基于支付意愿的干旱区绿洲城市居住区绿地愉悦价值研究

干旱区绿洲城市普遍存在居住区绿地率低、居住环境质量不高的问题,量化居民对居住区绿地的支付意愿及城市居住区绿地的愉悦价值,有利于正确评价城市绿地的价值,科学规划城市空间。基于问卷调查,利用支付卡式条件价值法和Tobit模型测算乌鲁木齐市居民对改善居住区绿地建设与服务的支付意愿,借助计量模型的假设检验对其影响因素进行定量分析,并基于支付意愿得到城市居住区绿地的愉悦价值。结果表明：（1） 乌鲁木齐市居民人均支付意愿为148.75 元·a^–1,远高于东部地区,不同属性居住区的支付意愿为商业小区>单位大院>自建房。（2） 受访者性别、收入、家庭结构、需求偏好、认知与意识等特征对其支付意愿有显著影响,且非虚拟变量对决策的影响程度可借助经济学中的“边际理论”度量。（3） 乌鲁木齐市居住区绿地愉悦价值为3.31×10⁸ 元·a^–1,利用居民对绿地生态功能和社会功能的认知赋分,发现其生态服务价值略大于社会服务价值。研究可为建立不同尺度绿地支付机制,提升绿洲城市居住区人居环境质量,优化城市空间布局及维护绿洲城市生态平衡提供科学参考。     

洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统的动态演变与功能优化

洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统包括生产绿地、农林地、滨河绿地、公园绿地、景观绿地、附属绿地等6种类型。运用景观格局分析法、结构均匀比指数测度法,解析了1988～2008年洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统的面积、斑块、空间布局结构的动态演变。研究表明:城镇化进程中洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统的不同类型要素在不同时期、不同方向、不同梯度上的变化迥异。1988～2008年,滨河绿地、公园绿地、景观绿地、附属绿地面积逐渐增加,生产绿地、农林地大幅度减少;各象限、各圈层不同种类绿地的均匀比指数变化、差异很大;绿地斑块密度逐渐增大,斑块形状指数普遍较低。在此基础上,运用生态功能强度指数测度法和Huff模型等方法,评价了系统的服务功能水平,发现洛阳市区绿色开放空间系统的生态服务功能水平一般,居民访问绿地的成本普遍较高,市区绿地与居民的供需关系不协调。可采用改变人口居住模式、调整绿地分布格局以及多种措施对系统的空间布局结构、服务供需关系、绿地要素等进行功能优化。     

杭州城市休闲绿地可达性分析

基于GIS空间分析技术, 运用最小距离法和基于路网的行进成本分析法, 对不同尺度的杭州城市休闲绿地空间可达性进行定量测度。研究结果表明:① 杭州城市休闲绿地的平均可达时间为3.8 min, 92.11%的居民可在10 min 内到达一处休闲绿地;可达性最差(可达时间30~50 min)的居民区分布在主城区的边缘地带。② 风景区类休闲绿地的可达时间为20.33 min, 可达性最好的是西湖风景区绿地和西溪湿地风景区绿地。③ 各乡镇街道到风景区绿地的可达性呈现出以西湖为中心的不严格的圈层结构, 距离西湖风景区越远, 可达性越差。最后探讨了杭州城市休闲绿地可达性的差异, 以期为城市休闲绿地研究提供新思路, 为杭州城市休闲绿地的空间格局优化提供科学参考。     

上海市城市景观生态网络连接度评价

城市是典型的人工景观系统,具有景观破碎化现象严重、高连通性低连接度等特征。本文运用景观生态网络连接度理论,探讨我国生态城市建设中景观生态连通性和连接度的内涵和特征,在城市景观生态网络构成分析的基础上,采用连接度指数、廊道密度和引入交通网络指数等建立起景观生态连接度评价方法和体系,对上海市城市景观生态网络中道路网络、绿地网络、水系网络及其形成的"三网合一"的复合网络连接度进行评价。目的在于为我国生态城市发展建设和城市景观生态网络规划提供理论基础。从评价结果来看,单个网络的连接度较高但特征各不相同。将水系网络、路网和绿地网络进行复合的一体化网络的连接度却急剧下降,揭示出上海城市景观生态网络存在分割多、连接少的网络平面化特征。     

A green space between life and death – a case study of activities in Gamlebyen Cemetery in Oslo,Norway

The amount of green space in urban areas is shrinking. Densification and the introduction of new user groups in most cities today is leading to more intensive use of public spaces and the need for more space. Urban cemeteries constitute a unique type of public space: while some may consider them primarily religious and contemplative spaces, others see them as primarily recreational or as heritage sites steeped in history. The authors examine the extent to which the pressure on cities’ open green areas combined with influences from intercultural encounters is mirrored in the use and character of cemeteries today – exemplified by Gamlebyen Cemetery (Gamlebyen Gravlund) in Oslo, Norway. They used observations in combination with short semi-structured interviews with those using the cemetery. The findings of pilot study conducted in 2013 suggest that religious aspects played a minor role and that the recreational aspects were more important to most of the interviewees. Many of them considered that the cemetery provided a pleasant green walkway on their way to work, busses or city services. The cemetery offered a combination of calmness, an aesthetically pleasant environment, and ‘cultivated nature’ in an urban context, and was thus an arena that invited respect and esteem.     

北京城市公共绿地对房地产价值的影响研究(英文)

欧美地区大量研究表明,城市公园对附近房地产价值有明显增值效应,但是关于北京城市绿地与房地产价值之间的关系还未有研究,阻碍了社会公众和城市管理者对绿地资源重要功能的认识。本研究首先采用问卷调查与享乐价格法,分析了北京城区14个公园绿地与附近76个居住小区房产价格的关系,并借助北京市第七次园林绿化资源普查数据(2009)与GIS技术测算了18070ha城市公共绿地的房产增值总效应。结果表明,在北京地区,公园绿地能对其附近850-1604 m范围的房产价格有0.5%-14.1%的增值效应。北京城市公共绿地共产生28.6亿元的房产增值, 约合每公顷绿地平均增值16万元, 相当于绿地维护成本的1.8-3.9倍。因此,通过提高绿地附近房产的部分税收作为绿地建设与维护资金具有一定的现实意义。     

生态景观与城市形态整合研究

早在19世纪末生态思想就开始用于指导城市空间结构的研究,如今景观生态学关于格局与过程的生物空间理论,已成为城市自然景观组织和生态景观建设的主要理论支撑。本文探讨了生态景观的含义及建设途径,以南京为例运用景观生态学原理研究城市形态可持续格局,分析高密度开发条件下城市自然或近自然景观与人工建筑环境整合方法,并提出了在大都市区、主城区、街区三个不同尺度上由表及里、由内而外的生态景观与城市形态整合模式：绿楔与星形放射状城市相嵌、绿径网络与街区路网纹理相伴、须状绿色延伸与邻里环境相融。为城市景观生态重建和城市化地区生态安全格局构建提供参照。     

A comparative approach towards ethnic segregation patterns in Belgian cities using multiscalar individualized neighborhoods

Levels of spatial segregation in Western European cities are persistent over space and time. To demonstrate the degree or appearance of spatial segregation, most studies on urban residential patterns still rely on fixed spatial units, aspatial measures and single scales. However, a spatial or temporal comparison of patterns and levels of segregation based on such units or metrics is not without problems. To that end, this paper takes an explicit geographic approach and considers individualized neighborhoods using EquiPop-software, allowing various scales. Using the k-nearest neighbors for all individuals increases international comparability and facilitates interpretation, so far often hampered in segregation research. This multiscalar, multigroup comparative approach on ethnic urban geographies – using Belgium as a case study – provides an empirical illustration of a valuable method and tool applicable in segregation research, thereby furthering the comprehension of the increasingly diverse urban geographies and building on emerging work in the US, Europe and beyond.     

景观格局下中俄大城市安全空间相似性研究 —以圣彼得堡和大连市为例

城市不断膨胀使其在面对城市内涝、地震、危险事故、雾霾等危害时显现了更多的脆弱性,使得城市安全问题越来越受到广泛关注和重视,随之以安全城市为目标的城市规划与城市研究逐渐兴起。本文基于土地利用数据、人口统计数据、交通网络数据和避难绿地数据,运用景观格局指数、多尺度分析、城市网络分析工具、邻域法等方法,在ArcGIS10.2和Fragstats （ver 4.2.1）软件平台上进行空间分析,然后在以上计算结果基础上建立城市安全相似性模型对圣彼得堡和大连市景观格局视角下城市安全环境的相似性进行评价,结果显示：圣彼得堡市和大连市人口密度景观格局表现为相似,土地利用景观格局较为相似,交通网络景观格局较不相似, 避难绿地景观格局最不相似;相比而言,圣彼得堡在交通效率和避难绿地整体可达性两方面显示出优势,而大连则在“工业-居住-绿地”三大功能用地空间布局以及人口与交通网络中心性两个方面显示出优势;大连今后城市安全空间建设应注重提升交通效率和避难绿地整体可达性,以提升城市安全性。     

The role of local land-use on the urban heat island effect of Tel Aviv as assessed from satellite remote sensing

Climate change in cities has received much focus in the past few decades. Heat stress in urban areas has an adverse effect on human health and is expected to worsen in the future due to the global warming. Vegetation has been shown to mitigate this effect, but introducing ‘green’ areas into the metropolitan space is a challenging task. We assessed the thermal load in terms of surface temperature in Tel Aviv, the biggest metropolitan area of Israel. The thermal effect of four different urban land uses was estimated. Specifically, we compared the cooling effect of residential areas with high vegetation cover (referred here as ‘green’ residential) to that of small to medium size (2–40 ha) public parks. To this end, we used satellite data of land surface temperature (LST) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), as a surrogate for vegetation cover. High-temporal data were combined with high spatial resolutions data to produce 10-year average LST and NDVI maps at high spatial resolution over Tel Aviv. As expected, industrial areas had the highest LST due to lowest ratio of vegetation to free space area (1%), while ‘green’ areas displayed the lowest LST. Green residential and small-medium public parks had comparable thermal loads, with green residential having slightly lower LST (by 0.5 °C). In general, small-medium public parks displayed higher LST than expected. Inefficient use of free spaces for vegetation, i.e., relatively low vegetation cover to free space ratio, was probably the main cause for this. Public parks had a higher local cooling effect, but a less continuous one on the proximate surrounding (30–90 m from the park), probably due to their relative location in the urban fabric. Our results suggest that ‘greening’ areas within the private urban space should be encouraged at the expense of building new small-medium parks in metropolitan areas that lack the sufficient free space for larger parks. The outcome of this study may have key implications for urban planners seeking to mitigate urban heat island effects under the limitation of existing dense urban layout.     

基于图论法对城市水系连通性表征及优化

基于景观生态学中“点–边”数量关系建立水系环度（α）、节点连接率（β）和网络连通度（γ）3种水系连通性评价指标,绘制出南昌市水系“节点–廊道”有向图,并以城市湖水体引流化污为切入点来优化城市水系连通性。研究表明：① 南昌市城区水系存在廊道空间分布不均匀,湖节点与其他水系节点连接的廊道较少等问题;② 优化后的城区水系相较于现在水系,其中水系环度（α）提高75%,节点连接率（β）提高14.88%,网络连接度（γ）提高14.63%。在城市水系连通性优化中,不应过分追求连通性而盲目增加湖泊廊道,应在连通性与湖泊连接的廊道数量之间保持一个平衡关系,以免水体污染物在湖泊中淤积。     

2000–2015年京津走廊耕地和建设用地变化监测研究（英文）

Rapid peri-urbanization has become a new challenge for sustainable urban-rural development worldwide. To clarify how unprecedented urban sprawl at the metropolitan fringe impacts urban-rural landscape, this study took the Beijing-Tianjin corridor of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area, one of the largest urban clusters in China, as a typical example. By using Landsat-based landscape metrics and a practical methodology, we investigated the landscape changes and discussed the potential reasons in the context of rapid peri-urbanization of China. Specifically, multi-temporal land use maps derived from Landsat images were used to calculate landscape metrics and analyze their characteristics along the urban-rural gradients. The practical methodology was used to monitor spatio-temporal characteristics of landscape change in large metropolitan areas. The results showed that landscape patterns in the area had changed greatly from 2000 to 2015 with characteristics of construction land sprawl and arable land shrinkage. The intensity and scale of landscape changes varied along the urban-rural gradients. Sampled plots in urbanized areas and rural areas demonstrated distinguishable landscape patterns and significant differences. Urban areas had more heterogeneous and fragmented landscapes than rural areas. Peri-urban areas in general experienced higher levels of land diversification than rural areas. Rural residential land appeared to be more aggregated near Beijing and Tianjin cities. Besides, our findings also indicated that urban expansion was largely responsible for landscape patterns.The findings of this study potentially provide strategical insights into landscape planning around mega cities and sustainable coordinated urban-rural development.     

Analyzing the Impacts of Urban Expansion on Green Fragmentation Using Constraint Gradient Analysis

Many existing gradient analysis methods are arbitrary or too simple in gradient partitioning and unsuitable for cities with irregular forms. We propose an improved gradient analysis method with urban structural features as spatial constraints to properly partition an urban area into more homogeneous buffers. Taking the Wuhan metropolitan area in China as an example, we use the improved gradient partitioning method and six landscape metrics to characterize urban expansion and green space fragmentation in 1989, 2001, and 2013 and investigate the relationship between urban green fragmentation and urban expansion using correlation analysis and regression modeling. The results show that the fragmentation of built-up area in each buffer generally decreases from 1989 to 2013, but the fragmentation of green space increases. For each time point, with growing distance from urban centers, the fragmentation of built-up area increases and green space fragmentation decreases. This shows that urbanization exerts a significant influence on fragmentation of urban green space from both a temporal and a spatial perspective. Intensive urban expansion moved outward mainly at the cost of agricultural land and resulted in more fragmented green space in the urban fringe. Further quantitative analyses show that the area ratio and fragmentation of the built-up area are statistically negatively correlated with the fragmentation of green space. The improved gradient analysis with spatial constraints can generate more homogeneous ring gradients and then lead to more reasonable results, thereby helping to better understand how urban expansion affects landscape dynamics.     

大城市居住社会-空间分异格局与耦合模式研究——以南京、杭州为例

伴随转型期中国大城市内部大幅拆建、住房市场持续分化、外来人口迅速涌入和城市居民频繁迁居等过程,城市社会阶层和居住空间不断被解构和重构。社会群体和物质空间的不断异质嬗变、杂糅组合与相互作用,构成城市居住的社会-空间分异复杂面相与耦合过程。以南京和杭州为例,在居住社会-空间二维属性及其关联耦合的认知基础上,基于城市住房市场、建成环境和手机用户画像数据等多源数据,采用主成分与K均值相结合的方法对社会群体与住宅空间进行聚类与匹配分析。研究发现社会群体类型间差异主要体现在消费能力与职业构成指标上,住宅空间类型差异则主要表现在住宅价格上,社会群体与住宅空间类型间存在显著的关联性,由此提炼并检验城市居住社会-空间耦合的七种典型模式。本研究拓展了中国城市居住分异的理论与实践深度,并为下一步的居住社会-空间耦合的过程、机制、效应与调控等相关研究奠定了基础。     

社会公平视角下深圳公园绿地可达性研究

公园绿地是城市中重要的绿色基础设施。针对传统可达性分析微观尺度研究不足和交通成本估计失真等问题,以深圳为例,采用公园绿地矢量数据和基于手机SDK（Software Development Kit,软件开发工具包）定位的人口数据作为供需数据源,基于住房分类数据以城中村、保障房、商品房居民划分社会群体,利用改进的高斯两步移动搜寻法计算得到居住小区尺度的公园绿地可达性社会公平情况。研究发现：① 深圳公园绿地可达性存在社会分异：商品房和城中村可达性较好;公租房和安居房社区公园可达性差;人才住房仅对社区公园可达性高;② 驾车可达性最均衡,公共交通方式下不同住房群体间的可达性差异较大。研究补充了中国城市公园绿地可达性社会公平研究的不足,改进了小尺度可达性研究的数据与方法,为公园绿地规划体系提供反思,并可为深圳城市发展提供政策依据。     

乌鲁木齐市职住空间组织特征及影响因素

本文借助职住分离指数分析法从宏观层面分析了乌鲁木齐市辖区的职住空间匹配状况,利用问卷调查数据,从微观角度分析了不同类型居住区居民的通勤距离和通勤时间。研究发现：职住空间分离是乌鲁木齐城市空间结构的突出特征;全市职住空间不匹配程度较大,居住主导区的街道有35个,占街道总数的44.3%;就业主导区的街道有25个,占街道总数的31.65%;基本匹配区的街道仅有7个。居住区类型、居民受教育程度、职业类型、收入水平、住房形式等社会经济属性对其职住分离程度均有一定程度的影响;采用GWR模型定量分析了职住空间关系的影响因素,认为学历构成、住房产权性质、职业类型、流动人口以及住房面积是影响乌鲁木齐市职住空间关系的主要因素。     

西安都市圈居住空间扩展时空分析

以Landsat系列遥感影像为数据源,分别提取2000,2004,2009,2013年西安都市圈居住空间信息,并分析其时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)2000—2013年居住空间扩展幅度明显,经历了快-慢-稍快的扩展模式,增加面积为872.26 km2;(2)未来发展仍以大都市中心集聚模式为主,而县城居住地和地级市居住地将是潜在发展区;(3)人口的发展对居住空间的影响具有一定的滞后效应,西安市城郊和县城的人口承载能力相对较大,将是人口城镇化的主要流入地,而其他地级市人口出现负增长;(4)城市居住空间的发展与工业及服务业的承接和演替非常紧密,而农村居住空间的发展同样主要受区域工业和服务业的影响,农业对居住空间演变只起辅助作用。     

Spatio-temporal characteristics of intra-urban land cover in the cities of China and USA from 1978 to 2010

Urban land cover has major impacts on a city''s ecosystem services and the inherent quality of its urban residential environment. The spatio-temporal distribution of impervious surface area and green areas in Chinese cities has exhibited a significantly marked difference in comparison with USA cities. This study focused on monitoring and comparing the spatio-temporal dynamics, land cover patterns and characteristics of functional regions in six Chinese (n=3) and USA (n=3) cities. The study data were collated from Landsat TM/MSS imagery during the period 1978-2010. Results indicate that Chinese cities have developed compactly over the past three decades, while development has been notably dispersed among USA cities. Mean vegetation coverage in USA cities is approximately 2.2 times that found amongst Chinese urban agglomerations. Land use types within Chinese cities are significantly more complex, with a higher density of impervious surface area. Conversely, the central business district (CBD) and residential areas within USA cities were comprised of a lower proportion of impervious surface area and a higher proportion of green land. Results may be used to contribute to future urban planning and administration efforts in both China and the USA.     

长沙市居住区空间宜居程度研究

以长沙市为例,建立由20 367个建筑体块以及水体、地形、道路等要素构成的城市三维模型,通过建设、环境、交通、服务、景观5个方面的20个指标的计算,对全市1 860个居住区的空间宜居程度进行综合分析。结果表明：长沙市居住区的空间宜居程度存在显著的空间差异,呈现出“西高东低”“一走廊三高地三低地”的空间特征。湘江沿岸“走廊”以及梅溪湖、松雅湖、洋湖周边区域“三高地”的空间宜居程度较高,中心城区则存在空间宜居程度最低的“三低地”。城市综合宜居程度与景观类指标、环境类指标呈空间正相关,建设类指标呈现“中心低、边缘高”现象,而交通类、服务类指标呈现“中心高、边缘低”现象。产生上述特征的主要原因在于：城市扩张与居住区建设速度过快,居住区对景观资源依赖性强,老旧小区搬迁改造推进缓慢,新建城区配套服务不足。应该从控制城市周边居住区的新建、推动旧城改造、加强景观营造、完善配套服务等方面进一步优化。     

流域景观功能网络构建及应用——以台湾乌溪流域为例

选择生态及城市功能并重的台湾乌溪流域,在乡镇行政单元的基础上,利用耗费距离模型将景观功能网络落实于实际的空间单元。透过网络节点间的通达性分析可知,乌溪流域的景观功能网络中以城市功能网络结构较佳,城市子节点多环绕于城市功能中心,功能的输出与传递有较高的效益;而生态功能网络节点间通达性差异并不显著,唯作为一级及二级功能节点的红香、高美湿地等位置孤立、通达性较差,需就其功能向外传输路径进行优化,并提升二载山及北坑子等重要联系节点的生态功能强度。