河南区域经济增长俱乐部趋同研究

1990~2004年,河南区域经济增长形成了高收入、中高收入、中低收入和低收入 4个趋同俱乐部。高收入和低收入趋同俱乐部的稳定性最大且连片扩张,区域经济增长水平和空间结构的两极分化日趋增强。总体上,一个区域的"邻居区域环境"对其经济增长及其向何种趋同俱乐部转移有规律性的影响。低收入区域的经济增长及其向中低收入趋同俱乐部转移的概率与其邻居区域的经济增长水平正相关。中低收入区域更倾向于向低收入趋同俱乐部转移。对于中高收入区域,与经济增长水平越高的区域为邻,其向高收入趋同俱乐部转移的概率越大;反之,与经济增长水平越低的区域为邻,其向中低收入趋同俱乐部转移概率也越大。高收入区域的经济增长及稳定性受邻居区域的影响比较小。     

Regional differences of border geo-cities in China and the surrounding countries

As the improvement of international status and the implementation of China’s neighboring diplomacy, the development of border regions and the security of border cities, as well as their spatial structure and regional differences are gaining more attention from academic circle. Based on the interdisciplinary perspectives of urban geography, regional economics and geopolitics, this paper explores the regional differences of border geo-cities in China and the surrounding countries with the help of remote sensing information acquisition and ArcGIS spatial analysis. Three primary results are found as follows: (1) The border geo-cities in China and surrounding countries are divided into five geographical regions: geo-cities in South China Sea, geo-cities in Southeast Asia, geo-cities in South Asia, geo-cities in Central Asia and geo-cities in Northeast Asia. (2) In the spatial structure system of China’s border geo-cities, the importance of geo-cities in five major regions is fairly different. In terms of the security and economic development, the rank of priority is geo-cities in North-east Asia, geo-cities in South China Sea, geo-cities in Central Asia, geo-cities in South Asia, geo-cities in Southeast Asia. (3) Considering China’s geo-setting for the development of border geo-cities, the east region is significantly better than the west, and the north region is slightly better than the south.     

中国边境地区地缘城市的区域差异分析（英文）

As the improvement of international status and the implementation of China's neighboring diplomacy, the development of border regions and the security of border cities, as well as their spatial structure and regional differences are gaining more attention from academic circle. Based on the interdisciplinary perspectives of urban geography, regional economics and geopolitics, this paper explores the regional differences of border geo-cities in China and the surrounding countries with the help of remote sensing information acquisition and Arc GIS spatial analysis. Three primary results are found as follows:(1) The border geo-cities in China and surrounding countries are divided into five geographical regions: geo-cities in South China Sea, geo-cities in Southeast Asia, geo-cities in South Asia, geo-cities in Central Asia and geo-cities in Northeast Asia.(2) In the spatial structure system of China's border geo-cities, the importance of geo-cities in five major regions is fairly different. In terms of the security and economic development, the rank of priority is geo-cities in Northeast Asia, geo-cities in South China Sea, geo-cities in Central Asia, geo-cities in South Asia, geo-cities in Southeast Asia.(3) Considering China's geo-setting for the development of border geo-cities, the east region is significantly better than the west, and the north region is slightly better than the south.     

改革开放以来广东省空间极化研究

改革开放２０年来广东省的空间结构演化表明：传统的核心－边缘模式已发生了很大的变化,区域出现多极化且次级核心区形成。广州华南中心城市的地位已经被香港所取代,韶关、湛江、汕头、潮阳等老中心城市地位不断下降,深圳、珠海、东莞、中山、顺德、南海和番禺等新兴城市正发展成为新区域增长中心。珠江三角洲经济发展开始向外围地区扩展,出现了反极化的趋势。全省空间差异扩大,形成了多层次的空间极化格局。     

中国区域经济增长与差异格局演变探析

在评析区域经济差异研究进展的基础上,以中国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市为研究单元,以人均国内生产总值(GDP)为测度变量,定量评价了改革开放以来中国区域经济差异及空间格局变化的总体水平与特征;并引用国外最近使用的区域分离系数等方法,分析了中国区域经济增长与差异格局变化的相互关系,得出的基本结论为:随着中国经济的不断增长,其东、中、西三大区域逐渐发散趋异,而南、北两大区域逐渐收敛趋同。     

Gender bias in the convergence dynamics of the regional homicide rates in Mexico

The geography of violence in Mexico has changed in recent years because of an explosive increase in regional homicide rates since 2006. This study relies on spatial statistical data analysis to address the issue of convergence in homicide victim rates across Mexican municipalities from 2001 to 2010. Based on the results of spatial panel modeling, we conclude that despite strong regional disparities in murders, municipal-level homicide growth rates display a pattern of convergence with spatial interaction features. This convergent pattern is gender-specific; the homicide growth rates for females show stronger convergence than those for males when local and regional factors are not considered. We postulate that homicide growth dynamics among females more closely follow the predictions of the “modernization hypothesis” than do the dynamics among males. This finding suggests that violence (specifically, homicides) against women in Mexico is driven by underlying factors other than short-term factors, such as drug cartel dynamics, and regional factors, such as local institutions and governments. The data might support the long-established feminist hypothesis that contends that violence against women follows specific dynamics that are different from the dynamics of violence against men.     

Spatial inequality of foreign direct investment in China: Institutional change,agglomeration economies,and market access

The spatial inequality of foreign direct investment (FDI) can intensify uneven economic development. As globalization and economic transition proceeds, foreign investors are changing their behaviors in FDI location, based on institutional change and agglomeration effects. In order to reduce the inequality, this research employs spatial statistics and analyses to examine the change in the spatial inequality of FDI among regions and among prefectural cities, and uses regression models and spatial regime analyses to investigate factors influencing the inequality from 1990 to 2010. The spatial diffusion of FDI clusters from the eastern/coastal region to the interior shows the trend of FDI convergence among regions. However, increasing numbers of FDI clusters and hot spots show the increasing divergence among cities within three regions. Agglomeration effects have replaced institutional factors to become one of the most significant factors influencing the FDI inequality among cities. Additionally, special economic zones, coastal open cities, provincial capital cities, and development zones lost their advantages in FDI as more reforms set in. The spatial regime analyses further indicate the significance of market size in FDI in prefecture-level cities and the significance of agglomeration economies in FDI in capitals and municipalities.     

Changing regional rural inequality in China 1980–2002

Regional rural inequalities in China since the reform are examined based on Theil's regional inequality index. By using data from the three zones (east, central and west) and provinces in the period 1980–2002, I find that China's rural regional inequality has an overall increasing trend with a short period of decrease during the entire reform period. However, the trends vary in different indicators and different geographical scales. The trend of income inequality does not always match that of rural economic inequality. The decomposition of Theil's regional inequality further reveals that, since 1987, interregional inequalities between the eastern, central and western regions have been more serious than provincial inequality within the regions themselves. For example, when rural non-agriculture inequality decreased substantially within the east, it increased greatly within the west. Similarly, the income inequality increased within the west and the east but decreased within the central region. China's regional rural inequality remained at a high level and the coastal/interior income differential continued to increase.     

Spatiality of regional inequality

Spatial inequality has drawn renewed scholarly interests and societal concerns. This paper reviews the literature on regional inequality, with a focus on spatiality of regional economic/income inequality, to make a timely contribution for a better understanding of the complexity and dynamics of spatial inequality. We find that existing theories disagree over temporal trends and underlying forces of regional inequality, and spatio-temporal models have been favored by economic geographers. It also shows that the research on regional inequality covers all continents of the world, including both developed and developing countries. The scope of research has also been broadened, expanding to household and environmental inequalities. The paper proposes components of spatiality of regional inequality, including scale, location, physical geography, place, space, spatial network, and spatial-temporal models. The paper also proposes areas for future research.     

中国地区收入与净财富不平等的演变路径识别

当前,“共同富裕”问题备受各界关注,中国2035年远景目标纲要明确要求“共同富裕”取得实质性进展,因而测度收入与净财富不平等程度、识别地区“共同富裕”的路径差异与成因具有重要意义。本文根据2011—2019年中国家庭金融调查（CHFS）数据,使用基尼系数、洛伦兹曲线和计量模型分析地区收入不平等和净财富不平等的演变模式、成因与地区“共同富裕”的路径差异。研究发现：① 虽然2011—2019年全国收入不平等程度下降,但净财富不平等维持在高位,而各地区收入和净财富不平等变化存在明显空间差异,其各分位点上的收入或净财富累计占比变化呈现不同态势。② 进一步检验地区不平等与经济发展的关系,发现经济发展水平与收入不平等呈近似倒“U”型关系,与净财富不平等呈近似倒“N”型关系。③ 各地区“共同富裕”的路径存在差异,发达省市区正逐步推进“共同富裕”,而落后省市区这一迹象并未显现。本文为中央与地方政府“共同富裕”政策的制定提供借鉴与参考。     

Regional differences in the health status of Chinese residents: 2003–2013

Health inequality is an increasing concern worldwide. Using the coefficient of variation, Theil index, exploratory spatial data analysis, and spatial panel econometric model, we examined the regional inequality, spatio-temporal dynamic patterns, and key factors in the health status of Chinese residents from 2003 to 2013. We found that China’s residential health index (RHI) decreased from 0.404 to 0.295 in 2003–2013 at an annual rate of 2.698%. Spatially, resident health status, based on the RHI, has improved faster in the western region than in the eastern and central regions. Inequality in resident health status continued to increase between 2003 and 2013; inequality between regions decreased, but health status inequality expanded within regions. Furthermore, disparities in health status grew faster in western regions than in the eastern and central regions. The spatial distribution of resident health status formed a “T-shaped” pattern across China, decreasing from east to center then to the west with a symmetric decrease north and south. Using the change in Moran’s I from 2003 to 2008 and 2013, we found that the distribution of resident health status across China has narrowed. All the hot spots and cold spots have decreased, but they are also stable. Resident health status formed a stable cold spot in the western regions, while the east coastal area formed a stable hot spot. Selected explanatory variables have significant direct impacts on resident health status in China: increasing per capita GDP, per capita spending on health, and urbanization, and improving environmental quality all lead to better resident health status. Finally, we highlight the need for additional research on regional inequality of resident health status across multiple time, spatial, and factor domains.     

The potential for the use of Open Source Software and Open Specifications in creating Web‐based cross‐border health spatial information systems

Globalization is contributing to the blurring of borders making irrelevant the distinctions between domestic and international health problems. Cross‐border and global health spatial information systems (CBHSIS) are required to address the new global health challenges. There is a need to build and document alternatives for addressing the technological, economic, and sociocultural–political challenges encountered in the creation and deployment of these systems. This paper documents the building of a prototype Web‐based multimedia GIS system for use in a public health context using Open Source Software and Open Specifications and its deployment across the US–Mexico border. These technologies offer advantages in addressing several of the challenges previously mentioned. We highlight the technological and sociocultural–political issues important in successful collaboration across borders and cultures and in the creation of interoperable CBHSIS.     

The impacts of the district-level administrative restructuring on urban polycentricity and balanced regional development北大核心CSCD

Administrative division adjustment as an institutional support for spatial governance is an important measure to optimize resource allocation, and it has profound effects on promoting balanced regional development. Based on the panel data of 272 cities in China from 2013 to 2021, this study used the spatial difference-in-differences method to explore the impact of district-level administrative restructuring, a special type of administrative division adjustment, on balanced regional development, and further analyzed the mediation mechanism of urban morphological polycentricity. The results show that district-level administrative restructuring is not only beneficial to promoting balanced regional development in local regions, but also has positive spatial spillover effects on neighboring regions. Mechanism analysis show that under the background of administrative division adjustment, urban form is an important driving factor for balanced regional development. Specifically, district-level administrative restructuring can reduce regional development inequality by improving the level of urban morphological polycentricity. Heterogeneity analysis show that the impact of district-level administrative restructuring on balanced regional development varies across regions. Compared to the western region, the positive effects of such restructuring on balanced regional development are more significant in the eastern and central regions. The restructuring has significant promotional effects in large cities and medium-sized cities, while the effects in mega-cities, super-large cities, and small cities are not significant. In the future, we should prudently carry out administrative division adjustment and urban spatial transformation according to the development conditions of different cities, and promote the construction of urban polycentricity by district-level administrative restructuring according to local conditions, in order to promote balanced regional development. © 2023, Editorial office of PROGRESS IN GEOGRAPHY. All rights reserved.     

Rising inequality in Canada: A regional perspective

In almost three-quarters of OECD countries, income inequality has increased over the past three decades. Canada is among those countries experiencing the fastest growth in inequality, especially since the mid-1990s. While there is an important literature dealing with rising inequality at the national-level, much less attention has been devoted to sub-national variations in the distribution of earnings, and to the potential causes of such differences. This paper investigates recent changes in inequality across regions (i.e. defined as census divisions) in Canada. It does so using micro-data from the 20% long-form sample of the Census for the years 1996, 2001 and 2006. Exploratory spatial data analysis suggests that there are widening divides between (i) regions located in western provinces (where earnings inequality is typically high) and their eastern provinces counterparts (where inequality is low) and (ii) urban and rural regions. A multi-level model is developed to examine the factors influencing these differences in earnings inequality. Multi-level analysis recognizes the nested structure of regions within provinces and accounts for the shared policy and institutional environments experienced by regions within the same province. At the regional level, modeling results indicate that economic development, industry mix, unemployment, ethnic composition, the distribution of educational attainment and population density are consistent predictors of inequality. In contrast, the effects of age and gender profiles on regional inequality are mixed. At the provincial level, institutional factors also matter.     

基于不同尺度的中国区域经济差异

采用变异系数、泰尔指数、空间自相关和尺度方差等统计方法从地带、省级、地级和县级4 个尺度对1998-2009 年中国区域经济差异进行测度和空间格局比较分析。① 差异测度研究表明, 自1998 年以来, 中国区域经济差异在4 个尺度上均表现出扩大的趋势;省级、地级和县级单元人均GDP具有显著的空间自相关性, 其中地级和县级人均GDP的空间自相关程度呈扩大趋势。② 尺度方差及其分解研究表明, 尺度方差及其构成大小依次排列均为县级、地级、省级、地带, 即尺度越小, 尺度方差越大, 对区域经济差异的贡献份额也越大。③ 空间格局研究表明, 不同尺度区域经济空间关联格局总体相对稳定, HH类型集聚区大多分布于东部沿海地区, LL类型在中西部地区的大规模集聚是不同尺度区域经济空间自相关性的主要原因;各尺度显著空间关联类型对总体空间自相关和区域经济差异的影响各不相同。     

Income Inequality across Australian Regions during the Mining Boom: 2001–11

As mining expands throughout the world, a growing body of literature is focusing on the relationship between mining and well-being in locations where resource extraction occurs. Although many topics such as employment and migration have been researched, the impacts of mining on income inequality have received less attention from scholars. Income inequality is a highly debated topic and the Gini coefficient (GC) one of the most popular indicators used to measure and discuss it. In this paper we estimate GCs for all sub-State regions of Australia and analyse their changes during the ‘mining boom decade’ (2001–11) across mining and non-mining regions. Our results show that, on average, income inequality increased by around 4.8 per cent in mining regions, compared to 8.7 per cent in the average non-mining region. However, the results also show important variation in changes of GC across mining regions, suggesting that the industry is likely to affect the distribution of local incomes in different ways. The method we propose to estimate GCs for regional areas and the results obtained across mining and non-mining regions provide important insights for future research and for regional policy makers, especially those concerned with the socio-economic impacts of industries such as mining across regions.     

中国居民健康水平的区域差异:2003-2013

健康不公平作为影响人类发展的核心问题,已引起世界各国的广泛关注。基于变异系数、泰勒指数、空间自相关分析和空间面板计量模型,本文探讨了2003年以来中国居民健康水平的区域差异、时空变化及其关键影响因素,旨在为政府制定全民健康政策提供科学依据。结果发现：① 2003-2013年,中国居民健康水平提高26.98%,西部增幅高于东、中部,但始终保持着“东—中—西”阶梯式递减态势;② 中国居民健康水平的区域差异总体呈扩大趋势,其中地带间差异趋于缩小,地带内差异趋于扩大,西部地带内差异扩大尤为显著;③ 居民健康水平的空间分布转为明显的“T”字型格局,并呈“东—中—西”阶梯式及“北—中—南”对称式递减;④ 居民健康水平的空间集聚程度趋于减小,热点区与冷点区均呈收缩态势,且西部形成规模显著的稳定性冷点,东部沿海形成规模显著的稳定性热点;⑤ 人均GDP、人均公共医疗卫生支出、城市化水平及环境质量等因素对居民健康水平时空变化具有显著影响,随着人均GDP与人均公共医疗卫生支出的增加、城市化水平的提高及环境质量的改善,居民健康水平随之提高。未来,还需对居民健康水平的多时域、多尺度及多影响机制等问题开展深入研究。     

边境区位及其再创造初探

传统区位理论认为，国家边界降低了边境地区中心地的“中心性”，分割了中心地市场区，使边界两侧的经济活动交往的空间和时间距离加大。当前，随着经济全球化、区域经济一体化以及企业组织、企业行为变革和各边境地区区域和地方组织的积极参与等动力机制的作用，跨边界经济合作过程中，边境地区进行着边境区位的再创造。本文对传统区位理论有关边境区位的论述进行了评述，并分析和论述了经济全球化和区域经济一体化以及企业组织、企业行为变革和各区域、地方组织等动力机制对边境区位再创造的影响。     

Space,scale, and regional inequality in provincial China: A spatial filtering approach

This paper investigates regional inequality and development in China's Guangdong province by employing the multi-scale and multi-mechanism framework. The study further examines the relationship between space, scale, and regional inequality by applying a spatial filtering method that eliminates spatial dependence of the data and quantifies the extent to which spatial effects have contributed to regional inequality at multiple scales. The results suggest that over 90% of the divide between the core of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and the periphery areas of Guangdong province can be explained by the effect of strengthening spatial dependence. By incorporating spatial filters in space-time models, we also reveal the space-time and core-periphery heterogeneities of development mechanisms. Our study confirms that the integration of a multi-scale and multi-mechanism framework and rigorous spatial analysis methods, such as spatial filtering and space-time modeling, helps better understand the complexity of regional development in China.     

Spatial spillover and the socio-ecological determinants of diabetes-related mortality across US counties

The spatial structure of diabetes-related mortality in US counties is evident from previous studies. However, it is not clear if spatial variation in diabetes-related mortality is associated with spatial variation in socioecological factors. We analyze the spatial spillover effect of changes in socioeconomic gradients (education, employment, household income), retail food environments, and access to health care, on diabetes-related mortality rates across the United States. Seven-year aggregates of multiple cause mortality data from the CDC WONDER compressed mortality database were merged with several sources of county-level data to examine mortality clusters, factors associated with the clusters, and spatial spillover effects in 3109 continuous US counties. The results suggest that high diabetes-related mortality cluster counties are located throughout the Southern Plains, Southeastern, and Appalachian regions. Lower socioeconomic status, a high density of fast food restaurants, a lack of access to grocery stores, a high proportion of Blacks, and low physical activity characterize high diabetes-related mortality rates clusters. The impacts from improvements in socioeconomic gradients and the retail food environment in neighboring counties spill over, and reduce the diabetes-related mortality rate in a particular county. This result implies that improvements in socioeconomic status and access to healthy food would significantly reduce diabetes-related mortality rates in contiguous US counties.