全球垂直基准在全球变化研究中的作用

介绍了全球垂直基准 (GVD)在监测与全球变化有关的海平面变化、现今地壳运动中的作用 ,论及GVD与国际地球参考架 (ITRF)的关系 ,对如何建立全球垂直基准及其精度作了讨论。研究表明只要按文中的方法进行卫星激光测距 (SLR)、全球定位系统 (GPS)观测与重力测量 ,则可使全球垂直基准比现今世界各地高程之差约 2m要提高一个数量级。     

中国东部沿海地区的近代地壳垂直运动

对中国东部沿海地区利用50年代至80年代的精密水准复测资料,在均衡基准下研究了近代地壳垂直运动。用速率面拟合法由计算机绘制了速率等值线图,并结合区域地质构造、古海岸变迁,分区讨论了东部沿海地区的近代地壳垂直运动特征。为研究海面变化对中国东部沿海地区的影响提供了依据。     

水平和垂直尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取研究进展

植被覆盖及其变化是区域生态系统环境变化的重要指示,而植被覆盖度是植物群落覆盖地表状况的一个综合量化指标,是生态模型、碳循环、水循环模型等的重要特征参量。传统的植被覆盖度是指一定尺度下所有植被(乔、灌、草)覆盖的综合反映值,当考虑植被垂直方向的异质性,垂直尺度的乔、灌、草覆盖度提取为定量化准确衡量生态环境、全球气候变化等领域提供更具有生态意义的植被参量。目前,遥感大面积估算水平尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度已有比较成熟和可靠的算法,主要方法有：植被指数法、回归分析法、分类决策树法、神经网络法、像元分解模型法、物理模型反演法等,其估算精度基本能达到应用要求。植被垂直方向的异质性给垂直尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取带来较大挑战,垂直尺度上的乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取的研究在欧美等国已经有了一定规模的开展,在国内则处于起步阶段。遥感提取垂直尺度乔、灌、草覆盖度的主要手段有：激光雷达（LIDAR）、多角度遥感以及两层结构冠层反射模型反演。综述了水平尺度和垂直尺度上乔、灌、草覆盖度遥感提取的最新进展,比较和分析主要的遥感提取方法、模型和现存的一些问题,并对未来的研究发展趋势进行了展望。     

人工草地土壤水分垂直变化规律的实验研究

本文利用人工草地土壤水分试验资料,分析研究了人工草地土壤水分的周年变化和垂直变化规律,得出草地土壤水分的垂直变化可划分为多变层、过渡层及稳变层;垂直削面的周年变化可分为正常变化期、相对稳定期及变异最大期。     

着陆器足垫垂直冲击模型试验研究

着陆器着陆过程中会产生巨大的冲击作用,影响其内部精密仪器的正常工作。因此,研究着陆器足垫与土体相互作用对着陆器软着陆具有重要意义。基于对着陆过程的研究,将问题分解为垂直冲击和水平滑动两个方向的运动,并通过力的平衡和动量定理建立了垂直冲击的动力模型。利用独立研发的垂直冲击模型试验装置,探讨了冲击过程中土体密实度、冲击速率和冲击质量等对足垫刺入深度、最大轴力和最大加速度等的影响。分析结果表明,足垫刺入深度和最大轴力都随着冲击能量的增大而增大,并且逐渐趋于平稳。土体越密实、冲击质量越小,足垫加速度峰值则越大。试验结果还与动力模型进行了对比,结果表明,动力模型能合理地反映出着陆器在垂直冲击阶段的动力特性。     

寻找隐伏铀矿床的一种可能的地球化学模式

华南某隐伏铀矿床以其矿化垂幅大于1000多米和原生垂直分带保存完整而在华南铀成矿区具有典型意义。我们对该矿床的垂直分带现象、原因作了详细的研究工作,提出了一个热液的混合和沸腾垂直分带模式。这一地球化学模式对于指导寻找隐伏铀矿床大有裨益。 1、矿床垂直分带所研究的隐伏铀矿床属花岗岩型铀矿床。引起该矿床垂直分带的主要因素首推热液活动。因此,作者从热液的成分和性质、热液活动的产物(热液脉体和矿石)、热液活动对环境施加的影响(围岩蚀变)等方面入手,研究了该矿床的原生垂直分带。     

利用重磁水平和垂直二阶导数确定东北地区梯度带

分析了东北地区的重、磁场特征,同时对研究区的布格重力异常和航磁异常数据进行水平和垂直求导。水平和垂直参量图能给出断裂和走向的信息。结合布格重力异常图可以得出东北地区重力梯度带的走向和边界,并对比重力和磁力的垂直和各个角度的水平二阶导数来综合确定东北地区梯度带。利用求重力和磁力的水平和垂直二阶导数来划分东北地区梯度带。     

福建省水平摆与垂直摆观测资料对比分析

本文对比分析福建省五个台站水平摆与垂直摆观测资料的变化规律,评定资料的外在质量水平,计算资料的内在精度,通过分析与计算,可以看出,垂直摆观测资料保持了水平摆观测资料的变化规律,观测精度水平接近水平摆的精度水平。当前,福建省水平摆已进入老化阶段,用垂直摆替代已成必然。本文还讨论了有关垂直摆标定问题并提出几点建议。     

岩溶发育垂直分带及其工程地质意义

简述了岩溶发育的垂直分带性和岩溶发育的下限深度，概述了不同类型的岩溶发育垂直分带方案，讨论了现有岩溶发育垂直分带的特点。     

基于共轭梯度法的垂直有限线源三维电阻率反演

利用垂直有限线源研究油田注水分布和剩余油分布成为一种新型电测方法。本文对该方法实际应用的有效性进行了分析和说明,并利用共轭梯度迭代技术实现了垂直有限线源三维电阻率反演。结果表明,反演稳定可靠,计算速度快。     

Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Essays in Geomorphology. G. H. D ury .
The Movement of Beach Sand—Developments in Sedimentology, 5. J. C. I ngle J r .
Manual de Sédimentologie. A. V atan .
Carbonate Rocks—Developments in Sedimentology, 9A. G. V. C hilingar , H. J. B issell and R. W. F airbridge (Editors).
Cyclic Sedimentation—Developments in Sedimentology, 10. P. M c L. D. D uff , A. H allam and E. K. W alton (Editors).     

Book reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
Deltas: Sites and Traps for Fossil Fuels , ed. by M. K. G. Whateley and K. T. Pickering
Floods: Hydrological, Sedimentological, and Geomorphological Implications , ed. by K. Bevins and P. Carling
Soils of the Past: An Introduction to Paleopedology , by G. J. Retallack
Dinosaur Tracks and Traces , ed. by D. D. Gillette and M. G. Lockley
Cretaceous Resources, Events and Rhythms. Background and Plans for Research , ed. by R. N. Ginsburg and B. Beaudoin
Sedimentology and Geochemistry of Dolostones , ed. by V. Shukla and P. A. Baker     

Book Reviews

Books review in this article:
Diagenesis in Sediments—Developments in Sedimentology 8. G. L arsen and G. V. C hilingar (Editors)
Die Mikromorphornetrische Analyse. W. L. KUBIENA (Editor).
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry in Geology. E. E. ANGINO and G. K. BILLINGS
Concise Eizcyclopuedic Dictionary of Applied Geology, Mining and Civil Engineering. A. NP, LSON and K. D. NELSOS.     

Book Reviews

Book Review in this Article:
Fundamental Aspects of Petroleum Geochemistry. B. N agy and U. C olombo (Editors).
Processes of Coastal Development. Z enkovich , V. P., Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh and London, 1967, Edited by J. A. S teers , translated by D. G. F ry     

An outstanding achievement in the study of Petrology of the Fossil Organic Matter in Russia

Publication of the Petrological Atlas of Fossil Organic Matter in Russia in St. Petersburg was one of the remarkable events in the history of studying the organic matter. The authors of the atlas (V.I. Vyalov, I.B. Volkova, G.A. Belenitskaya, O.V. Petrov, V.N. Volkov, G.M. Volkova, M.V. Golitsyn, A.B. Gurevich, V.M. Bogomazov, A.I. Ginsburg, L.Ya. Kizil’shtein, V.V. Gal’chikov, A.P. Zolotov, G.A. Ignat’ev, V.A. Kosinskii, V.G. Kolomenskaya, T.N. Molozina, G.M. Parparova, N.V. Pronina, G.V. Sokolova, and S.V. Shcherbakova) are workers from the All-Russia Research Institute of Geology (VSEGEI) and several other institutions. It is known that atlases of coals in different regions (Donets, Dnieper, Moscow district, Lvov-Volynsk, Kuznetsk, Karaganda, Chelyabinsk, Pechora, and Kama basins; Caucasus region), as well as the Atlas of Mesozoic Coals of the USSR, were published during a long period of coal-petrographic studies (1955–2001). However, as the authors of the monograph under review rightly point out, diverse coal-petrographic classifications and nomenclatures were used in different regions, the analysis of coal metamorphism was not sufficiently scrutinized, and so on. This circumstance, as well as regional approach to the compilation of previously issued atlases, publication of a great body of factual material in recent years, and results of the study of organic matter (OM) obtained using advanced investigation methods, necessitated the compilation of the Petrological Atlas of Fossil Organic Matter of a new formation. When assessing the atlas content, we should note a wide range of problems discussed therein. The first part of the monograph is devoted to the characteristics of coal/combustible shale basins and deposits, petroliferous basins, and interrelation of hydrocarbons and solid combustible minerals.     

Oregon coastal salt marsh upper limits and tidal datums

Three coastal salt marshes were surveyed independently by two teams of biologists to determine the upper limit of marsh. Distribution of species and species assemblages were related to surveyed elevations for South Beach marsh, Yaquina River estuary; Drift Creek marsh, Alsea River estuary; and Bandon marsh, Coquille River estuary. A transition zone between marsh and upland was identified by strong dominance ofPotentilla pacifica and the presence ofAchillea millefolium, Angelica lucida, Aster subspicatus, Oenanthe sarmentosa, Trifolium wormskjoldii, andVicia gigantea. Mean elevation of the lower boundary of the transition zone was 1.38 m above National Geodetic Vertical Datum (N.G.V.D.) and the upper boundary of the transition zone was 1.54 m above N. G. V. D. Relation of the upper limit of marsh to tidal datums varied with marsh. Mean elevation of the upper and lower limit of the transition zone was 0.58 m above MHW and 0.36 m above MHW, respectively. The two teams of biologists using the same biological criteria for defining the upper limit of marsh, independently agreed on the elevational position of the upper limit of marsh. Additional research and testing of the definition of the upper limit of marsh is warranted.     

Book Review

Principles of Lithogenesis, 2. , N. M. STRAKHOV (English translation by J. PAUL FITZSIMMONS, edited by S. I. TOMKIEFF and J. S. HEMINGWAY).
The New Concepts of Continental Margin Sedimentation-A.G.I. Short Course Lecture Notes, Philadelphia, 7–9 November, 1969. D. J. STANLEY (Convener); J. R. CURRAY, G. V. MIDDLETON, D. J. STANLEY, and D. J. P. SWIFT (Lecturers).
Manual of Sedimentary Structures. C. E. B. CONYBEARE and K. A. W. CROOK.
Methods for the Study of Sedimentary Structures. ARNOLD H. BOUMA.     

Review Section

Teodorovich, G. I., A CONTRIBUTION ON THE ORIGIN OF LIMESTONES AND DOLOMITES¹ Transactions of. the Petroleum Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vol. V, 1955 Translated by Mark Burgunker.

Strakhov, N. M., Brodskaya, N. G., Knyaseva, L. M., Razzhivina, A. N. Rateev, M. A., Sapozhnikiv, D. G., and E. S. Shishova. FORMATION OF SEDIMENTS IN RECENT BASINS: A symposium, Moscow, 1954. 791pp. A review by George V. Chilingar, University of Southern California.     

Thermoluminescence dating of sediments

The potential for using the thermoluminescence behaviour of sediments for dating them was first recognized by Soviet scientists G.V. Morozov and V.N. Shelkoplyas, and for over a decade their TL dates, obtained from a variety of sediments, have appeared in the Soviet literature. Since 1977 TL sediment dates have been published by six additional groups using a variety of methods.In this review we describe the principles of TL dating, the various methods used, and contrast TL dating of sediments with the now well-accepted TL dating of pottery. We conclude that while TL dating has the potential to solve many sedimentary problems, more fundamental research needs to be carried out before such dates should be accepted. A set of criteria for acceptable dates is proposed.     

Book Review

Book review in This Article:
Currents in Submarine Canyons and Other Sea Valleys , by F. P. Shepard, N. F. Marshall, P. A. McLaughlin and G. G. Sullivan.
Deltaic Sand Bodies , by J. M. Coleman and D. B. Prior. A.A.P.G. Continuing Education Course Note
Diagenesis in Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks , ed. by G.Larsen and G.V. Chilingar.
NOAA Atlas 3. The Central North Atlantic Ocean Basin and Continental Margins , by P. A. Rona
Continental Red Beds , by P. Turner.
Sedimentation in Oblique-Slip Mobile Zones , ed. P. F. Ballance and H. G. Reading.
Concepts and Models of Dolomitization , ed. by D. H. Zenger, J. B. Dunham and R. L. Ethington.