秦岭陕西段南北坡植被对干湿变化响应敏感性及空间差异

秦岭位于暖温带与亚热带交界处,也是中国南北地理分界线,秦岭南北坡植被对干湿变化响应敏感性,可以折射出暖温带、亚热带地区主要植被类型对于湿变化的响应规律和机制特征,对深入理解不同气候带植被变化规律具有重要意义.本文利用秦岭山地32个气象站点的气象数据和MODIS NDVI时间序列数据集,探讨了2000-2018年秦岭南北...     

基于SPEI指数的秦岭南北地区干旱时空变化特征

基于秦岭南北地区47个气象站点1960-2016年实测气象资料,利用标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）定量分析了秦岭南北地区不同时间尺度干旱发生频率和强度的时空演变特征,并试图揭示该区域干旱发生的原因。结果表明：SPEI值能够较好的反映秦岭南北地区的干旱特征及干湿演变状况。从时间变化上看,近57 a来秦岭南北地区呈干旱化趋势,以20世纪90年干旱化趋势最为显著,干旱化趋势最显著的区域为秦岭以北地区,但近22 a秦岭南北地区开始出现湿润化趋势;从季节来看,四季大部分区域呈干旱化趋势,秋季干旱化趋势最显著且开始最早,春季次之,冬、夏干旱化趋势相对不显著。从空间来看,秦岭南北地区在年、季、月尺度上均有干旱发生且各地区分布极不均匀;其中秦岭以北地区干旱发生频率较高,其他子区域干旱发生频率的空间分布特征较为复杂。干旱发生强度呈现出中西部强,四周弱的特点,干旱发生强度最强的地方为陕西石泉,为14.7%,最弱的地方为四川阎中,为23.6%。     

1960-2013年秦岭陕西段南北坡极端气温变化空间差异

作为气候变化研究的重要内容,极端气温研究对生态环境保护和灾害事件预警具有重要意义。根据1960-2013年秦岭32个气象站点的逐日气温资料,采用RClimDex软件、克里格插值法、线性倾向估计法和相关性分析法,研究秦岭山地陕西段（简称秦岭）气温的空间分布特点,以及极端气温的空间变化特征。结果表明：① 1960-2013年秦岭年平均气温、年最高气温和年最低气温分别为10.48 ℃、16.44 ℃和6.18 ℃;秦岭北坡气温在低海拔区高于南坡,在中、高海拔区低于南坡;南北坡的气温差值在低海拔区域最小,中海拔区域最大。② 秦岭极端气温的频率、强度和持续时间均表现为增加趋势,极端气温变化的敏感区域位于南坡的镇安、柞水和北坡的周至、户县。③ 秦岭北坡极端气温频率的变化更明显,秦岭南坡极端气温强度和持续时间的变化更明显;且北坡的增温主要发生在夜间,南坡的增温主要发生在白昼。④ 秦岭极端气温的变暖速率随海拔升高而增大,高海拔区域极端气温频率和强度的变化最明显,中海拔区域极端气温持续时间的变化最明显。     

长白山区植被生长季NDVI时空变化及其对气候因子敏感性

本文利用长白山区SPOT/VGT NDVI 数据和气象数据,分析该区不同植被类型NDVI时空变化特征以及与气候因子的相关关系,并探讨了植被对气候变化响应的滞后性。结果表明：①2000-2009 年,长白山区植被NDVI 逐年变化总体呈增长趋势,增长区域的面积占全区面积的83.91%,在空间上主要集中在北坡和西坡,NDVI减少区域集中在南坡;②NDVI变化率随季节和植被类型变化而不同,NDVI增长主要集中在5 月和9 月,而7 月NDVI变化较小,甚至出现下降趋势;③植被NDVI与温度和降水存在着显著的正相关性（p<0.01）,且NDVI与温度的相关性高于与降水的相关性,且随海拔升高,NDVI与温度相关性增强;④NDVI对气温和降水变化的响应存在滞后期, 不同植被类型,滞后期存在差异。苔原NDVI对温度和降水响应的滞后期大约10 天,而针阔混交林和针叶林NDVI 对温度和降水响应的滞后期约为20 天。     

蒙古国植被对干旱响应的敏感性研究

本文分析了蒙古国不同区域、不同土地覆被类型区的植被生长状况对干旱响应的敏感性特征,并探讨了成因。研究表明：① 2001—2019年,蒙古国虽然发生了3次较为严重的干旱事件,但整体上干旱程度呈轻微降低趋势,SPEI出现轻微上升,总体增速为0.001%/a;植被生长状况出现了好转,植被指数也呈上升趋势,总体增速为0.15%/a。② 蒙古国大部分区域植被生长受干旱影响较强,各植被指数与干旱指数呈较明显的正相关关系,在NDVI与SPEI-12的相关性分析中,正相关面积占比达76.36%;而在杭爱山脉和肯特山脉以北降水量丰沛的区域和阿尔泰山脉以南荒漠化严重和植被极为稀少区域,植被生长受干旱影响较弱,植被指数与SPEI相关性较小。③ 不同类型植被对干旱响应的敏感性也有差异,其中草地敏感性最强（0.22）,而森林敏感性最弱（-0.04）。④ 干旱持续时间长短,对植被生长影响有较大差异,蒙古国大部分区域的植被对延续3个月至半年的干旱最为敏感,而年内以7月份干旱对植被影响最强。⑤ 植被对干旱响应的敏感性实质是区域水分平衡的植被影响,对同种植被而言多年平均气温越高或降水量越少,植被对干旱响应的敏感性越强,反之则越弱。本文的研究结果对蒙古国因地制宜开展荒漠化防治具有重要参考价值。     

基于GIMMS AVHRR NDVI数据的三北防护林工程区植被覆盖动态变化与影响因子分析研究(英文)

本文基于1982-2006年连续25年的GIMMS AVHRR NDVI植被覆盖指数,采用了最大化NDVI均值法、与气温及降水变化的相关性和一元线性回归趋势分析法,对中国三北防护林工程区连续25年的植被覆盖时空变化特征进行了动态变化研究。结果表明:(1)近25年来,研究区植被NDVI平均值总体呈缓慢上升趋势,增速为每10年0.007;(2)研究区植被和气温、降水整体呈正相关关系,植被与降水正相关面积明显大于植被与气温正相关面积,说明降水是研究区植被生长的关键因子;(3)1982-2006年,研究区植被覆盖增加的区域主要分布在大兴安岭中、南部,小兴安岭中部,长白山东北段,燕山,辽西低山丘陵区,阿尔泰山,天山,祁连山东段,西北荒漠区东部和黄土高原丘陵沟壑区南部等;植被覆盖减少的区域主要是在大兴安岭两侧,呼伦贝尔高原西部,三江平原北部,科尔沁沙地南端,西北荒漠区南部和黄土高原丘陵沟壑区北部等。     

中国东部植被NDVI对气温和降水的时空响应(英文)

Temporal and spatial response characteristics of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature and precipitation in the whole year,spring,summer and autumn was analyzed from April 1998 to March 2008 based on the SPOT VGT-NDVI data and daily temperature and precipitation data from 205 meteorological stations in eastern China.The results indicate that as a whole,the response of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature is more pronounced than that of precipitation in eastern China.Vegetation NDVI maxi...     

Vegetation change and its response to drought in Inner Mongolia of northern China from 1998 to 2013

Vegetation plays a significant role in global terrestrial ecosystems and in combating desertification. We analyzed vegetation change in Inner Mongolia of northern China using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) from 1998 to 2013, which is an important composite of Chinese National Ecological Security Shelter. The correlation between vegetation growth and drought quantified using the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index(SPEI) was also explored. Results show that vegetation in most of the study area has been rehabilitated to various degrees, especially in regions such as most of the Horqin Sandy Land, eastern Ordos Plateau, Hetao Plain, as well as the middle-northern Da Hinggan Ling Mountains. Vegetation improvement in spring was significant in most of the study area. Vegetation degradation was centrally distributed in Xilingol grassland close to the Sino-Mongolia border and abandoned croplands in Ulanqab Meng. Vegetation change trends and seasonal differences varied among different vegetation types. The biggest vegetation variation in the growing season was the belt-like distribution along those grasslands close to the precipitation isoline of 200 mm and the Sino-Mongolia border, but also variation in summer and autumn exist in obvious spatial differences between grasslands and forests. Drought largely influenced vegetation change of Inner Mongolia at 6-month scale or 12-month scale, except for forests of eastern Hunlun Buir Meng and deserts or gobi deserts of western Alxa Meng. Moreover,drought in the previous winter and early spring seasons had a lag effect on growing-season vegetation. Desert grassland was the most easily affected by drought in the study area. Anthropogenic activities have made great progress in improving local vegetation under the lasting drought background.     

Temporal and spatial response of vegetation NDVI to temperature and precipitation in eastern China

Temporal and spatial response characteristics of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature and precipitation in the whole year, spring, summer and autumn was analyzed from April 1998 to March 2008 based on the SPOT VGT–NDVI data and daily temperature and precipitation data from 205 meteorological stations in eastern China. The results indicate that as a whole, the response of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature is more pronounced than that of precipitation in eastern China. Vegetation NDVI maximally responds to the variation of temperature with a lag of about 10 days, and it maximally responds to the variation of precipitation with a lag of about 30 days. The response of vegetation NDVI to temperature and precipitation is most pronounced in autumn, and has the longest lag in summer. Spatially, the maximum response of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature is more pronounced in the northern and middle parts than in the southern part of eastern China. The maximum response of vegetation NDVI to the variation of precipitation is more pronounced in the northern part than in the middle and southern parts of eastern China. The response of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature has longer lag in the northern and southern parts than in the middle part of eastern China. The response of vegetation NDVI to the variation of precipitation has the longest lag in the southern part, and the shortest lag in the northern part of eastern China. The response of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature and precipitation in eastern China is mainly consistent with other results, but the lag time of vegetation NDVI to the variation of temperature and precipitation has some differences with those results of the monsoon region of eastern China.     

Vertical differentiation of land cover in the central Himalayas

Characterized by obvious altitudinal variation, habitat complexity, and diversity in land cover, the Mt. Qomolangma region within the central Himalayas is one of the most sensitive areas to climate change in the world. At the same time, because the Mt. Qomolangma region possesses the most complete natural vertical spectrum in the world, it is also an ideal place to study the vertical structure of alpine land cover. In this study, land cover data for 2010 along with digital elevation model data were used to define three methods for dividing the northern and southern slopes in the Mt. Qomolangma region, i.e., the ridgeline method, the sample transect method, and the sector method. The altitudinal distributions of different land cover types were then investigated for both the northern and southern slopes of the Mt. Qomolangma region by using the above three division methods along with Arc GIS and MATLAB tools. The results indicate that the land cover in the study region was characterized by obviously vertical zonation with the south-six and north-four pattern of vertical spectrum that reflected both the natural vertical structure of vegetation and the effects of human activities. From low to high elevation, the main land cover types were forests, grasslands, sparse vegetation, bare land, and glacier/snow cover. The compositions and distributions of land cover types differed significantly between the northern and southern slopes; the southern slope exhibited more complex land cover distributions with wider elevation ranges than the northern slope. The area proportion of each land cover type also varied with elevation. Accordingly, the vertical distribution patterns of different land cover types on the southern and northern slopes could be divided into four categories, with glaciers/snow cover, sparse vegetation, and grasslands conforming to unimodal distributions. The distribution of bare land followed a unimodal pattern on the southern slope but a bimodal pattern on the northern slope. Finally, the use of different slope division methods produced similar vertical belt structures on the southern slope but different ones on the northern slope. Among the three division methods, the sector method was better to reflect the natural distribution pattern of land cover.     

新疆气候“湿干转折”的信号和影响探讨

新疆是对全球变化响应最敏感地区之一,分析全球变暖背景下新疆干湿气候变化及其影响,对应对和适应未来气候变化带来的影响具有重要意义。基于气象水文观测资料,对新疆区域干湿气候变化及其影响评估进行了探讨。结果表明：① 20世纪80年代中后期以来新疆气温升高,降水量增加,呈“暖湿化”特征;但1997年之后,干旱变化趋势、干旱频率、干旱发生月份等均有明显增加,导致70%以上的区域变干,新疆气候出现了从“暖湿化”向“暖干化”转折的强烈信号,即发生了“湿干转折”;② 新疆气候转折对区域生态和水资源造成明显的影响,归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI）经历了先增后减的变化过程,1982—1997年植被趋于“变绿”,但1997年之后植被长势迟滞,土壤水分明显下降,生态逆转,生态负效应凸显;③ 新疆河流径流变化出现明显的区域差异,对干湿气候转折响应复杂,受冰雪融水对径流补给比例的影响,发源于天山的河流径流对区域干湿变化有正响应,但发源于昆仑山的河流径流响应不明显。研究结果表明气候“湿干转折”和极端气候事件加剧背景下新疆干旱化急剧增加,水循环系统和生态系统不稳定性加剧,相关成果可为区域干旱灾害防灾减灾和风险管理提供有价值的决策参考。     

气候变化和生态建设对秦岭—淮河南北植被动态的影响

论文基于2000—2019年秦岭—淮河南北MODIS-NDVI植被覆盖数据,对中国南北过渡带植被时空变化进行分析,并探讨植被动态变化驱动因素。结果表明：① 在趋势变化上,2000—2019年秦岭—淮河南北植被显著恢复。其中,秦巴山区植被恢复面积占比最高,其次是巫山山区和关中平原;植被退化区面积占比仅为6.4%,主要分布于长三角城市群。② 在气候因素上,NDVI变化与气温显著相关(P<0.05)面积占比为9.1%,低于降水(13.1%)和日照时数(14.5%)显著区域,无显著相关区域分布面积最广,说明在关键生长季(5—9月),区域水热条件较好,植被年际波动受气候变化影响区域较少。③ 在驱动因素上,受气候因素和生态建设驱动绿化占比分别为19.2%和30.0%,其中,生态建设驱动绿化区与秦巴山区、大别山生态修复工程,川东、长江中下游撂荒地空间格局一致,说明耕地转为生态用地是区域植被快速恢复的主要原因。研究结果对量化湿润—半湿润地区植被驱动因素,优化生态建设评估模型具有启示意义。     

2000—2019年秦岭南北实际蒸散发时空变化特征

基于遥感数据全面认识复杂地形单元实际蒸散发时空规律,对区域可持续水资源管理具有重要的意义。论文基于MODIS实际蒸散发(ET)数据,对2000—2019年秦岭南北ET时空变化特征进行分析,探究不同分区ET对植被变化的响应关系,进而识别ET趋势和年代变化的高相关海气环流因素。结果表明：① 在变化趋势上,以1000 m等高线为界,即秦岭地区北亚热带和山地暖温带的分界线,低海拔河谷地带为ET显著增加区,山地高海拔地区为ET下降区;② 除城市、乡镇周边地区,研究期间秦岭南北下垫面相对稳定,转为生态用地的活跃区主要分布在山地1000 m过渡带,其是ET与NDVI变化显著相关区,而1000 m以上高海拔地区两者相关性较低;③ ENSO、青藏高原北部气压异常,与秦岭山地、汉江谷地ET的趋势变化和年代波动显著相关,而西太平洋副热带高压与ET的趋势显著相关,与年代波动特征相关较弱。即发生中部型厄尔尼诺事件时,西太平洋副热带高压偏强,对流层低层形成异常反气旋,导致中国东部雨带北移,秦岭山地和汉江谷地降水偏少,气温偏高,ET往往偏大。研究结果启示：秦岭南北科学适应气候变化时,应关注秦岭山地、汉江谷地ET变化显著相关的环流信号;应深刻理解秦岭高海拔地区蒸散发下降趋势对区域水资源管理的影响。     

The relationship between NDVI and precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre-lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi-cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

青藏高原植被覆盖变化与降水关系

The temporal and spatial changes of NDVI on the Tibetan Plateau, as well as the relationship between NDVI and precipitation, were discussed in this paper, by using 8-km resolution multi-temporal NOAA AVHRR-NDVI data from 1982 to 1999. Monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall were used to analyze the seasonal changes, and annual maximum NDVI, annual effective precipitation and growing season precipitation (from April to August) were used to discuss the interannual changes. The dynamic change of NDVI and the corre- lation coefficients between NDVI and rainfall were computed for each pixel. The results are as follows: (1) The NDVI reached the peak in growing season (from July to September) on the Tibetan Plateau. In the northern and western parts of the plateau, the growing season was very short (about two or three months); but in the southern, vegetation grew almost all the year round. The correlation of monthly maximum NDVI and monthly rainfall varied in different areas. It was weak in the western, northern and southern parts, but strong in the central and eastern parts. (2) The spatial distribution of NDVI interannual dynamic change was different too. The increase areas were mainly distributed in southern Tibet montane shrub-steppe zone, western part of western Sichuan-eastern Tibet montane coniferous forest zone, western part of northern slopes of Kunlun montane desert zone and southeastern part of southern slopes of Himalaya montane evergreen broad-leaved forest zone; the decrease areas were mainly distributed in the Qaidam montane desert zone, the western and northern parts of eastern Qinghai-Qilian montane steppe zone, southern Qinghai high cold meadow steppe zone and Ngari montane desert-steppe and desert zone. The spatial distribution of correlation coeffi- cient between annual effective rainfall and annual maximum NDVI was similar to the growing season rainfall and annual maximum NDVI, and there was good relationship between NDVI and rainfall in the meadow and grassland with medium vegetation cover, and the effect of rainfall on vegetation was small in the forest and desert area.     

喜马拉雅山脉中段土地覆被的垂直分异特征

喜马拉雅山脉中段的珠穆朗玛峰等地,海拔高差巨大、生境复杂多变、土地覆被类型多样且植被垂直带谱完整,是全球范围内研究土地覆被垂直变化的理想场所。本文基于30 m空间分辨率的土地覆被数据（2010年）和DEM数据,在ArcGIS和Matlab平台的支持下,提出并运用脊线法、样带法和扇区法3种山地南北坡划分方法,研究了喜马拉雅山土地覆被垂直分布与结构差异。结果表明：① 山地土地覆被分布具有明确的垂直地带性结构特征,喜马拉雅中部土地覆被垂直带谱为南六北四式,土地覆被垂直带谱中具有人类活动的特点。② 南北坡之间的土地覆被垂直带谱差异明显,南坡土地覆被类型完整多样,北坡相对简单;对同类型土地覆被而言,南坡较北坡分布高程低、幅度宽。③ 依据各类型分布面积比随海拔变化情况,土地覆被类型在南北坡上的垂直分布可分为4种模式：冰川雪被、稀疏植被和草地为单峰分布型,裸地为南单峰北双峰分布型。④ 3种划分方法中,南坡的土地覆被垂直带结构具有相似性,而北坡的土地覆被垂直带结构存在差异,扇区法较好地反映了土地覆被自然分布格局。     

植被NDVI对城市扩展及气候变化的响应——以西安及其附近区域为例

植被 NDVI 对城市扩展及气候变化响应研究,对于科学评估区域生态环境变化及调整与约束人类活动具有重要理论和现实意义。以西安及其附近区域为例,基于区域土地利用、MODIS NDVI、气温和降水数据,分析了植被 NDVI 对城市扩展及气候变化的响应,结果表明：（1）2000-2014 年研究区植被 NDVI 变化过程划分为2000-2007 年的显著增加阶段和2007-2014 年的显著减少阶段,前者主要分布于区域北部黄土高原、南部秦岭北坡,后者主要分布于区域中部关中平原尤其是西安及其附近区域。（2）2000-2015 年研究区建设用地增加1 428.27 km² ,建设用地增加区域植被 NDVI 呈显著减少趋势。（3）研究区植被 NDVI 与年降水量的相关性高于年平均气温,同时西安及其以南区域植被 NDVI 与年平均气温、年降水量均呈负相关关系,反映出城市扩展等人类活动对植被 NDVI 变化的影响超过了气候变化的影响。研究结果表明植被 NDVI 总体受气候变化控制,但局部受人类活动影响更为严重,并且植被 NDVI 对气候变化的响应表现出波动性,而对城市扩展表现出线性减少趋势性,为通过植被 NDVI 变化区分自然因素与人为因素对环境影响提供了可能。     

1992—2020年横断山区植被分布与植被活动变化

横断山区位于青藏高原东缘和多条重要江河的上游,是全球生物多样性最丰富的地区和生态保护的优先区域之一,区域植被对维系区域生态安全和可持续发展起着十分重要的作用。20世纪90年代以来,中国在横断山区实施了多项重大生态恢复和建设工程,但囿于资料和调查不足,对于横断山区全域性、长时段的植被变化及其与海拔关系研究相对较少。鉴此,本文结合使用1992—2020年间多种基于卫星遥感资料生产的土地覆被数据和2000—2020年间MODIS的归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,采用转移矩阵、Theil-Sen Median趋势分析与偏相关分析等方法研究不同植被类型转换、植被覆被面积与平均海拔变化关系以及植被活动的时空变化趋势,并分析时空变化的主要影响因素。结果表明：① 横断山区分布最广泛的植被类型是常绿针叶林与灌丛—草地镶嵌类型。植被发生变化的区域集中分布在河谷和南部低海拔区域,草地多向森林特别是常绿针叶林转换,植被覆被逐渐向好。这表明封山育林、植树造林、退耕还林等生态保护政策起到重要积极作用。时间序列数据显示,植被覆被面积变化剧烈的时期往往处在政策实施的起始阶段。② 植被活动整体呈现增强趋势。在植被类型未变化的区域中,75%以上区域植被活动增强,其中超20%的区域显著增强（P < 0.05）,且森林植被活动增强趋势大于草地。③ 对植被活动影响较大的环境因子主要是气候变化和地形条件。尽管大部分区域植被活动受气候变暖影响而增强,但在干热河谷的植被活动明显受到降水减少的限制。有近1/4面积的植被活动在减弱,主要分布在山地东坡或南坡,或与降水较多、山高坡陡而造成滑坡、泥石流等自然灾害有关。这些发现可为横断山区生态保护政策效益评估、自然灾害综合风险评估和未来气候变化影响下的植被变化预测提供参考。     

关中平原城市群植被覆盖的时空特征与影响因素

植被是全球及区域生态系统环境变化的重要指标,也是对人类社会活动有重要贡献的资源之一。为了研究关中平原城市群不同区域植被覆盖变化对自然和人文因子的响应,以划分为三个区域的植被作为研究对象,选取2000—2017年MODIS-NDVI遥感数据,运用趋势分析、探索性空间数据分析与地理探测器等方法,从时序演进与空间分布方面研究了18 a内植被覆盖的演化及分布特征,定量分析影响植被覆盖的主导因子。遥感数据要通过投影转换、拼接、最大值合成等方法进行处理,再运用Python程序进行影像批量裁剪,将遥感数据和气象数据进行分区统计,最后对该处理数据进行讨论研究。结论表明：（1） 研究期内关中平原城市群植被覆盖呈显著上升趋势,NDVI平均值增速为0.077·（10 a）^–1,阶段性变化特征明显,其中2005—2007阶段和2011—2013阶段极显著增加,最大上升速率达到了0.05·a^–1。（2） 空间上总体呈现“南高北低”的分布特征,研究区总体得到改善;高值区主要分布在南部秦岭北坡,受气候因子的影响更大,植被覆盖增加速度缓慢,达到轻度改善水平;低值区聚集在黄土高原边缘地区,植被增加趋势明显;中部关中平原极少部分地区植被覆盖出现了轻度退化或严重退化,以西安市及临近城市最为典型。（3） 热点区主要分布在秦岭山区及关中平原中部地区,冷点区则集中于黄土高原边缘地区,植被覆盖总体以增长为主。热点区格网数量持续增多,2013年达到最大为45.07%;冷点区域数量不断减少,2017年减少到9.82%;次热点区与次冷点区主要分布在中部平原地带及北部地区,由连片分布转化为零散分布,且总量不断减少。（4） 自然因素对植被覆盖的影响最为突出,其中气温和降水为影响植被覆盖的主导因子,决定力q值分别为0.955和0.931,且气温的影响大于降水的影响;人文因子影响力较为显著,GDP因子决定力q值达到0.387。研究可为当地改善植被覆盖环境提供理论依据。     

Land Cover Status in the Koshi River Basin,Central Himalayas

The Koshi River Basin is in the middle of the Himalayas, a tributary of the Ganges River and a very important cross-border watershed. Across the basin there are large changes in altitude, habitat complexity, ecosystem integrity, land cover diversity and regional difference and this area is sensitive to global climate change. Based on Landsat TM images, vegetation mapping, field investigations and 3S technology, we compiled high-precision land cover data for the Koshi River Basin and analyzed current land cover characteristics. We found that from source to downstream, land cover in the Koshi River Basin in 2010 was composed of water body (glacier), bare land, sparse vegetation, grassland, wetland, shrubland, forest, cropland, water body (river or lake) and built-up areas. Among them, grassland, forest, bare land and cropland are the main types, accounting for 25.83%, 21.19%, 19.31% and 15.09% of the basin’s area respectively. The composition and structure of the Koshi River Basin land cover types are different between southern and northern slopes. The north slope is dominated by grassland, bare land and glacier; forest, bare land and glacier are mainly found on northern slopes. Northern slopes contain nearly seven times more grassland than southern slopes; while 97.13% of forest is located on southern slopes. Grassland area on northern slope is 6.67 times than on southern slope. The vertical distribution of major land cover types has obvious zonal characteristics. Land cover types from low to high altitudes are cropland, forest, Shrubland and mixed cropland, grassland, sparse vegetation, bare land and water bodies. These results provide a scientific basis for the study of land use and cover change in a critical region and will inform ecosystem protection, sustainability and management in this and other alpine transboundary basins.