Exploring Social and Spatial Patterns in Private Vehicle Fuel Efficiency: a case study of Brisbane and Sydney,Australia

Australian cities have seen continued growth in private car travel that has resulted in increasing vehicle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. While much research has shown that vehicle demand is related to urban spatial structure, very little research has investigated the spatial patterns of private vehicle fuel efficiency (VFE) and its association with socio-spatial circumstances in urban areas. This study has combined State-level motor vehicle registration datasets with standard vehicle efficiency measures that permit a comprehensive understanding of spatial variation of VFE in urban areas. A spatial-based technique was applied to explore intra-urban patterns in socio-spatial conditions of private vehicle efficiency in Brisbane and Sydney. In both cities, the VFE of the private vehicle fleet tends to be lower in outer suburbs than in middle and inner suburbs. The analysis further shows that by linking the standard vehicle efficiency measures to the entire urban fleet datasets the VFE outcome showed a moderate relationship to socio-spatial variables in both cities. The built environment and household economic status are more transferable factors that relate to the VFE across different urban contexts. Outcomes from this research are of relevance to policy makers charged with identifying highly oil-vulnerable communities and designing intervention strategies to improve household vehicle efficiency.     

加权Voronoi图在城镇经济区划分中的应用——以十堰市为例

划分城镇经济区对于进行城乡产业和公共服务设施布局、统筹城乡协调发展具有重要意义。通过构建评价指标体系,运用主成分分析与重力模型法,计算城镇发展潜力,在此基础上选择了14个中心镇,并求得其与中心城市、特区及城关镇的中心性强度。根据断裂点理论,运用加权Voronoi图,以城镇中心性强度值的平方根为权重划分各中心城镇的空间影响范围。在保持乡镇行政区完整性的前提下,对城镇影响范围进行调整,最终确定了十堰市22个城镇经济区的覆盖范围。结果表明,城镇影响范围还取决于中心城镇间的距离,城镇经济区范围通常与行政范围不一致。在今后的研究中还需考虑自然资源、周边城市影响等因素,不断完善研究方法。     

哈尔滨市城乡结合部不透水面时空变化及驱动力分析

本文选取哈尔滨市城乡结合部为研究区,以1984年、1993年、2002年和2010年的TM影像数据为数据源,利用混合像元分解方法提取了哈尔滨市城乡结合部的不透水面信息。分析了不透水面的时空变化特征。选取坡度、坡向、DEM、距河流距离、距高速公路距离、距铁路距离、距主要路距离和距1984年城区距离8个因子,利用增强回归树法进一步分析了1984-2010年哈尔滨市城乡结合部不透水面扩张的主要影响因素。结果表明：1984年哈尔滨市城乡结合部不透水面所占比例为3.9%、1993年为6.6%、2002年为9.0%、2010年为16.52%。高速公路、铁路、主要路等交通要素带动周边地区的发展,从而导致道路沿线城市扩张速度较快。     

Balancing urban and peri-urban exchange: water geography of rural livelihoods in Mexico

The peri-urban area is the region where there is a more dynamic interaction between the urban and rural. The peri-urban area supplies natural resources, such as land for urban expansion and agricultural products to feed the urban population. In arid and semi-arid lands, such as northern Mexico, these areas may also be the source of water for the city's domestic demand. In addition, scholars argue that peri-urban residents may have a more advantageous geographical position for selling their labour and agricultural products in cities and, by doing so, sustaining their livelihoods. A considerable number of studies have examined the peri-urban to urban natural resources transfer in terms of land annexation, housing construction, and infrastructure issues; however, the study of the effects of the reallocation of peri-urban water resources to serve urban needs is critical as well because the livelihoods of peri-urban residents, such as those based on agriculture and livestock, depend on water availability. In the case of Hermosillo there is a tremendous pressure on the water resources of peri-urban small farm communities or ejidos because of urban demand. Based on interviews and structured surveys with producers and water managers, this paper examines how peri-urban livelihoods have been reshaped by the reallocation of the city's natural resources in many cases caused some ejido members or ejidatarios to lose livelihoods.     

ASSURE: a model for the simulation of urban expansion and intra-urban social segregation

Numerous cities in developing regions worldwide are expanding at a tremendous rate. This requires adequate strategies to address the needs of these growing cities with diverse populations. Nonetheless, the development of urban policies is often hampered by the lack of reliable data or insight in the socio-spatial dynamics of this urban expansion. This paper therefore presents ASSURE, a spatially and temporally explicit model that can simulate urban growth and intra-urban social segregation, taking into account alternative policy strategies and expected social dynamics. The model has a flexible structure that allows incorporating specific city conditions that influence residential decision-making and adapting the simulation to the data available. This, in combination with the transparent model structure, makes ASSURE a potentially valuable decision support tool for urban planning. The potential is demonstrated with an example where the urban growth of and social segregation in Kampala (Uganda) is simulated based on (semi-)quantitative and qualitative data for ca. 800 households collected through interviews. The results of the simulations show that depending on the scenario, the spatial segregation and accessibility problems will evolve highly differently.     

Are all cities with similar urban form or not? Redefining cities with ubiquitous points of interest and evaluating them with indicators at city and block levels in China

Urban forms reflect spatial structures of cities, which have been consciously and dramatically changing in China. Fast urbanisation may lead to similar urban forms due to similar habits and strategies of city planning. However, whether urban forms in China are identical or significantly different has not been empirically investigated. In this paper, urban forms are investigated based on two spatial units: city and block. The boundaries of natural cities in terms of the density of human settlements and activities are delineated with the concept of ‘redefined city’ using points of interests (POIs), and blocks are determined by road networks. Urban forms are characterised by city-block two-level spatial morphologies. Further, redefined cities are classified into four hierarchies to examine the effects of different city development stages on urban forms. The spatial morphology is explained by urbanisation variables to understand the effects. Results show that the urban forms are spatially clustered from the perspective of city-block two-level morphologies. Urban forms tend to be similar within the same hierarchies, but significantly varied among different hierarchies, which is closely related to the development stages. Additionally, the spatial dimensional indicators of urbanisation could explain 41% of the spatial morphology of redefined cities.     

Gentrification and the suburbanization of poverty: changing urban geographies through boom and bust periods

Many postindustrial cities across Europe and other contexts are marked by growing social–spatial inequalities, housing liberalization, and gentrification, which limit the housing options of low-income households. We investigated changes in the residential moves of different low-income households (working poor, low-to-middle income, and unemployed) in the Amsterdam and Rotterdam urban regions for the time period 2004–2013. We found an overarching trend for the suburbanization of poverty toward the urban peripheries and surrounding regions. While this trend appears to be relatively crisis resistant in the tight Amsterdam housing context, it is more cyclical in Rotterdam and has slowed following the global financial crisis. Low-to-middle income and unemployed households are increasingly moving to the urban regions surrounding cities, particularly to higher density satellite towns. Nevertheless, a growing number of working poor households remain highly urbanized, employing various coping strategies to acquire housing. This paper reveals how the suburbanization of poverty is both a direct process of poor households moving from city to suburb, and a broader indirect process caused by exclusionary mechanisms such as the decreasing accessibility and affordability of inner-urban neighborhoods, which reflect broader changes in the geography and socioeconomic patterning of urban regions.     

河流与城镇体系结构形成的关联特征及空间表现

基于相互作用视角分析了河流与城镇体系结构形成的关联特征及空间表现。河流作为重要自然要素,与城镇体系结构的形成演变存在紧密的关联性,并在空间上表现出不同的特征,研究结果表明:1从数量结构来看,城镇依河流呈非均衡集中分布格局;2规模结构方面,城镇对河流依赖随规模递增而增强,且大城市分布与河流等级、区位密切相关;3职能结构方面,沿河城镇职能具有河流属性特征,且区域中心城市或综合性城市多沿河分布;4空间结构方面,河流引导沿岸城镇空间布局分异,改变中心地空间布局理论结构,且引导沿岸城镇空间体系呈现出点—轴、双核等结构模式。     

基于城乡人口变动视角的中国城镇化地域类型时空演变

城镇化是城镇和乡村人口变动共同作用的结果。本文从城乡人口变动的视角提出了城镇化地域类型的划分方法,基于历次全国人口普查数据,考察了中国城镇化地域类型的时空演变及其影响因素。研究发现中国的城镇化于1990年后进入快速阶段且当前仍在加速,但城镇化的实现路径存在较强的时空动态性：① 随着人口自然增长减缓和乡城迁移扩张,全国城镇化地域类型由城乡扩张型转变为城镇吸引型,乡村人口减少对城镇化的贡献持续增强;② 城镇吸引型是各地最主要的城镇化地域类型,但2010年以来大量地区因乡村人口加速外流而转变为乡村流失型,城乡扩张型地域的空间范围大幅收缩至西藏、上海等地,而城乡收缩型地域在东北地区的非省会城市大范围扩张;③ 经济性因素仍是当前中国城镇化的核心驱动因素,经济增长带动乡村人口外迁,工业化长期有利于城乡协调共进,而公共服务等社会性因素的作用仍然有限;④ 新型城镇化和乡村振兴的政策效应还有待发掘,西部城市群、中小城市的吸引力以及乡村地区的人口发展等问题仍需更多的研究关注。本文最后对中国城镇化的趋势性、动力机制和未来研究重点展开了讨论。     

资源,交通,城镇与社会经济建设的空间战略布局：以西北地区为例

本文以西北地区为例，从阐述本地区资源开发、交通运网和城镇体系三者之间的相互作用及其地域布局的变化，提出了西北地区“三角两轴两疆”的社会经济建设的空间战略格局，得出了资源，交通、城镇的相互作用与布局的演变将从根本上决定一个地区的社会经济建设空间格局的结论。     

东北三省收缩城市城乡一体化收缩效应及其作用机理研究

城乡一体化对中国乡村振兴和城市—区域可持续发展的有效落实有重要意义,但当前快速城镇化发展进程中涌现了一批收缩型城市,其城乡一体化发展有什么特征、城市收缩是否对城乡一体化产生影响、产生什么样的影响等,成为新时期推进全民共同富裕目标研究中的核心科学问题。论文据此基于“城镇发展带动—产业发展与投入城乡协调—推进基本公共服务均衡和城乡收入差距缩小”的“动力—路径—目标”对城乡一体化内涵进行界定、构建评价指标体系,并以东北三省为例,从收缩城市与非收缩城市、收缩城市不同发展阶段、不同发展类型视角,对2010—2019年期间的城乡关系展开实证分析。结果表明：(1)东北三省城乡一体化发展情况整体呈上升趋势,但整体发展水平较低且内部空间分异明显。(2)城市收缩对城乡一体化发展表征出较为明显的影响,收缩城市的城乡一体化水平整体较非收缩城市要低、城乡二元结构特征更为明显。(3)收缩城市的城乡一体化发展水平存在收缩类型、收缩发展阶段的差异性：其城乡一体化水平由收缩初期阶段向收缩后期阶段逐渐降低,收缩类型上表征出资源依赖型收缩城市<综合型收缩城市<虹吸型收缩城市<区位制约型收缩城市的发展特征。...     

1985―2010年中国沿海城市人口密度时空变化

基于1985―2010年沿海城市人口密度数据,利用ArcGIS和空间统计的方法,分析了1985、1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年6个时间节点沿海城市人口密度的时空变化特征,并探讨了沿海城市人口密度变化的驱动因素。结果表明：1985年以来中国沿海城市人口密度整体上呈现不断增长的趋势,2010年沿海城市常住人口总数为2.64亿人,约占全国总人口的19.70%,平均人口密度在640人/km2左右。人口空间分布差异明显,集中表现为区域中心城市人口密度大,南通市以北地区大部分沿海城市的人口密度小于南通市以南的沿海城市。自然因素、经济因素、城市地位与功能、国家政策以及城市发展历史等是沿海城市人口密度差异的主要驱动因素,其中人口迁入已成为影响人口密度时空变化的最重要驱动力。为进一步促进沿海城市人口的合理分布,建议加强引导沿海地区人口有序流动,积极发展中小城镇,注重提高环境的承载力,促进人口、资源与环境的可持续发展。     

Editorial – transformation of cities

Cities and city regions are on the global agenda as key sites for contemporary societal development, in terms of agglomeration of economic activity, places of everyday life and dense networks. The majority of economic, political and social activities is today formed by urbanisation, and an increasing number of people are living and working in city regions. At the same time, many cities and peripheral regions are struggling with job losses, industrial restructuring and depopulation, and thus, many countries face new forms of spatially economic and social inequalities. This special issue is about the contemporary urbanisation processes and the transformation of cities and urban systems in the European context using Denmark as a particular case. Denmark provides a present-day example of urban transformation, and its urban system resembles that of many other European countries – Denmark having one large urban centre and a long tail of smaller cities and towns. Thus, the papers in this issue provide insights into contemporary urban changes.     

长江三角洲地区特色小镇地域类型及其适应性营造路径

特色小镇作为一种新型小城镇发展模式,具有重要的人口-产业-文化多维一体集聚与示范意义。选取长三角地区69个特色小镇为研究对象,运用ArcGIS10.5空间分析及SPSS20.0聚类分析等方法研究其空间特征及地域类型。研究发现：① 长三角地区特色小镇分布趋于集聚型,具多个密集区,集中在以上海为核心的江浙沪皖交界处,各市域特色小镇分布不均衡,空间形态呈一心多组团集聚格局,沿交通干线呈带状分布,并且多位于县际边缘区;② 特色小镇类型多样,地方特色资源与文化影响显著,长三角地区两批特色小镇中工业发展型特色居首,旅游发展型相对下降;地域类型呈现5类,其中平原地区工业发展型或农业服务型、河网或低山历史文化-旅游型地域本底条件优势显著。建议未来发展应考虑特色小镇区际异质性与邻近趋同性,注重毗邻县界多镇组团利用各自产业优势联动发展,提升整体竞争力。     

中国区域城镇化发展态势及战略选择

沿海地区多元且互补性强的城镇化动力使其长期保持较好的发展势头。城镇人口比重较高且增长速度较快,城乡一体化程度较高,城市规模齐全,但相对于区域人口,城市数量仍存在着一定的增长空间,部分省份城乡差距较大不利于城镇化持续发展。未来城镇化战略重点应放在完善现代城市体系、提升城市群发展水平和加速城乡融合等方面;中部地区城镇化水平偏低但近年城镇人口相对于总人口的增长速度较快,城市空间分布较密但相对于区域人口的城市数量并不算多,人口向最大城市集中程度较高,城乡居民生活水平差距显著。未来城镇化战略重点应加快产业培育,增强本地城市,尤其是中小城市对农村劳动力转移的吸纳能力,缩小城乡发展差距;西部地区城镇化水平低,城市空间分布稀疏,但人均拥有城市数量与其他区域差距并不大,城市规模偏小,城乡发展差距大,西南地区和西北地区城镇化发展特征差异明显。未来城镇化战略重点应进一步促进城市集聚发展,培育重点与特色产业,强化城乡经济支撑体系;东北地区城镇化水平最高但近年城镇人口相对于总人口的增长速度最慢,人均拥有城市数量非常高,城乡居民生活水平差距较小。未来城镇化战略重点应放在重塑城镇化发展动力,优化城市网络结构和提升城市发展质量等方面。     

城镇购房衡量的农业转移人口流向特征与形成机制

农业转移人口在城镇购置房产切合了新型城镇化规划和中央经济工作会议对市民化的要求。研究购房定居或准备定居城镇群体的流向特征,有助更好地落实有效供给。随机问卷调查乡村务农人员、打工者,在校大学生、研究生及其背后的家庭成员,采用回忆或电话问询方式填写农村购房转移个体和家庭基本状况,获得江苏、河南、陕西等24省区1327份有效信息,分析中国购房转移群体的流向特征与态势,用Spearman双变量相关分析和多项分类Logistic回归分析方法从个体或家庭角度探究购房流向分异的成因及形成机制。结果表明：20世纪80-90年代购房转移人口少,2000年以来渐多,趋向年轻化,教育程度较高群体多购房转移到规模较大或等级较高的城市。省区内城市,尤其县级城市是购房转移主要地,镇吸纳能力整体较弱,原住地层次影响迁住地高度。东部地区省区内购房转移多元分化,中部地区在县级以上城市分散购房转移,西部地区购房转移到省区内地级以上城市占一半以上。需求互补性、中介机会、距离远近影响购房转移及其分异,获得期望的经济收入加以城市的吸引力,是人们在工作或打工地购置房产的深层原因;没有稳固工作地点,一般倾向家乡的县级城市、镇或者就近的高等级城市购房。购房转移和流向分异与教育程度、固定工作与否、是否购房地工作、现工作地时间、购房年龄等个人或家庭发展条件的因子显著相关,是宏观社会环境政策影响、中观城乡系统各种媒介作用与微观个体或家庭成员主观行为多向耦合综合驱动的结果。     

A critique of the socio-spatial debate and the publicness of urban space

Research on urban processes under capitalism and the resulting transformations of urban space is caught in a socio-spatial dualistic debate, which neglects the continuum and relativities of space. The author aims to extend this debate through an in-depth review and critique of the main perspectives on socio-spatial relations. He argues that in capitalist urban processes urban space plays a dual role as both the public sphere and arena of capital accumulation. However, importantly, this dual role has led to the multidimensional nature of the publicness of space which, in turn, collaboratively results in increasingly blurred boundaries between ‘public’ and ‘private’ in cities. To grapple with the new features of urban space for theory and empirical research, the article offers an alternative property rights approach. Rather than treating space as monolithic, the proposed property rights approach puts the case for analysing space as a continuum. On this basis, the author discusses how that approach can be used for empirical research.     

Resource Development and the Perpetuation of Poverty in Rural Laos

ABSTRACT

Government efforts to industrialise and modernise the Lao economy through intensive resource development are having adverse effects on rural livelihoods as resources are degraded and access to limited land and natural resources has intensified. In one of the country's key river basins, Nam Ngum, a series of resource developments including hydropower, mining and agricultural plantations have modified the landscape over the last four decades. Uncoordinated resource developments are putting intense pressure on increasingly scarce natural resources and affecting the lives of people who are dependent on them. Economic diversification of rural households in Feuang District in the Nam Ngum River Basin has created significant discrepancies between the rich and the poor, yet all households remain primarily dependent on agriculture. Land is of enduring importance to rural livelihoods. National development intervention has failed to secure basic livelihoods for rural households.     

京津冀城市用地形态的双分形特征及其演化

区域城乡一体化的标志之一是城镇体系结构的一体化,这个过程可以从标度的角度进行描述和评价。分形是标度分析的重要方法,地理空间无尺度分布特征的典型参数是分维。论文以京津冀城镇体系为例,利用遥感图像的解译数据和人口普查数据开展分形分析、位序-规模分布分析和异速标度分析,用以解释1995—2013年间京津冀城镇体系演化的过程。结果表明,京津冀城镇体系及其演化的特征有：①京津冀空间结构和位序-规模分布都表现为自仿射双分形结构;②京津冀区域的城市人口-城区面积异速标度退化为假线性关系;③随着城镇体系的演化,自仿射的双分形结构逐步向自相似分形结构演化。由此得出结论：其一,京津冀城镇体系存在结构性的不协调因素。其空间结构和等级结构具有二元化特征,但演化方向却呈现内在结构一体化的显著趋势。其二,大城市用地不够集约。城市边缘区的无序扩张导致土地利用铺张浪费。地方政府和规划专家可以有意识地利用城镇体系演化的这种特征和趋势制定管理措施和优化规划方案。     

中国城乡协调发展格局特征及影响因素

构建城乡协调发展的理论框架与指标体系,基于GIS技术和ESDA方法揭示中国地级市城乡发展协调空间特征,借助空间计量经济学模型探讨城乡协调发展影响因素。研究结果表明：① 城乡发展协调体系由要素、结构、功能、政策等层级构成,具有层级内协调与层级间互馈特征。② 城乡投资、产业、收入、消费等分项指标均存在明显的空间差异,投资协调指数、产业协调指数、收入协调指数、消费协调指数区域间差距依次减小。③ 城乡协调发展综合指数空间集聚特征明显,东中西分异,高值区集聚在东部沿海地区和中西部少数中心城市地区。④ 经济增长、城镇化、对农投资、消费能力的提高有助于城乡协调发展,教育投资、教育水平、基础设施建设对城乡协调发展的作用仍需进一步加强。