汶川地震余震序列中2个疑似深于30km余震的波形研究

寻找并确认更深的余震,对认识汶川主震的深部构造环境、应力状态具有一定的意义.已有研究表明,绝大多数汶川地震余震深度在20km以内,但近期的研究提出了2个余震可能深于30km的证据,为了确认这2个疑似深震的震源深度,本文通过计算理论地震图测试了震源深度及震中距对P波偏振的影响,并与实际观测的P波偏振信息进行对比分析.此外,还使用近震深度震相sPL波拟合的方法来测定震源深度,确认了这2个地震的深度在10 ～ 15km范围.     

数字化地震波形小震P波、S波震源参数对比研究

目前,国内在数字化地震资料研究中,主要应用S波来研究震源参数.本文充分利用上海数字化地震台阵(网)资料,挑选了2001～2004年华东地区发生的9个震级较大的中等地震,反演了单台记录垂直向纵波(P波)及横波(S波)震源谱,根据布龙模型,计算每个地震单台拐角频率、地震矩、零频谱值、震源破裂半径、应力降等参数,求出每个地震的震源参数(P波和S波)的平均值及其均方差,对这9个地震的P波、S波震源参数计算结果进行了对比.结果表明,用P波段数据进行震源参数的研究是可行的.     

P波极性数据所揭示的台湾地区三维应力结构的初步结果

采用综合震源机制方法,利用503393个P波极性数据反演了台湾地区的三维应力结构.对于给定点,根据该点及邻近区域地震的所有P波极性数据采用地震综合震源机制进行估算,P波极性数据的权重由高斯距离函数给定.该方法可以采用大量P波极性数据,包括不能确定单个地震震源机制的P波极性数据.与传统的震源机制确定应力场的方法相比,该方...     

用P波、S波初动和振幅比计算中小地震震源机制在云南地区的应用

利用云南数字地震台网记录的区域波形资料,用P、S波初动和P、S波的振幅比联合计算了发生在云南省内的91次中小地震的震源机制.通过与矩心矩张量法和P波初动法的结果对比分析,认为用P、S波初动和振幅比求解震源机制的方法是可行可靠的,用这种方法不仅可以得到5级以上地震的震源机制,也可以计算台网分布较好地区的3～4级地震的震源机制.另外,用91个地震的震源机制资料得到了云南地区震源机制类型、主压应力轴的平面分布及其统计图,结果表明云南地区以走滑型地震为主,主压应力轴优势分布方向为NNE向,这些结果与利用哈佛得到的结果是一致的.     

利用视震源时间函数反演尼泊尔M_S8.1地震破裂过程

以2015年4月26日MS7.1余震为经验格林函数事件,利用全国和全球的宽频带记录提取了2015年4月25日尼泊尔MS8.1地震的P波视震源时间函数和Rayleigh波视震源时间函数,并通过联合反演这些视震源时间函数获得了这次地震的时空破裂过程图像.无论是P波视震源时间函数还是Rayleigh波视震源时间函数都呈现出很强的方位依赖性,表明震源断层具有相当的尺度且破裂朝东南方向扩展.时空破裂过程图像清楚地证实了这一特征,并更清晰地显示,破裂几乎是纯粹的单侧破裂,从破裂起始点开始,沿断层面向东南方向扩展~100km,同时沿断层面向深部扩展~80km,形成~125°的破裂优势方向和~5.8m的最大位错.地震的破裂时间历史相对简单,呈非间断性扩展,持续时间约50s.     

用接收函数建立区域模型的震源机制反演及其在芦山地震序列研究中的应用

本文提出并试验了一种基于接收函数建立区域模型进行震源机制反演的方法.选取四川地震台网记录的M≥3且信噪比高的近震波形资料,反演得到了芦山地震序列中74个地震的震源机制.通过对震源深度和震源机制的综合分析,探讨了芦山地震的发震构造和区域应力场状态.采用接收函数方法反演获取了26个台站下方的S波速度结构,对不同区域的台站反演结果进行叠加平均,以此区域平均S波速度作为本文震源机制反演使用的区域模型的S波速度;区域模型的P波速度由经验公式给出.反演稳定性测试表明,使用不同模型或对原始波形记录加入随机噪声的反演结果与原始反演相比,震源深度最大误差为1km,断层面各参数误差水平也很低,且显示的发震类型是一致的,其中随机噪声带来的误差小于模型带来的误差.主震反演得到的震源机制解为:震源深度17km,矩震级6.47;节面Ⅰ走向213°,倾角51°,滑动角98°;节面Ⅱ走向20°,倾角40°,滑动角80°;显示芦山主震可视为纯逆冲型地震,发震构造可能是某个具有较大倾角的逆冲断层,而不是低缓的推覆构造的基底滑脱面.同时本文反演获取的73个M≥3余震的震源机制绝大多数也显示了类似的发震类型,逆冲型地震为67个,占92%,具有绝对优势;走滑型地震为5个,正断型地震为1个.其中5个走滑型地震中的4个均分布在震源区的东北端.整个芦山地震序列深度集中在12~20km,且沿震源区短轴的余震深度剖面有自西向东呈逐步变浅的趋势,呈现清晰的铲形断面结构,结合本地地质构造,可以推断芦山地震序列主要发生在龙门山前山断裂以东的逆冲推覆体内的一个隐伏断裂上.P轴方位角优势方位与区域应力场及汶川震源区南段的相一致,表明芦山序列地震活动主要受区域应力场控制,且汶川震后该区应该不存在应力场变化.P轴仰角随深度分布则显示了孕震层在浅部为脆性上地壳,而深部已经进入了中地壳低速层.断层面的几何形态简单,倾角均值在不同深度保持稳定在55°左右,与主震倾角接近,这与汶川震源区南段的研究结果明显不同,揭示了龙门山断裂带南段与此次芦山发震断裂在断层面几何形态上的明显差异.     

利用P波和S波的初动和振幅比计算中小地震的震源机制解

应用Snoke最新发展的利用P波、 SV波、 SH波的初动和振幅比联合计算地震震源机制解的程序, 使用一些省地震局数字台网得到的数字波形资料, 尝试计算了中小地震的震源机制解, 并与原来仅用P波初动得到的结果进行对比研究。 结果表明, 这种方法是可行的。 该方法为数字地震资料在地震预测中的应用提供了一种新的可能。     

提取视震源时间函数的PLD方法及其对2005年克什米尔Mw7．6地震的应用

通过重构用于确定视震源时间函数有效持续时间的判别函数,对提取视震源时间函数的PLD方法进行了改进;利用合成资料和实际资料,验证了改进后PLD方法的可行性和稳定性.将PLD方法应用于2005年克什米尔Mw7.6地震及其11个余震的1887条记录,在84个台站处获得了这次地震的视震源时间函数.分别平均从不同台站的P波、S波、Rayleigh波和Love波中得到的视震源时间函数,获取了主震的平均视震源时间函数.对视震源时间函数的分析表明,2005年克什米尔Mw7.6地震的持续时间大约为25 S,这是一次"急始型"地震,总体上表现为圆盘形破裂.但有迹象表明,破裂在初期有向西北方向发展的单侧传播趋势.     

利用直达P波测定地方震震源深度的探讨

震源深度是地震时空参数中的基本参数,是目前最难测准的参数之一。可以使用直达P波测定震源深度。要确保测定结果的精度,必须加密台网观测点,使台间距的大小与震源深度相当。利用四川省西昌和冕宁大桥水库两个遥测地震台网的直达P波资料,测定发生在其监控区域内137个地震的震源深度。结果发现,该区域地震的平均深度和深度下限存在随震级增大而增加的现象。其中有部分地震的震源深度,利用本研究方法测定的结果与使用遥测地震台网计算机定位程序输出的结果相差较大。作者认为,这部分地震使用计算机定位程序得出的震源深度有较大的误差。     

提取视震源时间函数的PLD方法及其对2005年克什米尔MW7.6地震的应用

通过重构用于确定视震源时间函数有效持续时间的判别函数,对提取视震源时间函数的PLD方法进行了改进;利用合成资料和实际资料,验证了改进后PLD方法的可行性和稳定性.将PLD方法应用于2005年克什米尔M_W7.6地震及其11个余震的1887条记录,在84个台站处获得了这次地震的视震源时间函数.分别平均从不同台站的P波、S波、Rayleigh波和 Love波中得到的视震源时间函数,获取了主震的平均视震源时间函数.对视震源时间函数的分析表明,2005年克什米尔M_W7.6地震的持续时间大约为25 s,这是一次“急始型”地震,总体上表现为圆盘形破裂.但有迹象表明,破裂在初期有向西北方向发展的单侧传播趋势.     

Sorption of Ammonium-Ions by Clinoptilolite and by Strongly Acidic Cation Exchangers

The sorption capacity of two natural sorbents of different origin and of Wofatit KPS is determined by dynamic laboratory investigations and the influence of a thermal pretreatment of clinoptilolite, of the type and quantity of regenerants and of the presence of other cations is investigated. There are represented results of the ammonia removal from biologically treated municipal wastewater and of the removal of caesium-ions from laundry wastewaters. The capacity of clinoptilolite is lower than that of the ion-exchange resin, but clinoptilolite has the advantage of a considerably higher affinity for ammonium-ions, so that it can be used also in the presence of other salts in water to be treated. The ammonium concentration should not exceed 30 mg/l, in order to avoid too short filter runs.     

Distortions of the electromagnetic field by shallow basins and by resistive outcrops

The interpretation of magnetotelluric (MT) measurements carried out on shallow (several hundred metres deep) basins and on the surrounding highly resistive rock outcrops can be difficult due to different forms of distortion, mainly 3D effects. A good example for study of this problem is the Mór Graben, which is the transition zone between the Bakony and Vértes Mountains (W-Hungary), where more than 20 MT soundings have been made with stations spaced about 2 km apart to determine the structure of a conductivity anomaly at a depth of about 3–4 km.

The statistical treatment of the different distortions due to varying sediment cover (the S-effect or static shift) and to the steep wall of the resistive basement outcrops (edge effect), etc., enabled the estimation of the actual parameters of the conductive formation. The interpretation of the field data is supported by numerical modelling.     

Modeling of deposits by spheroids

The forward gravity problem is solved with the use of the subdivision of each body of a deposit into a set of adjoining vertical bars, and in the inverse problem each body of a deposit is modeled by a uniform spheroid. Well-known formulas for the gravitational potential and the gravity field components of oblate and prolate spheroids are reduced to a convenient form. Parameters of a spheroid are determined via the minimization of the Tikhonov smoothing functional with the use of constraints on the parameters. This makes the ill-posed inverse problem single-valued and stable. The Bulakh algorithm for estimating the depth and mass of a deposit is elaborated. This method is illustrated by a numerical example of a deposit consisting of two bodies.     

生物壳体锶地球化学恢复盆地古水文——以泥河湾盆地为例

本文以著名的泥河湾盆地小渡口剖面28层为实例,通过有孔虫,介形虫,腹足类微体生物壳体87Sr/86Sr比值与盆地汇水区域Sr同位素地层分布特征对比分析以及生物壳体Sr/Ca国度的相关性,来重塑沉积盆地汇水来源变更,湖水变化等古水文要素,进而可以反演区域构造－气候变化,实例研究结果表明,生物壳体87Cr/86Sr 及Sr/Ca比值等地球化学方法是恢复盆地古水文条件的重要手段。     

Prediction of indoor radon by aeroradioactivity

Attempts to predict which geographic areas should be associated with a high percentage of homes with unusually high indoor radon levels in Virginia and Maryland have been based on estimates of soil radon and soil permeability for geological units. This method is found to be less successful and probably less cost-effective than the use of total-gamma aeroradioactivity maps.     

Eclogitization of glaucophanites by fluid infiltration

The characteristic textures of eclogitic veins infilling the interstitial spaces among zoisite-glaucophanite pillows, the fractures crosscutting massive zoisite-glaucophanites and the relic conduits within the eclogite boudins demonstrate that the eclogitization of glaucophanites was accompanied by the presence of a free fluid phase in the Western Tianshan high-pressure metamorphic belt. Non-planar populations of fluid inclusions, parallel toC-axis, have been preserved within the omphacites in eclogitic veins. The microthermometric results indicate that fluids are low-salinity (1–4 wt%NaCl) aqueous fluids. The chemical compositions of major, trace and rare earth elements of eclogitic veins and related host rocks indicate that the eclogitization of glaucophanites required the addition of external Si and Na elements, and was accompanied by the loss of large-ion lithophile elements, rare earth elements and water. The record of eclogitization of glaucophanites along fractures and zones of high permeability by fluid infiltration has been preserved in the Wetsern Tianshan high-pressure metamorphic belt.     

Generation of planetary magnetism by convection

Reliable measurements of the magnetic fields of Jupiter and Mercury have been obtained recently. Convection appears to be the most probable origin of Jovian and Hermaean magnetism as well as of geomagnetism. The similarity of the dynamo mechanism in the electrically conducting core of these planets offers opportunities for comparing different hypotheses and testing theoretical models. It is proposed in this paper that the realized magnetic field reaches a maximum amplitude in accordance with the dynamical constraints of nearly geostrophic motion and the condition for dynamo action.     

Dynamics of towers surrounded by water

The effects of interaction with surrounding water on the dynamic response behaviour of cantilever tower structures are studied. Expressions for response to harmonic ground motion in individual modes of vibration, including hydrodynamic interaction, are presented, the accuracy of responses obtained by ignoring surface waves and compressibility of water in the hydrodynamic solutions is evaluated, the effects of hydrodynamic interaction on the fundamental period of vibration are studied and the commonly used ‘added mass’ approach to account for effects of surrounding water is examined. The conclusions deduced from the results of this investigation include the following. Interaction with surrounding water increases the fundamental period of vibration of the tower and decreases the modal damping ratio. Compressibility of water has essentially no influence in the hydrodynamic effects on slender towers. The traditional definition of added mass is conceptually deficient, but is simple to employ; the errors in this simple added mass representation are negligible for the first mode of vibration of towers.