夏季草原与戈壁地表能量分析

利用野外试验资料,比较分析了夏季祁连山区草原和河西走廊张掖戈壁地表能量特征,并探讨了环境因素与地表能量特征的关系。结果表明,在夏季典型晴天,山区草原的净辐射、潜热通量大于戈壁,而感热、土壤热通量小于戈壁;山区草原净辐射、潜热通量的日变化大于戈壁;而感热、土壤热通量的日变化小于戈壁。在山区草原,晴天潜热通量是土壤热通量的三倍多,感热通量与土壤热通量差异很小,净辐射主要用于蒸发、蒸腾;在戈壁,晴天土壤热通量和感热通量是潜热通量的近两倍,净辐射主要用于加热地表,并通过地表加热下层土壤和地面大气。两地均存在能量不平衡现象,草原感热、潜热、土壤热通量之和小于净辐射,戈壁感热、潜热、土壤热通量之和大于净辐射,戈壁能量不平衡大于草原。导致山区草原和戈壁地表净辐射特征差异的主要因素是太阳辐射,导致山区草原和戈壁地表能量分量特征差异的主要因素是陆面植被和水分,根本因素是陆面水分。      

黑河地区鼎新戈壁与绿洲和沙漠下垫面地表辐射平衡气候学特征的对比分析

利用2006年2月至2007年1月在甘肃酒泉金塔地区进行的"绿洲系统能量与水分循环过程观测与数值研究"野外试验中鼎新戈壁下垫面地表辐射观测资料,对戈壁地区不同天气条件下和季节平均的辐射平衡特征进行了分析,并将其辐射平衡各分量的年变化特征与HEIFE实验区张掖和沙漠站1991年同期的辐射观测资料作了对比分析.结果表明:鼎新戈壁地区7月典型晴天下,其辐射各分量表现出了标准的辐射平衡的日变化形态,总辐射峰值达到1081 w·m-2,净辐射峰值也在650w·m-2以上;由于阴天和降水天气过程的影响,使7月平均的辐射特征与典型晴天相比,短波辐射减少了30%左右.辐射收支的季节差别非常明显,季节平均日积分值由大到小依次为夏季、春季、秋季和冬季,冬季的总辐射日总量不到夏季的一半,净辐射只有夏季的1/4多些;总辐射年总量达到6 500MJ·m-2以上,4月沙尘天气对这一地区总辐射有一定的影响.地表反射率整体表现为夏季小、冬季大,年平均值为0.241,比绿洲的大,而小于沙漠地区.而地面有效辐射却在夏季最大,冬季最小,年变化趋势与沙漠地区极为相近;春、夏、秋季有效辐射与吸收辐射之比在0.5左右,冬季增大到0.7以上,年平均分别为0.56,比沙漠的稍小而远大于绿洲地区;地表净辐射年变化与总辐射相同,年总量达到2 360 MJ·m-2,大于沙漠地区而比绿洲地区小很多.     

利用SEBAL和改进的SEBAL模型估算黑河中游戈壁、绿洲的蒸散发

蒸散发是干旱、半干旱地区内陆河流域水分消耗的主要途径, 利用遥感估算流域尺度上的蒸散发对内陆河流域水循环和水资源的合理利用具有重要的指导意义. 基于2012年开展的黑河流域生态-水文过程综合遥感观测联合试验(HiWATER)的观测资料和高分辨率的ASTER影像, 分别利用 SEBAL 模型和改进的SEBAL(M-SEBAL)模型估算黑河中游不同时期戈壁、绿洲等不同下垫面的蒸散发, 通过涡动观测数据对比分析了SEBAL模型和M-SEBAL模型估算戈壁、绿洲蒸散发的精度. 结果表明: SEBAL模型在绿洲低估感热通量, 高估潜热通量; 在戈壁高估感热通量, 低估潜热通量. M-SEBAL 模型充分考虑不同下垫面地表辐射温度与植被覆盖度之间的关系, 能很好地反映不同植被覆盖区域的湍流通量的异质性, 估算黑河中游戈壁、绿洲蒸散发的精度高于SEBAL模型.     

天山北坡内陆河流域山地-平原绿洲和荒漠气候变化差异分析——以三工河流域为例

对中国天山北坡三工河流域山地、绿洲、荒漠不同下垫面区域1961-2007年气象资料序列进行了分析, 结果表明: 近50 a平原绿洲区平均温度以0.3 ℃·(10a)~(-1) 趋势上升;流域山区增温趋势较慢, 平均每10 a以0.17 ℃的趋势增温, 但本世纪初增温速率加快, 绿洲区和山区分别增加0.7 ℃和 0.5 ℃. 流域CO_2浓度和CH_4浓度持续上升, 且高于全球平均水平.原绿洲区1987-2007年比1961-1986年平均降水量偏多35%;山区降水量平均每10 a增加速率和绿洲区基本一致, 但波动较大, 20世纪80年代降水增加较显著, 90年代降水量减少到70年代水平, 本世纪初降水量显著增加. 气候变化序列用Mann-Kendall方法检验认为, 山区温度和降水没有达到突变水平, 平原绿洲区降水在1984年发生了由低向高的突变, 温度在1995年发生了由低向高的突变. 夏季荒漠空气相对湿度、太阳辐射量均小于绿洲, 但温度却始终高于绿洲, 绿洲"湿岛效应"和"冷岛效应"特征明显. 荒漠-绿洲温差有3 h、 20 h的主要周期, 温差突变一般发生在凌晨.     

西北荒漠草甸植被光谱反射特征研究

选取位于西北干旱内陆地区的安西荒漠草场为观测试验区,分别对盐生低地草甸、极旱荒漠草甸和荒漠灌丛三类草地进行了地面反射光谱测定,并分析了主要荒漠草甸植被光谱反射的一般特征和红边参数特征,进而探讨了形成草地光谱特征差异的主要内在原因和影响因素。结果表明:在近红外波段,由于荒漠植被类别间叶片内部结构变化大,因此冠层光谱反射率差异较大;同一植被冠层光谱反射率的大小主要受植被长势的影响;受沙地背景的影响,在近红外波段,植被冠层的光谱反射率要明显小于叶片的光谱反射率;荒漠植被冠层光谱的红边也具有“双峰”现象,红边特征的参数表现为:沙地植被>绿洲植被>沙漠植被。对安西荒漠植被光谱特征的分析研究,对于研究干旱区荒漠植被的理化性能、遥感反演、植被分类、植被调查等都具有重要的意义。     

2009/2010年黄河源区高寒草甸下垫面能量平衡特征分析

以青藏高原黄河源玛多为实验区, 基于TRM-ZS1气象生态环境监测仪2009年11月1日至2010年10月31日辐射及能量通量观测数据, 采用波文比能量平衡法, 进行了该区域潜热和感热通量的估算, 分析了黄河源区高寒草甸下垫面辐射收支, 潜热、 感热和土壤热通量在不同季节的分配, 对该区域冬季地面加热场强度的变化进行了研究.结果表明: 该区域总辐射、 净辐射较强, 总辐射平均日积分值为18.06 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, 净辐射平均日积分值5.95 MJ·m^-2·d^-1, 曾观测到高达979.5 W·m^-2的净辐射通量.全年地表平均反射率为0.30, 接近于荒漠和半荒漠下垫面的反射率.植物生长季土壤湿度和冬、 春季地面积雪是影响该区域地表反射率的两个最主要因素.该区域感热通量年积分值为742.68 MJ·m^-2·a^-1, 潜热通量年积分值为1 388.58 MJ·m²·a^-1, 全年中地表以潜热方式传递热量为主.分季节分析, 冬季感热潜热强度相当, 春季以感热为主, 夏秋季则以潜热为主.土壤热通量年积分值为38.06 MJ·m^-2·a^-1, 全年热通量在热量平衡中约占1.8%, 但季节分配不平衡, 在冬季, 有|G|>H+LE, 土壤热通量是热平衡最大的分量.该区域地表全年向大气释放热量, 地表对大气而言是热源.     

黑河流域中游张掖绿洲景观格局研究

在解译的张掖绿洲土地利用/土地覆盖图的基础上, 进行相关的景观类型综合处理, 计算了绿洲景观格局的多个指数. 结果表明, 绿洲景观的组成以戈壁、沙地、耕地和草地为主, 体现了荒漠基质受人工影响而形成的典型农业型绿洲的特点. 绿洲内居民点众多, 仅与少数类型邻接并且比较分散, 戈壁、平原旱地和沙地分布则比较集中. 盐碱地和裸岩石砾地的形状最复杂, 戈壁的形状则最简单; 同时, 平原旱地、戈壁和裸岩石砾地的连接性均较好, 在景观中占有较大比重, 类型间的物质和能量迁移比较通畅.     

冰雪资源的利用

水,是农业的命脉,对于干旱地区说来更是这样。戈壁荒漠中的绿洲主要是依靠发源于高山冰雪带的大小河流进行灌溉的。因此,人们常把冰雪融水比喻为绿洲的命脉。 我国西部干旱地区比起非洲撒哈拉沙漠、西亚沙特阿拉伯沙漠和中美荒漠内的干旱区来说具有更为优越的自然条件。在塔里木盆地、准葛尔盆地、柴达木盆地和甘肃河西走廊的周围高耸山地里蕴藏着极其丰富的冰川资源。据统计,新疆、青海和甘肃冰川面     

喜马拉雅北部地区春季大气特征及日变化分析

利用珠峰北部地区的观测资料和AIRS卫星遥感资料,分析了喜马拉雅北部地区的大气日变化及其垂直结构.结果发现喜马拉雅北部地区气温日变化具有明显的单峰单谷型特征,一天气温最高值出现在18:00左右,最低值出现在早上7:00～9:00.风速的日变化呈现单峰型特征.气压的平均日变化呈双峰双谷型分布特征,气压极大值出现在2:00和12:00,气压极小值出现在6:00和19:00时,其中19:00出现气压最小值.感热通量、潜热通量的平均日变化和气温日变化具有一致性,春季感热通量大于潜热通量.净辐射通量的日变化特征是单峰型特征,每日最大值出现的时间比感热通量及潜热通量的最大值出现的时间早2个小时.引起高原地区日变化剧烈有2个主要原因:一是高原地区大气柱的质量较小,对太阳辐射的削弱较小,且相同的辐射加热和冷却可使较少大气产生较大温度变化;二是高原地区是大气云光学厚度较小的区域,由此可使地面在日间接受较强烈的太阳短波辐射而增温较大,在夜间又接受较小的大气长波逆辐射而降温较大.     

基于涡动相关仪验证的SEBS模型对黑河中游地表蒸散发的估算研究

在我国西北干旱和半干旱地区, 农业收获主要依靠灌溉保证, 灌溉绿洲的蒸散发(ET)是当地水资源的主要消耗. 通过遥感估算区域灌溉绿洲的ET对于地区合理利用水资源极其重要, 利用MODIS/Terra 影像, 基于物理过程的地表能量平衡模型(SEBS), 结合WRF模式输出的气候驱动数据和地面观测数据来估算黑河中游地区的地表通量和日蒸散发(ET_daily). 估算的ET用不同下垫面的涡动相关仪观测数据进行验证, 结果显示: SEBS模型估算的不同下垫面的ET_daily具有很好的拟合效果(R²=0.96, P<0.001), 在灌溉绿洲估算的ET_daily比实测值偏高, 说明干旱、半干旱地区灌溉绿洲土壤水分胁迫是影响ET的主要因素. 模型估算绿洲作物生长期间的ET_daily和实测的ET_daily平均相对误差为12.5%, 精度在观测的能量不闭合误差以内且精度比戈壁和沙漠地区高.     

绿洲地理特征及其气候效应

根据绿洲的一些共性给出了绿洲的科学定义。并且根据以往大量研究成果,系统地归纳了世界上绿洲分布的区域类型、形成的客观条件、需要的水文环境、植被和土壤类型及其分类等地理特征,全面总结了绿洲"冷岛"结构、"冷岛"效应、"湿岛"结构、临近荒漠逆湿、高额可利用能量、风屏作用、动力和热力效应、增雨作用等主要气候效应。在此基础上,提出了绿洲具有系统性、对水的依赖性、高比照性、尺度性、高效性、脆弱性、演化性等本质特性。最后还讨论了人类活动对绿洲的作用和影响。     

Analysis of an oasis microclimate in China’s hyperarid zone

The microclimate of a desert oasis in China’s hyperarid zone was monitored, analysed and compared to that of nearby forested lands. Factors associated with differences in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) between clear, cloudy and dust storm days are discussed. Desert oases were shown to fulfill ecological functions such as altering solar radiation, adjusting near-ground and land surface temperatures, reducing temperature differences, lowering wind velocity, and increasing soil and atmospheric humidity. Total solar radiation within the oasis was roughly half that above the forest canopy. During the growing season, air temperatures in Populus euphratica Olivier and Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. woodlands were, on average, 1.62 and 0.83°C lower, respectively, than that in surrounding woodlands. The greater the forest cover, the greater was the difference in temperature. Air temperature was higher at the upper storey than that at the lower storey of the community, i.e., air temperature increased with increasing height above the soil surface. During the growing season, relative humidity was higher in woodlands than in surrounding areas: relative humidity in P. euphratica and T. ramosissima woodlands were, on average, 8.5 and 4.2% higher, respectively, than that in the surrounding area. Mean wind velocity in the P. euphratica forest land was 0.33 m/s, 2.31 m/s lower than that in the surrounding area. On dust storm days PAR and total radiation, Q, were significantly lower than that on cloudy or clear days. Their ratio, η _Q  = PAR/Q, was larger and much more variable on dust storm days than that on clear or cloudy days.     

极端干旱荒漠区典型晴天大气热力边界层结构分析

利用极端干旱区敦煌野外观测试验资料,分析了极端干旱荒漠区夏季典型晴天位温、风速、比湿等主要物理要素的垂直结构特征及其地表热力和近地层大气运动特征的日变化规律。发现在极端干旱地区夏季晴天大气热力边界层结构十分独特。在夜间,贴地逆温层最低在900 m以上,最厚可以达到1 750 m,逆温层上面的残余层一般能达到4 000 m左右的高度。在白天,位温超绝热递减层高达1 000 m,超绝热递减层上面的混合层最高达3 700 m,混合层顶上还有大约450 m甚至更厚的夹卷层。当白天对流层发展达到残余层以后,混合层的发展明显加快。风速和比湿垂直廓线特征很好地印证了大气热力边界层独特的结构特征,地表热力和近地层大气运动特征也为这种独特的大气热力边界层结构提供了较好的物理支持。     

Analysis of the microclimate and CO2 flux characteristics in arid desert wetland ecosystem in summer: A case study in Xihu desert wetland,Dunhuang, China

Xihu desert wetland is an important and unusual environment in China or even in the world. However, until now, little research has been focused on the microclimate and CO₂ flux characteristics in this area. This paper reports the characteristics of daily variations of microclimate and CO₂ flux in the Dunhuang Xihu desert wetland, based on data observed in the desert wetland during a period of continuous fine weather in summer 2012. Results indicate that the characteristics of the micrometeorology were significantly affected by the land–lake breeze during the study period, and updrafts were prevalent in this region. The friction wind speed and the vertical velocity were much greater than those in the Maqu grasslands. The energy budget was strongly imbalanced: the latent heat flux was significantly higher than the sensible flux. The daily mean values of total solar radiation and net radiation were larger than those in Maqu grasslands and Jinta oasis. There was a temperature inversion and inverse humidity gradient in the atmospheric surface layer at night. The desert wetland ecosystem was a carbon sink during the whole of the observation period, and the maximum rate of carbon absorption usually occurred at about 11:00 hr each day in this region.     

Progress in the Research on the Impact of Wind Farms on Climate and Environment

Wind power has become one of the fastest growing renewable energy. With the large-scale deployment of wind farms in the world, people have started to pay attention to the impact of wind farms on the ecological environment and climate. This paper summarized the impact of wind farms on climate and ecological environment by investigating relevant literature: In the areas of wind farms, on the one hand, the set-up of wind turbines changes original aerodynamic roughness height and strengthens the dragging of the land surface against turbulence, directly affecting the turbulent motion of the boundary layer, resulting in the changes of intensity and pattern of material energy and water vapor exchange between land surface and near-surface atmosphere, further affecting the atmospheric circulation and climate. On the other hand, wind turbines convert the majority of the wind kinetic energy into electric energy, which produces the wake effect of the wind turbine. The budget patterns and spatial and temporal distribution of large-scale kinetic energy in the boundary layer are changed correspondingly, generating changes in various fluxes (heat flux, water vapor flux, etc.) in the atmosphere, which affect temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Generally, the warming or cooling effect of wind farms on the near-surface is related to the stability of atmosphere. However, simulations in the global climate model showed that the average impact of wind farms on global climate is small, much smaller than the expected changes in greenhouse gas emissions and the interannual changes in natural climate.Wind power emits almost no carbon dioxide and pollutants. Compared with other traditional energy sources, it reduces water consumption but may generate some negative ecological impacts such as animal habitats, bird collisions, and noise, vision impact. However, some measures can be taken to mitigate these adverse effects.     

河套干旱地区夏季边界层结构特征观测分析

利用2013年夏季7月爱尔达K/LLX802J型机动式边界层风廓线雷达获取的三维风场资料和银川站高空气象探测资料,对河套干旱地区夏季边界层日变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:爱尔达K/LLX802J型机动式风廓线雷达能较好的反映并分辨出夏季河套干旱地区边界层内大气湍流和风场的演变过程.夏季7月河套干旱地区边界层高度白天平均为2127.2 m,夜间平均为1760.7 m,白天边界层高度比夜间平均高366.5 m.河套干旱区夏季地表非绝热加热对边界层的影响主要集中在800 m以下,800~2000 m高度边界层则主要受昼夜交替和大尺度天气系统的影响.夏季7月河套干旱地区边界层风速在300 m以下随高度增加而增大,离地500 m以下边界层易在北京时间07:00-11:00和18:00-21:00时段发生风速切变;300 m以下边界层白天盛行西南偏南风、夜间盛行南风,300~2000 m高度边界层白天和夜间均盛行东南风;离地300 m以下边界层易在夜间21:00-23:00时出现风向切变.夏季7月白天河套干旱地区边界层大气垂直速度在300 m高度以下随高度增加而增大,由0.3 m·s^-1增大到0.6 m·s^-1,夜间边界层大气垂直速度在200 m高度以下随高度增大而增大;300 m高度以上边界层大气垂直速度无论昼夜随高度变化均较小.     

戈壁风沙流结构特性及其意义

通过砾质戈壁风沙流野外实测数据的分析以及风洞模拟实验研究发现：戈壁风沙流结构具有与沙漠风沙流完全不同的风沙流特征,戈壁风沙地表的粗糙度随风速的增大而增加,其表面风沙流输沙量高度分布表现出独特的"象鼻"效应,在一定高度处呈现最大值,并随风速的增加而增高。该"象鼻"效应导致戈壁风沙流结构特征值λ远大于 1,不论风速多大,风沙流都处于未饱和状态的非堆积搬运状态。这种特殊性质比较清楚地解释了敦煌莫高窟千年来不被沙山埋没的谜底。并且在风沙防治工程实践中,采用砾石压沙措施,构造类似与砾质戈壁的下垫面,人工促使风沙流结构呈现"象鼻"形状,可使防沙工程达到理想的输导作用。     

Characteristics of wind-blown sand on Gobi/mobile sand surface

The characteristics of wind-blown sand on Gobi/mobile sand surface have been investigated through field observation and wind tunnel experiments. On moving sand surface, the pattern of wind speed profile in sand flow follows the power function and its power exponent is about 0.20. While on Gobi surface, due to collision of sand grains with gravels, the structure of sand flow differs from that on moving sand surface, which decreases exponentially with height. The height of blown sand activities on Gobi surface is mainly concentrated below 20 cm. In addition, the structure of sand flow can reach a peak at a certain height and increases with inlet wind velocity.     

Atmospheric surface layer characteristics with MONTBLEX data

Data obtained from the 30m high MONTBLEX tower installed at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur are described. Data on wind speed and direction, temperature and humidity were recorded during the first week of July 1989 at six levels on the tower. They indicate some of the atmospheric surface layer characteristics. Using two levels of tower data involving wind speed and temperature a profile method was used for computing the surface fluxes of heat and momentum. A method for calculating the surface roughness length using the data was also used to obtain the vertical windspeed profile. The computed wind profile was compared with observations, while the surface roughness length was compared with values obtained by a least square fit. The computed surface fluxes were compared with theoretical values obtained by an energy budget method which uses only wind data at one level. The agreement was reasonably good.     

Evaluation of the impact of oceanic heat transport in the North Atlantic and Barents sea on the Northern Hemispheric climate

In this work, we evaluate the impact of terminated oceanic heat flux in the North Atlantic and Barents Sea on the Northern Hemisphere climate in January by numerical experiments with a coupled model of atmospheric general circulation and a thermodynamic model of the upper mixed layer of the ocean. We analyze the variations in the atmospheric circulation and near-surface temperature. We found that the termi-nation of the oceanic heat flux leads to a depression in atmospheric centers of action in the Northern Hemi-sphere (by 3?C5 hPa) and a significant cooling over the continents with the strongest temperature decrease down to ?10°C in northwestern Eurasia.