2000–2015年京津走廊耕地和建设用地变化监测研究（英文）

Rapid peri-urbanization has become a new challenge for sustainable urban-rural development worldwide. To clarify how unprecedented urban sprawl at the metropolitan fringe impacts urban-rural landscape, this study took the Beijing-Tianjin corridor of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area, one of the largest urban clusters in China, as a typical example. By using Landsat-based landscape metrics and a practical methodology, we investigated the landscape changes and discussed the potential reasons in the context of rapid peri-urbanization of China. Specifically, multi-temporal land use maps derived from Landsat images were used to calculate landscape metrics and analyze their characteristics along the urban-rural gradients. The practical methodology was used to monitor spatio-temporal characteristics of landscape change in large metropolitan areas. The results showed that landscape patterns in the area had changed greatly from 2000 to 2015 with characteristics of construction land sprawl and arable land shrinkage. The intensity and scale of landscape changes varied along the urban-rural gradients. Sampled plots in urbanized areas and rural areas demonstrated distinguishable landscape patterns and significant differences. Urban areas had more heterogeneous and fragmented landscapes than rural areas. Peri-urban areas in general experienced higher levels of land diversification than rural areas. Rural residential land appeared to be more aggregated near Beijing and Tianjin cities. Besides, our findings also indicated that urban expansion was largely responsible for landscape patterns.The findings of this study potentially provide strategical insights into landscape planning around mega cities and sustainable coordinated urban-rural development.     

中心城区城市增长的情景模拟与空间格局演化

基于1993-2008 年间4 个时相的遥感影像,应用SLEUTH模型模拟与预测自组织和规划引导两类情景下泉州中心城区的城市用地增长过程,并借助空间关联法分析其城市增长的空间格局演化特征,为“两规”空间协调提供科学依据。结果表明：① SLEUTH模型适用于研究区的城市增长模拟与预测,其对城市用地扩展的数量拟合要优于空间匹配,可作为多方案情景模拟的一个技术手段。② 规划引导预案的MPS、ED、AWMSI、MPI 四类景观指数均优于自组织预案,城市用地斑块的整体性、连接性较优,未来城市发展较为紧凑,利于实现土地的集约利用与城市的集聚发展。③ 随预测时间推移,研究区城市用地扩展的速率以及空间集聚性将有所减弱,城市增长的热点区也会发生演变与迁移。2008-2020 年,热点区分布总体呈现“圈层式”结构,局部以“跨江发展”为主要特征;2020-2030 年,热点区总体布局较为发散,局部则呈“环湾发展”与“孤立分布”特征。本研究将情景模拟、景观指数、空间分析等方法有效结合,有助于深刻理解研究区的城市空间增长过程,可为城市管理工作提供决策支持。     

近10年中国土地利用格局及其演变

在遥感技术与GIS技术的支持下，通过1：10万中国土地利用数据库经过分层提取，生成中国土地利用类型空间分布格局数据库，在此基础上对中国土地利用空间格局进行了分析，而后在引入景观多样性指数，优势度指数，均匀度指数，破碎度指数以及土地利用重心迁移模型和景观类型转移模型的基础上，对中国土地利用景观格局及其空间演变模式进行了定量分析，研究结果表明，10年间，中国耕地重心向北偏东偏移20．93km左右，林地重心向南偏西移动20．35km，草地重心向南偏西方向迁移了18．45km，建设用地重心向南偏东移动，而未利用地重心则向西北偏移7．21km。     

长江三角洲地区城镇时空动态格局及其环境效应

利用多期遥感影像对长江三角洲地区城镇近15年来的时空变化特征进行了分析,揭示了地区城镇化的空间格局与其生态环境的相互关系。结果表明:80年代中后期至2000年之间以农业景观为主的农田、林地显著减少,城镇迅速扩张,呈集中化趋势。前后五年的土地利用动态变化的构成比例不同,后期城市扩展的速度明显减慢。土地利用的动态变化引起了环境的一系列变化,其扩展方式直接影响到局地气候及区域空气质量。     

Ecologically based landscape pattern optimization in northwest of Beijing

Supported by the technologies of remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS), we chose northwest of Beijing as a study area and gave priority to understanding of the spatial-temporal characteristics of landscape pattern change through visually interpreted Landsat TM images of 1989, 1996 and 2005. It is believed that there were a series of landscape ecological problems caused by city expansion: landscape ecological connectivity was low; landscape structure was simplified; the fragmentation of green land patch was more obvious on the plain areas, moreover, spatial distribution of green land was unbalanced. For this reason, this study adopted accumulative cost distance model, combined with ecosystem services and spatial interactions of landscape types, analyzed the spatial difference of the ecological function and the compactness of landscape structure in the study area, and further discussed the landscape pattern optimization proposal. We find that it is essential to protect and establish ecological sources, to establish urban ecological corridors, and to establish ecological nodes at the landscape ecological strategic positions so as to intensify spatial relationships among landscape elements and maintain continuity of landscape ecological process and pattern in the course of city expansion. The methods and final results from this study are expected to be useful for landscape ecological planning in Beijing region.     

Spatial heterogeneity of urban land-cover landscape in Guangzhou from 1990 to 2005

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N–S and the other W–E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N–S and W–E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N–S and W–E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W–E was obviously higher than that in the transect N–S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

1990-2005年广州城市土地覆被景观变化

Urbanization has been the most important process that changed land cover landscape in Guangzhou since reformation, especially since 1990. It is essential for monitoring and assessing ecological consequences of urbanization to understand landscape quantitative characteristics and its changes. Based on four land-cover type maps interpreted from remote sensing TM images of 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, combining gradient analysis with landscape metrics, the quantified spatial pattern and its dynamics of urbanization in Guangzhou was got. Three landscape metrics were computed within different regional areas including the whole study area, two transects along two highways (one N-S and the other W-E) and radiation zones with equal distance outwards the city center were set. Buffer zones for transects N-S and W-E were outlined along highways. The following questions should be answered in this paper: What responses were implied with changing spatial grain size or extent for landscape pattern analysis? Could gradient progress of urbanization be characterized by landscape pattern analysis? Did landscape metrics reveal urban expanding gradually? Were there directional differences in land cover landscape pattern during urbanizing development? The results gave some affirmative answers. Landscape pattern exhibited obviously scale-dependent to grain size and extent. The landscape metrics with gradient analysis could quantitatively approach spatial pattern of urbanization. A precise location for urbanized area, like city center and sub-center, could be identified by multiple landscape metrics. Multiple adjunctive centers occurred as indicated by analysis of radiation zones around the city center. Directional differences of landscape pattern along the two transects (N-S and W-E) came into being. For example, fragmentation of landscape in the transect W-E was obviously higher than that in the transect N-S. All in all, some interesting and important ecological implications were revealed under landscape patterns of two transects or radiation zones, and that was the important step to link pattern with processes in urban ecological studies and the basis to improve urban environment.     

哈尼梯田土地利用空间格局及其变化的信息图谱研究

以云南省元阳县为例,建立土地利用空间格局及变化信息图谱,对其图谱特征进行分析。结果表明:土地利用时空演变征兆图谱更直观形象的揭示区域土地利用变化的基本模式,提供时空复合的表达方式;土地利用斑块形态与空间扩展图谱的建立应用空间格局研究中的相关概念和方法,将微观、宏观层次图形信息与变化过程结合;土地利用变化景观特征图谱建立以度量空间格局变化为目标的景观指数体系。     

深圳市近20年城市景观格局演变及其驱动因素

基于深圳市1996—2015年土地利用数据,利用景观指数、景观转移矩阵和景观扩张指数等方法探究了深圳市近20年景观格局时空变化、主要景观类型转移和建筑用地扩张模式,最后使用Binary Logit模型考察了市级和区级建筑用地景观扩张的主要驱动因素。结果表明：① 1996—2015年,深圳市建筑用地景观优势性逐步增强,面积增加15.81%,以蔓延式（61.9%）和填充式（36.27%）扩张为主;② 1996—2006年为城市化快速扩张期,建筑用地扩张呈集中开发形态,景观多样性和均匀性增加,城市扩张中心略微向北部和东部移动,2006—2015为城市化低速过渡期,景观破碎化加剧,城市扩张重心向北部和西部偏移;③ 在市级尺度上,GDP密度和人口密度对建筑用地景观扩张有显著正影响,生态控制线、高程、坡度和至道路的距离有着显著负影响。每单位生态控制线范围、坡度的增加分别将使建筑用地景观扩张的机会比率将平均减少到原来0.8168倍、0.8841倍。各驱动因素表现出区域和尺度差异性,GDP对宝安区、南山区和坪山区,人口增长对宝安区、龙华区,以及交通可达性对大鹏新区、龙岗区驱动分别最为突出。研究结果可以为中国城市快速扩张过程中的景观格局变化提供科学实践。     

Evaluation of forest cover change using remote sensing techniques and landscape metrics in Moncayo Natural Park (Spain)

Monitoring the change in land cover in natural places, such as ecotones, has become an important tool for forest management, especially in protected areas. The present work analyses the spatial and temporal changes in forest cover in Moncayo Natural Park (Spain) from 1987 to 2010 using remote sensing techniques, geographical information systems (GIS) and quantitative indices of landscape ecology. Four Landsat images were used to map nine representative land cover categories in this preserved area in both years. The overall classification accuracies in land cover cartographies in 1987 and 2010 were 87.65% and 84.56%, respectively. Landscape metrics obtained at the landscape level show an increase in fragmentation and, as a result, an increase in landscape spatial diversity. Focusing on the class level, the results show a forest expansion of sessile oaks (Quercus petraea) and beech forest (Fagus sylvatica), two important bioclimatic indicators in this natural park, because they are the southernmost locations for these species in Europe. The decrease of mainly introduced pine forest and the transformation of mixed shrub areas into natural forested areas explain the aforementioned increase in fragmentation. These results are in agreement with the strategies for nature conservation designed by forest managers during the period evaluated.     

近18年来杭州城市用地扩展特征及其驱动机制

基于多时相Landsat TM/ETM+数据和GIS技术,采用人机交互的遥感图像监督分类和空间叠加方法提取了1991,1999,2008三个年份杭州市辖区建设用地专题信息,分时段重点分析了从1991~2008年各市辖区城市扩展强度指数、方向及其侵占其他用地情况,揭示了杭州城市扩展的社会经济等多方面的驱动力因子与作用机制。结果表明:18年来,杭州城市用地快速扩展,各市辖区扩展速度和扩展强度表现出明显的阶段性和空间差异性。与1991年相比,2008年城市建设用地规模增加到近3倍,被侵占用地的主要类型是农用地,其次为水域和林地,其中农用地占66.98%,水域占17.71%,林地占15.31%。分析表明:城市人口、经济总量的快速增长、社会和外商投资额大幅增加、快速增加,以及快速的旧城更新和郊区房地产开发、高教园区和科技开发园区的用地组团式开发、跨江大桥和内外绕城公路的建设等因素是近18年杭州城市空间扩展的主要驱动力。政府应该反思在不同城市扩展阶段的得失,思考如何实现未来城市的理性扩展。     

Land use change of Kitakyushu based on landscape ecology and Markov model

Based on four phases of TM images acquired in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, this paper took Kitakyushu in Japan as a case study to analyze spatial change of land use landscape and corresponding effects on environmental issues guided by landscape ecology theory in virtue of combining technology of Remote Sensing with GIS. Firstly, land use types were divided into 6 classes (farmland, mountain, forestland, water body, urban land and unused land) according to national classification standard of land use, comprehensible ability of TM image and purpose of this study. Secondly, following the theory of landscape ecology analysis, 11 typical landscape indices were abstracted to evaluate the environmental effects and spatial feature changes of land use. Research results indicated that land use has grown more and more diversified and unbalanced, human activities have disturbed the landscape more seriously. Finally, transfer matrix of Markov was applied to forecast change process of land use in the future different periods, and then potential land use changes were also simulated from 2010 to 2050. Results showed that conversion tendency for all types of land use in Kitakyushu into urban construction land were enhanced. The study was anticipated to help local authorities better understand and address a complex land use system, and develop improved land use management strategies that could better balance urban expansion and ecological conservation.     

基于最佳分析尺度的广州市景观格局分析

利用遥感、GIS技术和指数分析软件确定最佳分析尺度,对广州市景观格局进行量化研究。对14个不同粒度的栅格图分别进行35个相关指数运算,根据15个敏感指数确定最佳分析尺度为120 m;选取空间组成和空间构型两方面的系列指数,在此尺度下对研究区域进行指数运算和格局分析。研究结果表明:广州是以林地、水田和旱地为主要景观类型的复合景观结构,优势景观明显,3种主体景观类型集中连片、分布广泛;建设用地比例比全国平均水平偏高;建设用地和水库坑塘斑块密度大,平均斑块面积小,景观破碎度较高。景观格局的量化受尺度效应影响,表现出空间异质性的尺度依赖性,因此在格局分析时需选择最佳分析尺度,突出格局的尺度性。     

Land use and land cover change in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh: Using remote sensing to promote sustainable urbanization

This study evaluates land use/cover changes and urban expansion in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh, between 1975 and 2003 using satellite images and socio-economic data. Spatial and temporal dynamics of land use/cover changes were quantified using three Landsat images, a supervised classification algorithm and the post-classification change detection technique in GIS. Accuracy of the Landsat-derived land use/cover maps ranged from 85 to 90%. The analysis revealed that substantial growth of built-up areas in Greater Dhaka over the study period resulted significant decrease in the area of water bodies, cultivated land, vegetation and wetlands. Urban land expansion has been largely driven by elevation, population growth and economic development. Rapid urban expansion through infilling of low-lying areas and clearing of vegetation resulted in a wide range of environmental impacts, including habitat quality. As reliable and current data are lacking for Bangladesh, the land use maps produced in this study will contribute to both the development of sustainable urban land use planning decisions and also for forecasting possible future changes in growth patterns.     

环杭州湾城市群土地利用的空间冲突与复杂性

土地利用的空间冲突与复杂性研究可为土地利用空间管控提供理论依据和实践支撑。以环杭州湾城市群1990年、2000年、2008年和2013年四期遥感影像为例,分析土地利用系统复杂性、脆弱性及动态性,计算空间冲突综合指数。结果表明：土地利用空间冲突等级表现为一般冲突>中度冲突>轻度冲突>重度冲突;空间冲突的空间格局呈现团状、块状及带状聚集模式分布,具有明显的梯度特征;随着时间的推移,空间冲突的空间自相关性减弱,并具有明显的边缘效应。研究区土地利用空间冲突表现为均衡→打破原有均衡→出现空间自相关→出现空间趋势→形成空间自组织的演变规律。土地利用空间冲突从多核心向单核心模式发展,区域发展水平较高且发展趋于均衡。     

城市化进程中生态环境响应模型研究——以西安为例

在建立城市生态环境评价模型,模拟预测城市化过程中引起的土地效益、社会经济发展与生态环境动态变化过程基础上.运用遥感影像解译技术,对城市扩张引起的城市土地利用和土地效益动态变化进行定量分析.采用GIS工具分析城市环境空间分布方式;根据社会福利最大化和绿色GDP(即,GGDP)等理论模拟城市生态环境在不同社会经济情景之下的城市化响应.模型是以西安1996到2006年城市扩张作为案例研究分析,结果表明:在现有的条件下,理论上西安城市扩张最优是在2021;在社会经济不断发展的条件下,城市扩张引起的边际生态环境成本小于平均土地效益时才会增加土地效益;技术进步与创新可降低生态环境成本,使城市化水平提高.     

Evolving United States metropolitan land use patterns

We investigate spatial patterns of residential and nonresidential land use for 257 United States metropolitan areas in 1990 and 2000, measured with 14 empirical indices. We find that metropolitan areas became denser during the 1990s but developed in more sprawl-like patterns across all other dimensions, on average. By far, the largest changes in our land use metrics occurred in the realm of employment, which became more prevalent per unit of geographic area, but less spatially concentrated and farther from the historical urban core, on average. Our exploratory factor analyses reveal that four factors summarize land use patterns in both years, and remained relatively stable across the two years: intensity, compactness, mixing, and core-dominance. Mean factor scores vary by metropolitan population, water proximity, type, and Census region. Improved measurement of metropolitan land use patterns can facilitate policy and planning decisions intended to minimize the most egregious aspects of urban sprawl.     

非正式聚落快速增长下的城市蔓延

姆万扎是坦桑尼亚第二大城市,也是非洲发展最快的城市之一,近年来城市蔓延问题日益凸显。本文以遥感解译的姆万扎2000、2010、2015年3期土地利用数据为基础,运用GIS空间分析、用地增长弹性系数、景观指数等方法和指标,并结合实地调研和关键知情人访谈,分析了姆万扎2000年以来城市蔓延的空间特征及影响因素。分析结果表明：1）2000年~2015年间姆万扎城市以非正式聚落形式快速蔓延,建成区扩展速度和扩展强度迅速增加;蔓延主要占用裸地,其次是植被,侵占植被的速度迅速加快;2）城市蔓延主要沿3条主干道进行,属于“廊道式为主,填充式为辅”的扩展模式,形成指状的城市空间形态;建成区紧凑度逐渐下降,形状变得更加不规则;3）城市蔓延的主要区域和整体范围都在扩大,距离衰减特征明显,沿东南方向扩展强度最高;4）城市蔓延主要受到人口与经济增长、交通条件改善、土地制度问题及有效规划缺失等因素的影响。加强次干路和地方道路的规划和建设,制定及时、有效、符合地方背景的城市规划,是未来姆万扎控制城市蔓延的可能途径。     

一种新的城市景观扩张过程测度方法：多阶邻接度指数

提出多阶邻接度指数（Multi-order Adjacency Index, MAI）,应用多阶缓冲区完善对新旧斑块间空间关系的识别,从而更为详细地揭示城市扩张过程特征。MAI的延伸公式可供自下而上从宏观分析城市整体的扩张程度及空间变化过程。选取武汉市作为研究区,基于4期遥感影像（1995、2000、2005和2010年）划分3个时段应用MAI分析武汉市城市景观格局的演变特征。结果表明,MAI能够详细地反映出新增城市斑块在空间上有更加离散的分布趋势,新增斑块的扩张程度逐渐加深,建成区的边界不断向外延展。比较MAI与LEI（Landscape Expansion Index, LEI）的特征差异,指出MAI能够更加详尽地反映新旧斑块间的空间位置关系。     

深圳市不透水表面的遥感监测与时空格局

定量监测城市不透水表面扩展过程,是分析城市景观格局动态,深入剖析城市地区空间镶嵌体内部异质性景观相互转化的重要基础。以深圳市为例,通过定量划分城市不透水表面等级体系,计算不透水表面的转移矩阵与景观格局指数,分析不透水表面的时空动态,结果表明:1990～2005年间,高盖度及极高盖度的不透水表面持续增加,中盖度及低盖度不透水表面先增加后减少,而自然地表及极低盖度的不透水表面则为先减少后恢复,反映了城市化进程对城市地表覆被的结构性影响。景观格局变化显示景观多样性程度较高,且经历了低-高-低-高的变化;斑块在1990年以自然地表为主,1995年以后以中盖度等级为主,高盖度等级显著增加。自然地表和中等盖度的不透水表面变化分别主导着前期和中后期的变化过程。城市建设的迅速扩张,将林地、农田、水体及滩涂等自然地表快速地转变为不同功能的建设用地,主导着不透水表面等级分布的梯度性变化。