2008年盈江地震序列的震源参数和震源机制相关系数研究

基于云南数字地震台网记录的2008年盈江地震序列的数字波形资料, 采用波谱分析方法和Brune震源模型, 得到盈江地震序列的震源参数。 利用两次地震事件的相同台站的震源谱参数(零频振幅)计算谱振幅相关系数, 据此对地震的震源机制进行聚类分组, 并收集和对比地震序列已知的震源机制解结果, 发现每组内震源机制解P轴的相关性较好, 且相关系数越大, P轴的方位角就越接近。 将盈江地区划分为三个研究区, 联合震源参数的应力降和聚类分组中每组的平均震源机制解结果研究地震序列发生过程中应力的释放水平和应力场方向变化特征。 结果表明: 不同阶段震源机制解类型的变化和转化特征一定程度上反映了孕震过程中区域应力场随时间的变化特征, 并且地震震源机制解类型在时间段上的集中并向区域构造应力场方向转换的现象可能是发生强震的标志。 震源机制解分组类型和对应类型的地震的应力降有一定依赖关系, 震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场接近的地震应力降高, 震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场差距较大的地震应力降普遍较低。     

2012年以来新丰江水库区地震震源机制解及构造应力场时空变化特征

研究新丰江水库地震活动和震源机制及区域构造应力场分布,对理解新丰江库区诱发地震的特点和成因机理有着重要的意义。基于2012—2018年新丰江库区M_L2.0及以上地震的142个地震波形数据,分别采用FOCMEC方法和SATSI方法反演了中小地震震源机制解和区域应力场,并对其时空变化特征进行了研究。结果表明：新丰江库区地震破裂类型以正断型为主,兼有部分倾滑分量,其次为走滑型;P轴优势走向为NWW—SEE向,倾角近于垂直,T轴优势走向为NNE—SSW向,倾角近乎水平;库区整体以NWW—SEE向的垂直挤压和NNE—SSW向的水平拉伸为主,应力类型为正断型;由东南部NW—SE向至西北部的NWW—SEE向,最大主应力轴方向呈现逆时针旋转的趋势,旋转角度约为18°,应力类型也由正断型转变为走滑型;2012年以来,新丰江各区域的应力场较为稳定,但在2015年和2018年可能发生过相对较大的变化,这种变化是否存在,依据现有结果仍不得而知,需要在以后的研究中进一步验证。     

2008年盈江地震序列的震源参数和震源机制相关系数研究

基于云南数字地震台网记录的2008年盈江地震序列的数字波形资料,采用波谱分析方法和Brune震源模型,得到盈江地震序列的震源参数。利用两次地震事件的相同台站的震源谱参数（零频振幅）计算谱振幅相关系数,据此对地震的震源机制进行聚类分组,并收集和对比地震序列已知的震源机制解结果,发现每组内震源机制解P轴的相关性较好,且相关系数越大,P轴的方位角就越接近。将盈江地区划分为三个研究区,联合震源参数的应力降和聚类分组中每组的平均震源机制解结果研究地震序列发生过程中应力的释放水平和应力场方向变化特征。结果表明：不同阶段震源机制解类型的变化和转化特征一定程度上反映了孕震过程中区域应力场随时间的变化特征,并且地震震源机制解类型在时间段上的集中并向区域构造应力场方向转换的现象可能是发生强震的标志。震源机制解分组类型和对应类型的地震的应力降有一定依赖关系,震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场接近的地震应力降高,震源机制解类型反映的应力场与区域应力场差距较大的地震应力降普遍较低。     

金沙江下游水库区地震震源机制特征

文中选取金沙江下游水库区溪洛渡—乌东德段为研究区,采用CAP和GPAT方法获得区域内2016—2017年2. 0级以上地震的震源机制解,分析各分区震源机制解的空间分布特征,探究地震活动与区域构造的关系。研究结果表明:1)溪洛渡大坝及邻区的地震震源机制解以逆冲型为主,其次为走滑型,主要分布在峨边-金阳断裂带中段附近。节面走向在NNW—NE范围内的地震与区域断裂带的分布特征相符,且一些较大地震的发生受区域构造控制。2)尚未蓄水的白鹤滩、乌东德大坝及邻区的地震震源机制解的空间分布较为一致,其中左旋走滑型地震与小江断裂带和普渡河-西山断裂的活动性质相符。区域内存在多组断裂的交会部位,震源机制解的节面走向离散分布,孕震环境较为复杂。3)鲁甸地震余震区的震源机制解以逆冲型和走滑型为主,呈"L"形分布,其中长轴近EW向,短轴近NNW向。大量余震震源机制解结果显示,可能存在近EW向的隐伏构造,不同类型的断层共同控制该地区的地震活动,发震构造十分复杂。4)各分区的地震矩心深度集中在5～15km范围内,推断研究区孕震层在深度为5～15km的中上地壳内。     

鄂尔多斯块体西南缘地区震源机制解与构造应力场特征分析

计算了2001年1月至2018年9月鄂尔多斯块体西南缘地区（33°—38°N,103°—109°E）M_L≥3.0地震的震源机制,分析了该区域震源机制解特征,在此基础上,采用平均矩张量技术反演了该区域的构造应力场特征。结果表明,研究区震源机制类型以走滑型和逆冲型为主,其空间分布基本与区域构造动力背景和断裂性质一致,少量不符合区域构造性质的震源机制则反映了局部地质构造的复杂性。区域构造变形主体为NE向压缩,NW向相对扩张,反映了青藏高原块体对鄂尔多斯块体的直接作用。     

P波极性资料确定的2022青海门源MS6.9地震序列震源机制及应力场

为研究2022年门源M_S6.9地震的发震构造及构造应力场特征,文章先搜集了1月8—30日M≥1.9地震事件的P波初动符号,基于P波初动极性反演震源机制解的方法,得出66个地震的震源机制解,参考水平应变花面应变对地震震源机制的划分原则进行分类,虽然震源机制分布类型较广,但走滑类震源机制超过半数,表明此次地震序列以走滑为主;然后基于得到的震源机制解,利用网格搜索法反演该区构造应力场,得到研究区内呈NEE-SWW向挤压,NNW-SSE向拉张;主震震源机制P和T轴与所处的应力区应力方向相近;最后模拟研究了主震震源机制与应力体系的关系,得到此次地震是在构造应力场作用下沿最优节面破裂的,可视其为该区域应变能积累后的一次正常释放。该研究对后续的发震机制和地球动力学分析具有参考意义。     

2013年12月1日新疆柯坪M_S5.3地震序列特征及震前异常分析

介绍了2013年12月1日新疆柯坪MS5.3地震基本参数、震源机制解、地震序列特征,分析了震前、震中及相邻构造区地震活动特征以及200 km范围内定点前兆异常特征。研究结果表明:(1)本次地震发生在柯坪断裂,震源断错类型为兼左旋走滑分量的逆断类型;(2)该地震序列为主余型,余震衰减快且呈北东向展布;(3)震前地震活动性异常有2~4级地震嵌套平静、柯坪块体4级地震平静、3级地震条带、普昌断裂中等地震异常增强区和地震学参数;(4)定点前兆观测资料主要异常特征以突变为主。除哈拉峻钻孔倾斜外,其他定点前兆观测异常在空间分布上呈现出由近及远、向震中外围迁移的现象。     

2016年5月22日辽宁朝阳4.6级地震震源机制和震源深度研究

2016年5月22日17时08分,辽宁朝阳县发生M4.6地震。本文利用P波初动、TDMT、CAP等方法研究该地震的震源机制解,利用CAP、PTD、sPn-Pn等方法测定震源深度。结果表明,3种方法计算震源机制解所得结果一致,CAP、PTD、sPn-Pn等方法测定的深度结果接近。利用双差定位法对2009~2016年发生在震源区域的地震重新定位,结合模拟退火算法和高斯牛顿算法拟合得到小地震分布的走向和倾角。根据震源机制解、震源深度、小地震分布特征和震源区域的构造特征等判断,发震构造断裂走向为NEE,倾角接近垂直,主压应力方向为NNW向,震源机制为正断类型,并带有较小的左旋分量。     

2008年6月10日内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗M5.2地震的震源机制、震源深度和发震构造

2008年6月10日14时5分,内蒙古鄂伦春自治旗发生M5.2地震,该地震处于大兴安岭梯度带北段,是内蒙古东北部地区近年来发生的最大地震。基于内蒙古地震台网观测资料,使用TDMT方法、CAP方法、PTD方法和sPn-Pn等方法测定此次地震的震源机制解和震源深度。结合已有数据资料,分析震源区域地震的时空分布特征和构造应力特征,并探讨该地震的发震构造。此次地震震源深度较浅,位于上地壳,结合震源机制解结果、地震分布特征和构造背景分析认为,此次地震为右旋走滑类型,走向NNE,主压应力方向为SWW。     

云南地区震源机制及应力场特征

利用云南和四川区域台网记录的地震波形资料,采用CAP方法计算得到了云南地区1999年1月至2014年8月268次M_L≥4.0地震的震源机制解,结合收集的哈佛大学1976年以来109次地震的震源机制解,分析了云南地区震源机制解分类及其区域特征。基于上述震源机制解资料,采用区域应力张量阻尼反演方法计算了云南地区每个网格的最佳拟合构造应力张量,并利用最大主应力计算方法计算得到了云南地区最大水平主应力的方向。结果表明:1)研究区地震震源类型以走滑型为主,其次为正断型,逆断型相对较少,震源机制空间分布特征明显,反映了研究区不同区域受力源及其作用方式的差异性;2)云南地区应力场方向呈现一定的空间连续性,最大水平主压应力方向由北向南呈顺时针旋转,由西向东呈逆时针旋转,同时应力场方向表现出空间的不均匀性,EW和SN方向分别存在2个应力转换区。应力场反演结果显示,云南地区应力场较为复杂,主应力方向变化很大,不同区域存在明显差异。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.