The Gift of Peaceful Genes: Cultural Evolution on a Finite Earth

Warren Johnson. Charleston, SC: The Other Way Press, 2002. ix and 304 pp., diags, and index. $15.00 paper (ISBN 1‐58898‐261‐0). Reviewed by Wilbur Zelinsky, Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA.     

高地降温效应与构造-气候旋回

基于辐射平衡的原理,提出"高地降温效应"假说,阐明高原隆升与全球气候变冷的机制。地球如同被玻璃(大气层)包裹的、接受太阳辐射的球体,这层玻璃易于太阳短波的透入,不易于地面长波的散出,起到了很好的保温作用。玻璃越厚,保温效果越好,地球表面的热能量水平越高,地面温度也越高;反之,地面温度越低。估算了青藏高原和同纬度长江中下游平原之间的逆辐射量差值,用以表征高原隆升的逆辐射量减少值,进而又估算了全球高原隆升的逆辐射量减少值及占地球接受太阳辐射总量的比例。"高地降温效应"假说可以较好的解释寒武纪以来三次重大的构造运动-地貌演化-气候变化过程。构造运动形成高大山系和高原,引起全球降温,气候变冷;随着隆升的山系和高地逐渐被侵蚀为低地,地球表面变得平坦,全球大气层的温室效应增强,全球复又升温,气候变暖。青藏高原的形成,如同地球开了一个散热的"天窗",对新生代以来全球的持续降温作出了重要的贡献。     

The effect of a general aspherical perturbation on the free oscillations of the Earth

summary . The Lagrangian governing the infinitesimal elastic-gravitational oscillations of a completely general earth model with interior fluid—solid boundaries is given. Rayleigh's principle is then used to derive a formula for calculating the first-order perturbations in the eigenfrequencies due to an arbitrary slight perturbation of a spherically symmetric, non-rotating, isotropic starting model. The perturbations considered include rotation, asphericity, elastic anisotropy, and a deviatoric initial stress, as well as a change in the positions of both welded and fluid—solid boundaries.