Safety Measures after the 2011 Joplin,Missouri, Tornado

Immediately following the May 2011 tornado, the city of Joplin, Missouri, initiated recovery efforts to rebuild the part of the community devastated by this event. In doing so, city officials introduced two new safety measures and recommended several others. The main objective of this paper is to explore the tornado survivors' compliance with the safety features recommended by the Joplin city authorities. Face‐to‐face interviews, as well as other methods, were used to survey respondents who were living within the tornado path (damage zones) at the time of the tornado. Results showed that 43 percent of all respondents implemented at least one recommended tornado measure in rebuild or repair their destroyed/damaged homes. Further, it was found that three variables considered here— rebuild or repair, damage zone category, and perceived tornado risk—were all significant contributors to a homeowner's decision to implement recommended tornado safety measures. The paper concludes with a recommendation for expanding tornado safety education among the respondents.     

Ethnic and Racial Differences in Tornado Hazard Perception,Preparedness, and Shelter Lead Time in Tuscaloosa

The 27 April 2011 EF4 Tuscaloosa tornado directly impacted more than 50,000 residents, causing forty-five fatalities within the city and sixty-five in total. It was a rare urban tornado with varying impacts on the three major ethnic and racial groups within the city. A hybrid survey and interview of open-ended and closed questions was conducted with 211 Tuscaloosa area residents in a two-week period after the tornado. Results indicate significant differences in risk perception, preparedness, and shelter lead time among the three ethnic and racial groups. Furthermore, results were still significant for perception after controlling for the effects of age, education, and experience.     

Spatial Accessibility and Supply–Demand Analysis of Elderly Dining Services in Beijing

China's population has been aging rapidly in recent years, with more than 90 percent of elderly people living at home and many of them alone. Although they are in need of many services, healthy and affordable meals are particularly important because most find cooking three meals a day to be a challenge. In response, several cities in China such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Xi'an have set up Elderly Dining Services (EDS) with government subsidies. A survey of 227 local residents aged sixty and over as well as the nine designated restaurants for EDS in the area was conducted in 2012 in the Xinjiekou Jiedao community of Xicheng District in Beijing to determine whether these services are accessible and sufficient to meet the demand of the local elderly population. Our findings show that eat-in services are considered within an acceptable distance for 90 percent of elderly residents and that delivery services within 1,000 m would cover 100 percent of the 16,913 elderly residents in the area (although not all of them are interested in EDS). The potential demand far exceeds what the nine EDS restaurants are willing to provide, however. Our results indicate that the main issue in supply shortage is cost, especially for delivery services.     

Place attachment among retirees in Greensburg, Kansas

On 4 May 2007 an ef-5 tornado leveled 95 percent of Greensburg, Kansas. Because city leaders encouraged everyone to use “green” building techniques as they rebuilt their homes and businesses, not only has the return to normalcy been exceedingly slow, but some of the town's older residents feel that officials have overlooked their needs. These minor episodes of discord enabled us to learn what features are most important to people in retirement. The features include identifiable landmarks, a space in which to socialize, and age-specific businesses. We assert that the lessons learned in Greensburg are applicable to other communities with a sizable older population. As baby boomers rapidly enter retirement they will seek places to live that are elder friendly and enable them to effectively bond with place. As previous research attests, people who have a strong attachment to place commonly have a good quality of life.     

A TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY FOR INDIANA

Analysis of data collected between 1950 and 1995 in the state of Indiana indicates that the state experiences an average of nearly 19 tornadoes each year, which occur on approximately 8 or 9 days during an average year. Analysis of storm dimensions indicates that the annual probability of a point location in Indiana being impacted by a tornado is 1.4 × 10^-4 per year. The largest number of the more intense tornadoes (F2 and higher) typically occur from March to June, during the afternoon and evening, although tornadoes have been observed in each month of the year and each hour of the day. Inter-annual variability of tornadic events in Indiana is large and may reflect both physical causes (e.g., the variability of cyclone passages or jet stream location) and recording bias (e.g., increased public awareness during the 1950s). Using the data set from Indiana, statistical analyses of the temporal and spatial variability of tornadoes are undertaken. Analyses of tornado reports by county indicate that, in addition to area and population, surface roughness is a significant determinant of event frequency. Analyses presented herein also indicate that in contrast to previous studies, (1) no statistically significant hebdomadal cycle of tornado reporting is evident in the data and (2) the diurnal cycle of tornado records is evident for all F-scale classes and is not confined largely to the weak tornado categories. Analyses of the physical dimensions and F-scale ratings of tornadoes in Indiana indicate that there has been a decline in reported tornado intensity, width, and length between 1950 and 1995. These changes are in accord with evidence of a decreasing number of reports of strong and violent tornadoes across the United States over this period and appears to be principally a result of reporting biases at the beginning of the record. [Key words: tornado climatology, temporal and spatial variability, reporting bias.]     

Are American Interlocking Directorates Associated with Brain Circulation and do They Translate into Higher Corporate Performance?

This study explores interlocking directorates, with specific focus on those connections when a director sits as an inside director for an American corporation and an outside director for firm located outside of North America. The goal of this study is to explore the spatial relationship between the personal histories of directors and the headquarter's location of the corporate boards on which they sit. First, it was found that a geographical relationship in the interlocking network of American companies exists. Second, it was determined that domestic personal histories played a significant role as 96.5 percent of directors attended a university in the United States and 93.4 percent directors were born there. When North American universities and North American births were deleted from the sample, a geographical pattern also emerges for Asian firms. Finally, the study found that the lone region that consistently displayed greater firm performance where a director's personal history and the interlocked company were the same as Asia.     

北京城区绿地防灾避险功能评估

城市绿地具有重要的防灾避险功能。以北京城区具有防灾避险功能的绿地为研究对象, 划定了不同类型绿地的防灾避险服务半径, 利用ArcGIS的缓冲区分析工具, 对研究区内绿地 的防灾避险服务范围进行了分析。结果表明:绿地防灾避险有效服务面积占研究区的 71.22%,3.94万hm²的区域处于服务盲区, 主要分布在五环路以外的海淀、丰台和朝阳区; 从防灾避险绿地和服务范围的覆盖率来看, 西城区>东城区>朝阳区>石景山区>海淀区> 丰台区, 有111个街道、地区办事处和乡镇覆盖率在90% 以上, 但仍有占研究区面积 24.08%的办事处和乡镇覆盖率在80%以下;此外, 防灾避险绿地及服务区覆盖率由市中心向 外围呈现递减趋势。     

乌鲁木齐城市社会区分析

利用2011 年上半年乌鲁木齐街道一级统计和调查数据,运用因子生态分析法对乌鲁木齐进行社会区分析。结果表明,乌鲁木齐城市社会区形成的主要因子有6 个,即:① 少数民族人口,② 知识分子,③ 普通工人及退休人员,④ 机关干部、高级管理与服务人员,⑤ 疆外流动人口,⑥ 农业人口。通过聚类分析法将乌鲁木齐划分为6 类社会区,即:① 民族混居区,② 知识阶层聚居区,③ 一般工薪阶层与退休人员居住区,④ 人口密集的机关干部、高级管理与服务人员聚居区,⑤ 疆外流动人口聚居区,⑥ 远郊农业人口散居区。并据此建立了乌鲁木齐城市社会空间结构模式。乌鲁木齐城市社会空间以扇形和多核心结构为主,同心圆结构不明显。乌鲁木齐现有的城市社会空间格局是在其自然本底条件基础上,经过250 多年的历史发展,在社会经济因素、宏观政策和城市规划等因素共同作用下形成的。     

The Spread of the Black Christian Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States, 1870 to 1970

Abstract

India, with 1.2 million square miles, ranks only seventh in area but supports the second largest population in the world. From 1871, the year of the first decennial census, to 1921, India experienced periods of both absolute increase and decline of population. Since 1921, however, there has been a continued and rapid population growth of 11.0, 14.2, 13.3, 21.6, and 24.7 percent in each successive decade to 1971.1 India's population totaled 547.9 million in 1971 and was unequally distributed across the country (fig. 1).² An effective means of cartographic representation of India's population growth and its spatial characteristics is the focus of this paper.     

Spatial and social transformations in a secondary city: the role of mobility in Sekondi-Takoradi,Ghana

Abstract

Existing research on urban Ghana mainly focuses on processes occurring within the country’s major cities, thereby reproducing a trend within the social sciences to overlook the role of intermediate and secondary cities. This paper aims to address this shortcoming by exploring spatial and social transformations in Sekondi–Takoradi, one of Ghana’s secondary cities and the metropolitan area serving the region’s emerging rubber industries as well as the country’s oil and gas economy. Using qualitative interviews conducted with residents in five of the city’s neighbourhoods, and a modified version of Kaufmann’s typology of mobility, we examine migration into Sekondi–Takoradi, residential mobility within the city and the daily mobility of the city’s residents. The paper highlights how these diverse forms of mobility interact with processes taking place both within and outside Sekondi–Takoradi, most notably influencing and being influenced by livelihood strategies. It is argued that the city and its hinterlands can best be envisaged as a mobile networked whole, rather than consisting of disconnected and compartmentalized locales. The paper thus contributes to broader debates on how mobility shapes urbanization by providing new empirical data on events unfolding in Africa’s secondary cities, and extends existing research by providing a counter-narrative to literature that examines the city and its surrounding rural areas separately.     

Fear,crime, and space: The case of Viçosa,Brazil

Crime is both a factual and perceptual component of the urban landscape, seemingly both a societal pathology and the consequence of economic disparity between social groups. Crime has a spatial structure that can be revealed by mapping. Urban crime has a spatial multiplier effect that changes the values and perceptions of how people see urban space, and which jeopardizes the quality of life of a city's inhabitants. In this research we examine the question of whether the geography of actual criminal acts is echoed by peoples' perceptions of crime, what might be termed their “spaces of fear”. We ask how the fear of crime is associated with reported urban crime. Urban crime incidents have been increasing in Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We assembled crime information about Viçosa from two sources: first, crime as reported to the police and second, crime as perceived by city residents and measured by surveys and interviews. Reported criminal acts reveal a clustered geography, focusing particularly on the Downtown area, where there is a concentration of urban wealth and potential victims are more numerous. Offenses against property were focused on Downtown, while offenses against the person were located mostly in peripheral areas. The widespread feeling of insecurity in the city's neighborhoods, reflecting the fear of becoming a victim of violence and crime, was common throughout the city. Results confirmed the conclusion of past studies showing that the fear of violence and crime are not directly related to increasing numbers of criminal reports. Sites with higher incidence of crimes are not places with higher levels of fear. Rather than being geographically explainable “spaces of fear”, the spatial distribution of the fear of violence and crime appears to be unrelated in Viçosa, and neither is clustered or dispersed in any measurable way.     

POPULATION REDISTRIBUTION IN IRAN: THE CASE OF KERMANSHAH CITY

Since 1979, when the new government came to power in Iran, there have been fundamental structural changes in Iranian society. The focus of this essay is on the pronounced redistribution of population, which has taken place largely as a result of the new Iranian government's policy favoring rural-urban migration. The government's justification for the redistribution has been that there is a need for the deprived lower classes in rural areas to receive a better deal within Iranian society. Mr. A. Khosrosphahi, government official in the area of Housing and Urban Development has publicly stated on many occasions that migrants who wish to live in the Tehran metropolitan area will be provided with housing facilities, including parcels of urban land and housing loans. This has caused a mass migration of rural settlers to the cities. In order to examine different aspects of how this redistribution has occurred, it will be useful to study in detail what has taken place in one city affected by the changes. The city of Kermanshah will be considered here as such a case study.     

城市轨道交通通勤与职住平衡状况的关系研究——基于大数据方法的北京实证分析

城市轨道交通网络的发展在提高居民通勤效率的同时也对其职住平衡状况产生了一定影响。论文以北京市206个轨道站点为例,基于高斯混合模型(Gaussian mixture model, GMM)和一卡通刷卡数据将轨道站点按职住功能进行分类,利用腾讯“宜出行”定位数据考察轨道站点周边的动态人口分布并计算就业居住比。研究发现：① 中心城区的职住状况明显优于中心城区以外区域;② 轨道交通线网末端区域的职住平衡程度较差,仅有少数成规模的高端服务产业集中分布的轨道站点周边形成了区域性就业中心;③ 部分就业-居住较为均衡的城郊地区仍存在一定的职住不匹配现象。随后,通过计算一卡通出进站比和“宜出行”职住比得到出进站均衡度和职住平衡度,利用广义自回归条件异方差(generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity, GARCH)模型对轨道交通通勤和职住平衡程度进行相关性分析,研究结果表明：① 出进站均衡度与职住平衡度具有非常显著的正向关系,即站点进出站人数越接近,站点周边区域的职住状况越好;② 典型就业地站点与站点周边区域的职住平衡程度显著正相关,而典型居住地站点与站点周边区域的职住状况存在显著的负相关性。这表明,人口稠密的聚居区无法带动同样数量就业岗位的产生,而完善的就业中心能够吸引一定数量的人口在附近居住;③ 轨道站点的区位条件与职住平衡状况存在一定正向关系;④ GMM能够对属性复杂模糊的轨道站点进行有效的聚类分析;⑤ 具有实时性强、精确度高、覆盖度广、获取难度低等优点的“宜出行”数据能够在微观空间尺度下弥补其他捕捉和分析实时人口时空分布特征方法的局限性。     

上海市中心城社会区分析

以第五次人口普查数据为基础,对上海市中心城社会区进行研究。结果表明,老年与外来人口、社会经济地位、居住条件、商服与农业人口和公房住宅是形成转型期上海中心城社会区的5个主要因子。城区社会区可划分成6种类型:老年人口集中的旧城区、高社会经济地位居住区、单位公房居住带、人口导入的新建住宅区、外来人口聚居区、农业人口散居区;城市社会空间在整体的同心圆结构基础上呈现出与扇形、多核心结构的综合。并从城市发展的历史、城市规划、土地使用制度改革与旧城改造、户籍管理制度、住房福利分配制度及市场化改革等方面探讨了其形成机制。     

Evolving Spatial Form of Urban‐Rural Interaction in the Pearl River Delta,China

Much of the development literature and the theory of urban transition have been based on an arbitrary division of production space into city and countryside. Despite growing recognition of the need for an integrated approach to urban‐rural relations, controversial issues related to the definition and measurement of the phenomenon remain unresolved. This case study of spatial transformation in China's Pearl River Delta analyzes with greater precision the geographic extent and functional attributes of a zone of urban‐rural interaction located outside and between major metropolitan centers. This zone has been the spatial focus of industrial and commercial development, although most of its population remains officially classified as “agricultural.” The peri‐urban zone was initially left behind by the central cities in terms of its contribution to the regional economy. After a decade of postreform development, this zone has moved ahead of the central cities and become the region's main destination for in‐migrants and foreign investment. The growth of the zone of urban‐rural interaction outside the central cities has absorbed a significant amount of the increased urban population, but it has not brought about a reduction of regional economic inequality because of the persistence of a backward economy in the periphery. Theoretical questions are raised concerning the validity of several fundamental assumptions underlying the conventional model of urban transition.     

On The Waterfront: Globalization and Urbanization in Singapore

Although many cities aspire to "global-city status," few have been as explicit as Singapore in its quest to create urban landscapes to project its global aspirations. This paper presents the case of the Singapore River development zone as a "hyper-symbol" of Singapore's global urbanism. By creating a world-class riverfront not unlike the acclaimed waterfronts of London, Sydney, or San Francisco, Singapore's urban planners hope to project the city as a venue worthy of world-class tourism and leisure activities, an important node in international circuits of capital, and a vibrant city for both foreign visitors and local residents. Our paper, however, also argues that local forces and influences play a significant role in the waterfront's development. The Singapore River landscape is the negotiated outcome of both globalism and localism—a dialectical landscape formed by dominant global influences on the one hand, and emerging local processes on the other. Fieldwork comprising a questionnaire survey, in-depth interviews, and on-site observations provide evidence of such global-local interactions. The paper contends that the challenges at the river are symptomatic of the broader Singapore experience as the city-state grapples with issues of national identity, local empowerment, and community rights in the midst of a global convergence of tourists, capital, people, and cultures.     

The Paradoxical Black Rock City: All Cities Are Mad

Since 1986, Burning Man has evolved from an obscure bohemian San Francisco solstice celebration into the world's largest intentional community, anchored by annual burns on a playa in Nevada's Black Rock country. Participants embrace an ethos that radically challenges mainstream culture through Black Rock City's yearly (re)formation, negotiation, immolation, and deconstruction. Voicing curiosity, as humanists, in who we are, what we do, and why we do it, we examine rituals associated with this transitory yet international‐scale event. Such happenings imply a human need to seek clarity, dwell in close confines, and engage with a utopian desire for concerted communal participation. Yet, there exist historical‐cultural paradoxes associated with Burning Man, including steep entry barriers that reinforce an elite homogeneous population no longer representative of Burning Man's distinctive California roots.     

拉萨古城居民地方依恋及其影响因素研究

以拉萨为案例,对古城区居民地方依恋及其影响因素进行解读。研究发现:居民地方依恋水平整体较高,居民对古城的情感性依恋要大于功能性依恋;但由于依赖类型、居住时间、文化背景、宗教信仰以及"家"的归属感不同,原住居民的地方依恋水平要高于非原住居民;从地方因素来看,宗教信仰、环境状况、活动参与和社交关系是影响居民地方依恋的关键因素,原住居民排在第一位的影响因素是环境状况,而非原住居民排在第一位的则是宗教信仰,这为提升拉萨古城居民地方依恋水平提供了科学依据。     

中原城市群地区交通网络演化分析

回顾了近百年来中原城市群地区交通建设情况,分为3个时期分析中原城市群地区交通网络形成演化的过程,探讨城市群地区交通网络演化对城市群形成和发展的影响作用.结果表明中原城市群地区： （1）至建国初期,交通极为落后,整个城市群几乎处于孤立城市阶段; （2）至改革开放初期,铁路建设继续完善,公路网络比较成熟,中原城市群雏形显现; （3）改革开放近30年来,中原城市群地区铁路、公路网络逐步建设完善到成熟阶段,中原城市群形成层次分明、发展轴向清晰的城市网络格局.     

个体出行情景下上海中心城区地铁可达性研究

地铁是城市内重要的公共交通方式,对缓解交通压力、提高居民出行便捷度起到重要作用。个体通过地铁前往城市内不同地点的能力受个体前往地铁站的能力和地铁站间的通行能力影响。基于此,该文综合考虑个体可达性与地方可达性,提出评价个体到达区域内不同地点能力的指标——个体区域出行可达性,即从某点出发就近进入某类交通网络节点,通过该交通网络到达该网络所有节点的最短时间均值,可结合最短旅行时间及加权平均旅行时间计算得到,以尽可能精细地评价在节点分布足以代表区域的情形下个体到达整个区域的能力,并计算了上海中环以内城区地铁出行的个体区域出行可达性。结果表明:受线网结构和自然地物分布的影响,个体在上海中心城区通过地铁前往不同地点的能力由最中心地区向外波动下降,部分特殊地区和线网稀疏区个体出行能力较差,浦西地区的可达性情况明显好于浦东地区。