Artificial Neural Network Prediction Models for Soil Compaction and Permeability

This paper presents Artificial Neural Network (ANN) prediction models which relate permeability, maximum dry density (MDD) and optimum moisture content with classification properties of the soils. The ANN prediction models were developed from the results of classification, compaction and permeability tests, and statistical analyses. The test soils were prepared from four soil components, namely, bentonite, limestone dust, sand and gravel. These four components were blended in different proportions to form 55 different mixes. The standard Proctor compaction tests were adopted, and both the falling and constant head test methods were used in the permeability tests. The permeability, MDD and optimum moisture content (OMC) data were trained with the soil’s classification properties by using an available ANN software package. Three sets of ANN prediction models are developed, one each for the MDD, OMC and permeability (PMC). A combined ANN model is also developed to predict the values of MDD, OMC, and PMC. A comparison with the test data indicates that predictions within 95% confidence interval can be obtained from the ANN models developed. Practical applications of these prediction models and the necessary precautions for using these models are discussed in detail in this paper.     

Free-Swell and Swelling Pressure of Unsaturated Compacted Clays; Experiments and Neural Networks Modeling

Expansive soils have received attentions of several investigators in the past half of century in the problematic soils context. Volume change behavior of unsaturated compacted soils in presence of water and change of degree of saturation was observed in two form of heave or collapse. Low water content and low density compacted soils in presence of enough surcharge pressure lose stability and collapse, because of their metastable and susceptible structure to change of degree of saturation. Free-swell and swelling pressure of five compacted clays, covering low to high plastic clays have been investigated in respect to compaction states and swelling pressure was compared with collapse pressure threshold. The results of experiments were utilized in two Artificial Neural Networks to predict free-swell percent and swelling pressure of a soil sample based on index properties and compaction state.     

土的轻型与重型击实试验结果的统计分析

通过对土的轻型与重型击实试验结果（最大干密度和最优含水率）的统计分析,建立了轻、重两种击实试验方法所确定参数之间的线性关系式,可利用轻型击实试验结果推导出重型击实试验结果。     

重复利用土击实试验对比及其准确性探讨

土的最大干密度和最优含水率是土方工程中抗压、抗剪、抗渗等性能的关键性指标。基于泾阳地区的马兰黄土,通过室内标准击实试验,对土重复使用和不重复使用的击实曲线进行对比分析,并利用三点二次插值函数的方法建立土的干密度和含水量的函数关系,验证击实试验结果的可靠性。研究表明：泾阳地区马兰黄土的最大干密度为1.735gcm-3,最优含水率为17.07%;重复利用土的最大干密度为1.762gcm-3,最优含水率为16.69%,相对非重复利用土,最大干密度增大1.56%,最优含水量减小2.23%。利用插值函数得到的最优含水率与最大干密度与击实试验的结论基本一致,表明击实试验的准确性。三点二次插值法思路明确、计算简便,为求解最大干密度和最优含水量提供了理论依据,具有较高的适用性。     

分散性土的抗剪强度特性试验研究

分散性土是一种具有特殊工程性质的土,其典型的性质为抗渗性能差,耐冲蚀能力低,在纯水中具有很高的分散性。目前,人们对于分散性土的研究主要集中在鉴定、抗渗和改良等方面,而对其抗剪强度特性的研究很少。采用三轴CU试验研究不同初始条件下分散性土的抗剪强度特性。结果表明:分散性土的应力-应变曲线在小围压、低含水率和高干密度的状态下呈应变软化型,在围压较大、含水率较高的情况下呈弱硬化型或硬化型;黏聚力和内摩擦角均随含水率的增大而减小,并且干密度越大受水分影响越强烈;黏聚力随干密度的增大而增大,在低含水条件下,黏聚力的增幅较大,而在高含水条件下,黏聚力的增幅则较小;内摩擦角随干密度的增大有少量增大。     

石油污染土的击实特性

为了解石油污染对土的压实特性的影响,利用室内击实试验,以原油、柴油和水为介质,得到了单一液体介质和油水混合介质时土的击实曲线。结果表明:石油代替水作为壤粘土孔隙流体,其击实曲线无明显峰值,干密度随含油率增加略有增大但远小于无污染土的最大干密度。油水混合作为孔隙流体,随含油率的增加,原油污染土壤的击实曲线由钟型、双峰型转向无明显峰值曲线,出现类似高液限粘土压实特性;柴油污染土的击实曲线由尖锐型转变为无峰值型;最优含水率均减小,最大干密度随含油率变化规律与油品性质有关。提出了"油膜润滑"的新观点,可较好地解释石油污染壤粘土击实曲线的变化规律。     

冻结方式对冻土试样制备的影响

冻土试样的制备是进行冻土试验最为基础而重要的工作,其中土样在冻结过程中受到的影响直接关系到试样内部状况.为研究冻结方式对粉质粘土含水量和干密度分布的影响,采取不同的冻结方式即单向冻结和多向冻结方法,对比分析不同状态下兰州黄土和北麓河粘土冻结试样各部位含水量与干密度的分布状况.结果表明:试样内含水量和干密度的分布程度取决于土的类型、饱和状态和冻结方式,具体为:非饱和兰州黄土在多向冻结情况下,可以取得比单向冻结更加均匀的冻结试样;饱和兰州黄土冻结试样无论是单向冻结还是多向冻结都较为均匀;北麓河粘土无论饱和与否,均以单向冻结为好.     

三门峡地区黄土状粉质黏土非饱和性质试验研究

以三门峡地区黄土状粉质黏土为研究对象,通过控制重塑土样的干密度及含水率制备不同状态下的试样,在改进的三轴仪上采用不排水试验法,分别对试样进行非饱和土三轴试验。试验结果表明,黄土状粉质黏土的基质吸力变化规律与土的基本状态有着密切关系,尤其是在相同含水率、相同围压、不同干密度的状态下基质吸力会随着饱和度的增加,出现先增后减的变化规律。通过单元土体中土颗粒组成的结构体参数,分析了这种变化规律。     

纤维加筋市政污泥剪切强度试验研究

随着社会经济的快速发展,市政污泥产量逐年攀升,其安全处置对改善城市生态环境和经济可持续发展具有重要意 义。污泥由于含水率高,颗粒细小,粘滞性强,且富含有机质,因而存在机械脱水效率低和抗剪强度低等问题,填埋时容 易造成填埋场堆体发生侧滑、失稳等事故。纤维加筋是近些年发展起来的一种土质改良技术,为了研究该技术对污泥剪切 强度特性的影响,在不同固结压力下（50,100,200和400 kPa） 对纤维加筋污泥进行了一系列剪切试验,分析了纤维掺量 （0,0.05%,0.1%,0.2%,0.4%和0.8%） 对固结后污泥含水率、干密度及剪切强度的影响。结果表明：在不同固结压力 下,污泥排水固结后的含水率均随着纤维掺量的增加呈先减少后增加的趋势,而干密度则是先增加后减小,试验确定纤维 最优掺量为0.1%;污泥排水固结后的剪切强度则随着纤维掺量的增加而增加,纤维加筋作用对污泥的剪切强度提升效果十 分明显,100 kPa下加筋效果最显著;纤维加筋污泥的黏聚力和内摩擦角随纤维掺量的增加而增加,当纤维掺量超过0.4% 后,黏聚力增幅有放缓趋势,而内摩擦角的增幅则有加大趋势;在剪切破坏过程后期,随纤维掺量增加,应变硬化趋势更 为显著。     

不同遗址土的热物理参数研究

为了研究干密度、含水率和NaCl含量对遗址土热劣化的影响,采用Hot Disk热常数分析仪对良渚遗址、交河故城遗址和通古斯巴西古城遗址的遗址土重塑样进行了热物理参数的测试,分别确定了遗址土的导热系数、热扩散系数和体积比热随干密度和含水率的变化关系。对通古斯巴西古城遗址重塑样掺入了不同含量的NaCl,研究了含盐量对遗址土重塑样导热系数的影响。结果表明,当含水率与干密度增加时,3种遗址土的导热系数均呈线性增长,热扩散系数和体积比热也随着含水率与干密度的增加而增大;相同条件下3种遗址土的热物理参数存在差异,良渚遗址的较大,交河遗址的较小,通古斯巴西古城的居中总体上与土中SiO2含量成正相关关系。当干密度与含水率一定时, 掺入NaCl增加了遗址土的导热系数。     

土壤热参数及其影响因素测试分析

热性质是岩土体基本的物理性质之一,用以评价热量在其中的保持、传导和分布状况,以导热系数、比热容和热扩散系数最为常见,这些参数也是地热能管理与开发、工程冷冻开挖、寒区工程设计与施工的重要参数。已有研究表明,土壤热参数与土质、来源、含水率、密度等因素有关。通过广东湛江某工地粉质黏土和黏土的热参数测试结果分析发现：随含水率的增大,粉质黏土导热系数和热扩散系数的变化趋势是先增加至最大值,然后减小,而比热容基本呈线性增大。干密度对粉质黏土导热系数的影响与含水率大小有关,当含水率不超过20.0%时,其随干密度的增加而增大,而当含水率超过27.5%后,其随干密度的增加有减小趋势;当含水率在24.5%（液限）左右时,基本没有规律可循。干密度对粉质黏土热扩散系数影响规律不明显。黏土的导热系数和比热容都随含水率和干密度的增加而增大;热扩散系数随含水率的升高整体表现为非线性增加至稳定,在低含水率下干密度的影响不明显,在较高含水率下随干密度的增加热扩散系数先增大后减小。较大颗粒的存在导致粉质黏土的导热性较黏土复杂。     

昔格达土混合填料最优含水量研究

昔格达地层的沉积地质历史环境决定了昔格达地层的多旋回性及其泥岩的近饱和特性。因此昔格达土填料作为一种混合填料，具有与其它一般单一岩土填料不一样的工程特征。随着混合填料中各组分的变化，尤其是粘粒百分含量的变化，其含水量也将发生变化，对直接填料最优含水量的确定带来困难。而最优含水量的确定，既是路、坝基填方工程选料的需要，也是工程施工质量检验的需要。因此，填料最优含水量的研究具有一定的工程意义和实践价值。文章运用工程地质反分析的方法，从昔格达土的物理性质着手，通过对昔格达土混合填料工程力学性质特性与其含水量的关系的研究，发现昔格达土混合填料的最大干密度Pdmax、压实度及力学强度(c、Ф)值与含水量之间具有较好的相关性。从而得到了昔格达混合填料的最优含水量，并且这个最优含水量与随机混合的昔格达土填料的天然含水量较为接近。由此得出具有稳定混合比的天然昔格达土混合填料适于用作路、坝基填料的结论。并为工程选料和施工质量检验提供了参考依据。     

Evaluation and Prediction of the Swelling Characteristics of Nigerian Black Clays

The swelling characteristics of black clays from two major areas of occurrence in Borno State, Nigeria, were investigated in the laboratory. Clay samples derived from lagoonal clay deposits showed high swelling tendencies while those samples derived from Olivine basalts showed medium to high swelling tendencies. Although interparticle swelling was the dominant swelling mechanism, soil samples with higher clay contents exhibited higher swelling tendencies. The developed predictive models show that the free swell percentage as well as the swelling pressure can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity, specific gravity, clay content and plasticity index. On the other hand, swell percent can be predicted from measured values of electrical conductivity and specific gravity only.     

影响黄土湿陷系数因素的分析

在工程地质勘察及土工试验资料的基础上，分析影响黄土湿陷性的主要因素，应用数理统计方法．系统研究了不同深度黄土湿陷系数随天然含水量和干密度的变化规律：黄土的湿陷系数δs随深度的增加而减小；天然含水量ω和干密度γd与黄土的湿陷系数δs均呈直线负相关关系。通过回归分析建立了黄土湿陷系数与其主要影响因素间的线性回归方程：δs=-0．00038ω-0．1022γd＋0-1839。     

Engineering characteristics and environmental impacts of the expansive Ankara Clay,and swelling maps for SW and central parts of the Ankara (Turkey) metropolitan area

Volume-changing clay soils constitute the most costly natural hazard to buildings on shallow foundations. With the existing expansive clays in Ankara, low-rise buildings at the southwest part of the city have shown damage resulting in considerable maintenance costs. This paper reports the findings of an experimental investigation emphasizing the swelling behavior of Ankara Clay and correlations between the swelling parameters and other soil properties, and present a synthesis of observed damage details. The poor performance of the affected light-weight structures is assessed in the light of environmental conditions. In addition, swelling maps for SW and central parts of the Ankara metropolitan area, based on measured and predicted swelling parameters, are constructed for the purposes of land-use planning and general assessment of environmental problems. The experimental results suggest that the clay has high-to-very high activity, depth of active zone generally ranges between 1–2 m, the use of remolded and desiccated specimens seems to be a better approach in swelling tests, and the empirical equations based on two or more index or physical properties are good predictors for the estimation of the swelling potential of the clay. High swelling pressures exerted by the soil, flat topography and poor drainage, climatic conditions and poor construction methods are the main reasons of the structural damage observed at the study site.     

单点击实法击实试验研究

在国内现行的各类土工试验规程中,5点击实法是最基本的土工击实试验方法,具有用土量大、费时、费力,而且试验数据处理麻烦等缺陷。为了克服这些缺陷,采用静压脱湿试验法,对人工配制含水率,而且含水率高于该土的塑限含水率的不同土样进行脱湿。试验结果表明：各土样脱湿后的含水率具有稳定在标准击实功下该土最优含水率以下某一稳定水平的特点。由此提出：可将需要击实的土样先脱湿,得出土样脱湿后的含水率,再乘以有关系数求得土的最优含水率,直接对最优含水率下的土体进行标准击实功单点击实,从而快速准确地获得该土的最优含水率和最大干密度。通过对比试验验证,单点击实法不但简单、快速,而且具有足够的可靠性。     

击实膨胀土工程变形特征的试验研究

以湖南邵阳膨胀土为例,对3种击实膨胀土工程变形特性进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：膨胀土的起始含水率和起始干密度对其膨胀力和膨胀量大小的影响是主要的外部因素;根据膨胀力试验和膨胀量试验的试验数据,拟合出膨胀力曲线和膨胀量曲线的变化规律均为指数关系。同时,还研究了膨胀速度曲线、收缩特性曲线的特征及膨胀和收缩两个过程的相似关系。研究结果为膨胀土路堤的设计及膨胀土地基处理等膨胀土问题提供了重要的依据。     

不同环境温度和含砂率对黏性土干缩开裂影响试验研究

在工程建设与自然环境中,土体因失水而产生收缩、开裂的过程受多重因素的影响,且各因素之间的相互作用关系十分复杂。其中,环境温度在土体开裂的起始与结束中,起至关重要的影响;同时,鲜见关于土体内部黏土、砂粒配比对于裂隙发育影响的研究。故本研究设置了不同环境温度、含砂率条件,展开一系列室内蒸发试验,通过记录试验过程中土体内部水分散失以及表面裂隙发育、发展情况,利用相关图形分析软件,对裂隙率、裂隙网络的几何形态进行定量分析,进而探究不同温度、含砂率对土体干缩、开裂的影响机理。研究结果表明：（1）砂粒的存在,导致土体内部的结构发生改变,部分输水通道被堵塞,从而延长了自由水的运移路径,水分蒸发速率随着含砂率的增加而降低。（2）砂粒的存在将导致土体表面提前产生开裂,此现象受含砂率的影响较小,与是否含砂有关。（3）土体内部含砂率越高,裂隙发育纵深越小,延伸长度越短,同时裂隙的宽度与含砂率呈反比。（4）相同含砂率条件下,环境温度越高,水分蒸发速率、土体表面形成的裂隙宽度越大,且在一定程度上促使表面裂隙提前产生。     

软土的含水率与界限含水量意义的讨论

鉴于软土的含水率、塑限、液限等工程性质指标的理论定义和试验测试结果不完全吻合,同时考虑到软土中不同形式的水对软土工程性质的不同影响和实际工程中应用习惯,建议废弃软土含水率的理论定义,而将软土含水率定义为软土中除强结合水外其它水的质量与土的固体颗粒质量之比,这里软土固体颗粒中粘粒定义为粘土矿物聚集体与其表层强结合水的组合体,这样使软土含水率理论定义与试验测试的结果相统一。软土的塑限（wP）、液限（wL）以及由此而派生的塑性指数（IP）和液性指数（IL）都是通过重塑土的测试获得的,未考虑软土天然结构对这些指标数值的影响,建议通过对软土结构研究,能提出一个结构影响系数,进而修正试验获得的数据,使这些指标更接近天然软土的实际。同时根据粘粒与水相互作用的特点和软土中各种形态水对软土状态和变形机制的影响,把塑限和液限的含义予以修正,塑限是软土中弱结合水的最小含量,而液限是弱结合水最大含量并有一定数量自由水。     

Hydromechanical behaviour of an expansive bentonite/silt mixture in cyclic suction-controlled drying and wetting tests

To further our knowledge of coupling between the hydraulic cycles and mechanical behaviour of the swelling soils, this paper presents an experimental study on a bentonite/silt mixture using an odometer with suction controlled by the osmotic technique. A loading/unloading cycle was applied to each of the samples at different constant suctions (0, 2, 3 and 8 MPa). Moreover, successive wetting and drying cycles were applied under constant vertical stress at a suction range of 0 to 8 MPa, followed by a loading/unloading cycle at similar suctions (0, 2, 3 and 8 MPa). Finally, the compression curves of the aforementioned suctions with and without the application of suction cycles were compared, so as to analyse the influence of hydraulic cycles on the soil fabric and the mechanical parameters. It is observed that the wetting and drying cycles applied to both the micro- and macrostructure significantly influenced the virgin compression index λ(s), the apparent preconsolidation stress p₀(s) and the elastic compression index values κ. However, the hydraulic cycles imposed only on the micro- or macrostructure induce negligible changes in the mechanical parameters of the soil.