中国海域油气资源潜力分析与黄东海海域油气资源调查进展

2019年是青岛海洋地质研究所重建40周年。40年来,研究所根据公益性油气资源调查的基本定位,按照"立足黄东海、面向中国海、辐射全球海"的空间业务布局,紧密围绕国家和社会重大需求、瞄准国际海洋科技前沿,以摸清中国海域油气资源家底、掌握资源分布状况、实现新区新层系油气突破、服务国家能源战略和海洋强国战略为己任,持续开展了中国海域油气资源区域评价与黄东海盆地油气资源调查,大体分为海域及邻区沉积盆地对比研究、中国海域区域评价战略研究和黄东海海域新区新层系油气资源调查3个阶段。先后主持编制了中国海域沉积盆地分布图和油气资源勘探开发(动态)形势图,开展了海域及邻区含油气盆地对比、中国海域油气勘探开发形势动态分析和油气资源区域评价战略研究、黄东海海域油气资源调查研究与评价,取得了一批原创性的成果。主要体现在:①海域油气资源早期评价技术和沉积盆地深部地震探测技术取得突破性进展;②中国海域油气资源丰富,下一步的调查与勘探方向包括:新层系、近海天然气、富生烃凹陷潜山油气藏、南海深水油气、南海生物礁和非常规天然气;③明确了南黄海盆地的基底性质、海相盆地地层层序和构造区划、侏罗纪前陆盆地特征、海相盆地的油气地质条件和有利区带;④明确了东海中生代盆地的地层层序、盆地结构和两期盆地性质、"大东海"中生代地层分布特征、中生界油气地质条件和有利区带;⑤发现了南黄海古生界古油藏。上述成果和认识为海洋油气资源调查与勘探的下一步工作奠定了坚实的基础。     

海南省海域油气资源特征及勘探开发前景

海南省海域共圈定新生代油气沉积盆地18个,成藏地质条件良好,资源潜力巨大,具有良好的开发前景。位于南海北部的珠三坳陷、琼东南盆地和莺歌海盆地距海南岛较近,开采条件优越,是我国最早进行海洋油气勘探开发的区域,目前已经形成了东方、乐东、崖城和文昌4个油气田群,是我国海上油气的主产区之一。今后海南省油气资源勘探开发方向主要为上述三大油气盆地,通过对探明储量的进一步开发和对中深部层位的勘探,达到接续增储的目标;随着陵水17-2大型气田的发现和天然气水合物试采成功等一系列技术突破,海南省海域油气勘探开发正向着中深水和非常规能源领域进军。因此,海南省要依靠区位优势,借助油气体制改革的机遇,深入参与国家油气勘探开发活动,推动地方经济发展。     

台西盆地致密砂岩气存在的可能性

以致密砂岩气藏成藏机理为指导,综合利用烃源岩有机地化和储层孔渗参数等资料,对台西盆地致密砂岩气藏发育条件进行了探索性研究。在概括烃源岩、储集层及封盖保存等基本地质条件对油气聚集控制的基础上,通过分析致密砂岩气藏的形成机理,认为台西盆地具备良好的致密砂岩气藏发育条件,存在巨大的天然气勘探潜力,盆地东部陆区白垩系—中新统下部、西部海域南日坳陷白垩系—始新统、澎湖坳陷始新统下部为致密砂岩气藏发育有利层位,是台西盆地天然气勘探的新领域。     

南太平洋地区盆地形成演化和油气资源潜力分析

本文从南太平洋地区区域构造演化出发,开展盆地类型划分和石油地质条件分析,了解不同类型盆地的油气成藏特征,并分析油气分布规律和资源潜力,以期对未来油气勘探开发国际合作选区提供借鉴。研究表明:（1）南太平洋地区经历了亨特-鲍恩造山运动、澳大利亚板块与南极洲板块分离、塔斯曼海扩张及珊瑚海扩张、巴布亚新几内亚地区的洋壳俯冲和弧-陆碰撞作用,最终形成了澳大利亚东部南缘和海域及新西兰地区以裂谷盆地为主、澳大利亚东部内陆以克拉通盆地为主的包括晚二叠世-三叠纪前陆盆地、古近纪-新近纪前陆盆地、古近纪-现今弧前盆地和弧后盆地6种盆地类型;（2）澳大利亚内陆南缘和东部海域以及新西兰地区裂谷盆地分布广泛,裂谷盆地油气最为富集,但内陆和海域有所差异,内陆南缘裂谷盆地油气资源丰富且石油与天然气的比值约为2:1,而东部海域裂谷盆地因油气成藏条件差,尚无油气发现;（3）根据盆地的剩余可采储量和远景资源量对南太平洋地区的资源潜力进行分析,认为白垩纪-古近纪裂谷盆地和古近纪-新近纪前陆盆地油气资源潜力最大,并优选出吉普斯兰（Gippsland）、塔拉纳基（Taranaki）和巴布亚（Papua）3个有利盆地。     

中国近海的天然气勘探

据最新勘探资料，在综合分析中国近海海域天然气勘探现状、资源潜力及其区域分布规律的基础上，分析了我国近海海域天然气勘探的有利区带及目前比较现实的勘探目标，展示了我国近海海域天然气勘探的良好前景。     

渤海海域的上第三系油气研究

综述了渤海湾盆地沉积与构造活动在时间与空间上的迁移与演化、烃源岩与储盖层的空间分布规律，结合盆地内的勘探现状分析了渤海湾海域上第三系的油气远景。认为盆地内凸起、低凸起以上第三系为主体，伴有东营组和前第三系油气藏的复式油气聚集带是目前渤海油气勘探最现实的有利目标。     

渤海海域油气勘探进展与前景展望

通过回顾我国渤海海域近50年的勘探历程,分析了油气发现的特点,指出从下第三系到上第三系勘探思路的转变是导致发现系列亿吨级大油气田的关键。迄今为止的重大发现主要分布于环渤中凹陷油气富集圈和沿岸两大地区。认为在有据可查的历史上,渤海海域发生过7级以上大地震的周围地区均发现有大油气田,因此将是发现油气田的有利地区。根据全国3轮油气资源评价数据,我国在渤海海域的油气勘探尚大有可为,重要的是要求较高的科技研究水平和更大的投入力度,渤海深浅层次资源潜力将获得更进一步的发掘。认为在50余年的勘探历程中,我3大国有石油公司及全国相关科技工作者均做出过重大贡献。     

南海北部大陆边缘深水盆地成因机制与油气资源效应

南海北部陆缘深水油气及天然气水合物等多种资源分布及资源潜力与其深部地壳岩石圈结构构造特征,尤其是地壳浅表层沉积盆地类型及成盆机制等存在时空耦合配置关系及成因联系,亦是目前油气及水合物地质勘探研究调查部门和学术界重点关注领域。基于海洋地质调查地质地球物理资料和油气勘探开发成果,综合分析了南海北部陆缘深部岩石圈地壳结构构造特征,借鉴陆缘伸展地壳拆离薄化新模式的理念,阐明深部地壳结构构造特征与深水盆地的时空耦合配置关系,进而揭示了深水盆地成因及其与深水油气及水合物成藏等的成因联系及资源效应;预测陆坡-洋陆过渡带深水及超深水盆地油气资源潜力与勘探前景优于陆架浅水盆地,且水合物资源潜力巨大,是我国海洋油气勘探可持续发展与油气储量接替的重要战略选区。     

南沙海域礼乐盆地中生界油气资源潜力

位于南沙东部海域的礼乐盆地是一大型的中、新生代叠置盆地,其特有的地质背景及巨厚的中生代地层显示了其与南沙海域其他新生代沉积盆地的差异。盆地内发育的厚度超过4 000 m的中生代海相地层,主要包括了上侏罗统—下白垩统的滨—浅海相含煤碎屑岩或半深海相页岩、上三叠统—下侏罗统三角洲—浅海相砂泥岩和中三叠统深海硅质页岩等3套地层,展示出盆地具有良好的油气生成潜力。而早期位于华南陆缘、现今位于南沙东部海域的礼乐盆地中生界,完全具备了形成油气藏的基本石油地质条件,具有较为良好的油气资源潜力,其中生界油气资源勘探具有非常重要的意义,将成为我国海域油气勘探的一个重要新领域。     

基于GIS技术的中国海域油气资源可视化数据库的设计与实现——以黄海盆地油气勘查可视化数据库为例

油气资源是在漫长的物质历史时期由沉积物中的有机质转化而来的，油气生成之后，经运移，聚集而成藏，油气资源在地下的分布具明显的地理特征。在地理学基础上发展起来的地理信息系统（GIS）是一切与地理特征相关的数据信息的良好载体，是用来定量地采集，管理，分析具空间地理特性的油气资源区域分布的最好工具，黄海盆地油气资源勘查可视化数据库是中国海域油气资源可视化数据库的一个组成部分，以黄海盆地油气勘查可视化数据库为例，论述用GIS技术建立中国海域油气资源可视化数据库设计与实现的方法，将枯燥的数据信息转化为可视化的结论，为油气资源勘探部署，规划管理及决策提供直观快捷的服务。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.