降低则缘于大量的劳动力输出和逐渐走低的生育率;大部西北和西南省份属于人口平稳区,其人口密度呈现出稳中有减的态势,人口密度平均值大多在100人/km²以下。     

The impact of COVID-19 on China’s regional economies and industries

Scientifically assessing the economic impact of major public health emergencies,containing their negative effects,and enhancing the resilience of an economy are important national strategic needs.The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has,to date,been effectively contained in China,but the threat of imported cases and local risks still exist.The systematic identification of the virus's path of influence and intensity is significant for economic recovery.This study is based on a refined multi-regional general equilibrium analysis model,which measures the economic and industrial impacts at different epidemic risk levels in China and simulates development trends and the degree of damage to industries and the economy under changes to supplies of production materials and product demand.The results show that,at the macroeconomic level,China's GDP will decline about 0.4％ to 0.8％ compared to normal in 2020,with an average drop of about 2％ in short-term consumption,an average drop in employment of about 0.7％,and an average increase in prices of about 0.9％.At the industry level,the epidemic will have the greatest short-term impact on consumer and laborintensive industries.For example,the output value of the service industry will fall 6.3％ compared to normal.Looking at the impact of the epidemic on the industrial system,the province most affected by the epidemic is Hubei,which is the only province in China in the level-1 risk category.As the disease spread outward from Hubei,there were clear differences in the main industries that were impacted in different regions.In addition,simulation results of recovery intensity of regional economies under the two epidemic response scenarios of resumption of work and production and active fiscal stimulus policies show that an increase in fiscal stimulus policies produces a 0.3％ higher rate of gross regional product growth but it causes commodity prices to rise by about 1.8％.Measures to resume work and production offer a wider scope for industrial recovery.     

新常态下中国区域旅游发展战略若干思考

新常态正深刻影响着中国区域旅游业发展。本文在分析新常态下区域旅游发展几个新特点基础上,阐释了未来区域旅游业发展格局与趋势,提出了推进区域旅游业发展总体思路。文章指出,新常态下旅游业发展正呈现规模扩张和个性消费同步提升,“旅游强国”特质开始显现;跨界、跨行业企业集团逐步主导产业发展,并在全球范围谋篇布局;旅游产业地位日渐凸显,区域旅游协调发展成为重要目标;“第二次人口红利”开始释放,旅游服务开始引领“中国服务”建立;“互联网+”新型运营模式全面渗入,逐步拓展旅游业发展版图;“以人为本”的绿色发展模式导入,全面助推生态文明建设进程等六大特征。与之相对应,全面融入国家区域经济战略,中、西部地区旅游业整体崛起,城市休闲和城市旅游异军突起,生态文化功能区整体开发,区域旅游产业“网络化”成为重要发展趋势。最后指出,新常态下区域旅游业发展要有新思路,重点包括：以跨区域旅游目的地建设为突破口,全面推进区域业协同发展;以重大项目投资驱动为突破口,形成区域旅游投资与创新双轮驱动发展;以全面改革开放为突破口,形成内外源结合联动发展;以国家层面统筹协调为突破口,形成多层次区域旅游治理模式;以跨界渗透和兼并重组为突破口,培育区域化和国际化旅游市场主体;以综合旅游风险防范为突破口,实现区域旅游业可持续发展。     

基于大数据方法和SOFM聚类的中国经济-环境综合分区研究

研究使用经济和环境多源大数据,建立包含人口、GDP等经济指标和空气质量等环境指标的中国经济-环境关联体系,识别各指标的热点、冷点时空变化特征,采用人工神经网络聚类方法对中国现阶段经济-环境进行综合分区。研究结果如下：① 灯光平均强度较高的省份主要集中在沿海地区,经济以长三角、珠三角和环渤海区域为主要拉动引擎,呈东南高西北低的发展态势,东部沿海地区经济发展优于东北、中部和西南地区。② PM2.5浓度呈现先增后减趋势,高污染区主要集中在华北、华中等区域;东北方向逐步扩散,污染热点地区从辽东半岛、山海关一线向东北扩张;南方地区基本保持稳定态势。③ 采用自组织特征映射模型对2015年全国各地级市OLS灯光指数、人口、城市自然边界和年均PM2.5浓度4类指标进行聚类,第I类为经济极发达-环境恶化地区,主要位于华北平原和长江三角洲;第II类为经济发达-环境趋恶化地区,主要分布在第I类区域周边,特别是京津冀周边地区;第III类为经济发达-环境良好地区,广东、海南、江西、福建以及重庆等省市多属此类型;第IV类为经济不发达-环境优质地区,主要分布于东北地区北部、内蒙古、甘肃、贵州、新疆、青海、西藏等地。     

中国海洋经济转型成效时空格局演变研究

基于海洋经济转型的内涵,构建包括6个分维度在内的中国海洋经济转型成效测度指标体系,利用粗糙集和灰理论组合赋权综合评价法,对2001-2011年中国海洋经济转型成效进行测度研究,并利用核密度估计及GIS空间分析技术对结果进行时空格局演变分析,结论如下：① 从全国层面来看,2001-2010年中国海洋经济转型整体集中在中低值区域,2010年以来,各区域转型均取得明显成效,海洋经济转型差距逐渐缩小,但整体差距仍然存在。② 从6 个分维度层面来看,海洋经济发展度稳步提高,但空间格局没有显著变化;海洋经济转型度、发展条件支撑度、资源集约利用度、生态环境响应度在空间上呈正向变化趋势,转型成效较为明显;海洋产业就业度呈反向变化趋势,说明转型对海洋产业就业存在挤出效应,对海洋产业就业产生重要影响。③ 中国海洋经济转型的时空格局演变是多种因素综合作用的结果,主要包括资源禀赋、区位条件、产业基础及腹地经济差异等。未来影响各省份海洋经济转型的主要因素包括国家政策、科技水平、海洋管理体制等。     

21世纪中国地理学发展的若干思考

20世纪我国现代地理学的发展取得了辉煌成就,同时也面临着许多挑战和机遇。基于地球系统科学的最新研究成果与发展态势,结合我国地理学发展的自身特点及国家需求,本文从理论研究、方法论、学科建设、能力建设等方面,对21世纪我国地理学发展的若干问题进行了思考和探索。     

基于水资源约束的中国城镇化SD模型与模拟

中国城镇化正处于快速发展阶段,尽管经济和社会发展主控要素还在发挥重要作用,但水资源在生产、生活和生态方面发挥主控作用的局面愈益明显。在中国城镇化系统动力学（system dynamics,SD）模型基础上,从水资源供给、需求和水环境等层面将水资源作为主控要素嵌入原有模型中,拓展出基于水资源约束的中国城镇化SD模型,并对水资源利用进行了多情景模拟。结果表明：① 系统存流量和灵敏度检验证明模型模拟效果良好,具有可操作性。② 部门用水效率一定时,产业发展对水资源供需平衡的影响比人口增长更为明显。③ 在实行节水农业、节水工业、高生活需水、高生态环境需水和高再生水利用的综合协调方案中,2050年中国城镇化的发展约共需6789.70亿 m³水资源,基本实现水资源供需平衡。