Carbonate Platform Margin Slope Characteristics of Cambrian Chefu Age in Baojing-Fenghuang and Adjacent Areas, Western Hunan, China

The Cambrian paleogeography in south China can be divided into Yangtze platform, plat-form margin slope (including upper slope and lower slope) and basin. The carbonate gravity deposits are well developed there, particularly in the Yangtze platform adjacent areas. This paper mainly deals with declivity fan characters of the Chefu age in Fenghuang acUacent areas, western Hunan Province. Accord-ing to their distribution and thickness, three main declivity fans have been divided in the study areas,namely, Dama ( ∈ c-dsf), Machong ( ∈ c-msf) and Huangheymm ( ∈ c-hsf) declivity fans. Each fan‘s characters are described in detail in this paper. Based on their distribution range, scale and fossiliferous layers, two peak periods (fair developmental period) are distinguished: (1) Linguagnostus reconditus Zone (time), and (2) Glyptagnostus reticulatus Zone (time). They were characterized by huge thickl imestone breccia layers (single layer 3--4 in thick) and dosely spaced spread. Besides, there are also two develolmaental periods: (1) Lej op yge laevigata- Proagnostus bulbus Zone (time), and (2) Agnos-ms inexpeetans-Proceratopyge protracta Zone (time) to Erixanium Zone (time) to Corynexochus plumula-Sinoproceratopyge cf. kiangshanensis Zone (time), while Glyptagnostus stolidotus Zone (time) was an interstitial period (without or rare limestone breccias). All these features may verify the relative movement of the earth crust and paleodimate variety of the Chefu age in the study areas.     

碳酸盐台地的类型、特征和沉积模式--兼论华北地台寒武纪陆表海-淹没台地的沉积样式

随着对现代碳酸盐沉积环境的系统调查和解释、以及对碳酸盐沉积原理认识的深化,自20世纪60年代,一系列碳酸盐沉积相模式得以建立,其中最引人注目的是Wilson和Tucker的工作。但在镶边陆棚及缓坡模式得到了广泛认可和使用的同时,对陆表海和淹没台地型沉积未能予以足够的重视。与过去相比,现今的海平面是相对较低的,因而没有出现陆表海广泛发育的情况。但在漫长的地质历史时期,陆表海曾经覆盖了广泛的克拉通区域,是碳酸盐沉积最重要的场所之一。本文在系统总结前人成果的基础上,将用于描述大尺度碳酸盐岩沉积环境的碳酸盐台地分为镶边陆棚、缓坡、陆表海、孤立台地和淹没台地5种类型分别描述,并重点强调了陆表海和淹没台地的沉积模式。华北地台寒武系大面积分布的潮坪沉积、鲕粒滩相灰岩和竹叶状风暴砾屑灰岩,以及频繁出现的台地淹没事件,为阐明陆表海和淹没台地的沉积提供了绝佳实例。这些实例和研究表明了碳酸盐沉积环境的多样性和沉积过程的复杂性,以及将今论古的困难性,从而为碳酸盐沉积原理的认识和沉积环境的解释提供新认识和新思路。     

Cambrian Reefs in the Western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia

Mid to late Cambrian thrombolites and maze-like maceriate reefs from the western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, northwestern China, occur in the middle of a succession dominated by thin-bedded lime mudstone-shale/marlstone alternations, and are laterally surrounded by limestone conglomerate and/or grainstone. Thrombolite, characterized by meter-scale lenticular mounds composed of millimeter- to centimeter-scale mesoclots and wackestone matrix, occurs in the lower middle part of the sequence. Thrombolite mesoclots are composed of microstromatolites with alternating dark gray and light gray micritic laminae. The maze-like maceriate reefs occur in the middle to the upper part of the sequence, commonly forming lenticular mounds up to 1 m thick. They are characterized by centimeter- to decimeter-scale branched maze-like structures, whose biogenic portions (maceria) are selectively dolomitized. The maceriae are composed of poorly preserved microstromatolites and siliceous sponges. Inter-macerial sediments consist of lime mud and scattered bioclasts. These Wuhai reefs are generally similar to but older than various other Cambrian reefs previously reported from the Shandong region, northeastern China.     

川北下寒武统仙女洞组台缘斜坡碳酸盐岩重力流沉积

基于重力流剖面的野外观察、露头解剖及镜下鉴定等分析手段,对四川盆地北部下寒武统仙女洞组台缘斜坡碳酸盐 岩重力流沉积及发育机制进行了研究。研究区位于仙女洞组,主要沉积粉砂质泥岩、生屑泥晶灰岩、藻灰岩等3种岩石类 型;根据层面上产出形态的不同,将该区碳酸盐岩重力流沉积分为似瘤状碳酸盐岩重力流沉积和角砾型碳酸盐岩重力流沉 积2类。结合露头区重力流沉积物粒度及岩性变化,将碳酸盐岩重力流沉积由下至上划分出5个发育期次,期次内部重力流 沉积物由细变粗,纵向上呈现出明显的叠置关系,与仙女洞组时期所经历的海退环境大致吻合。地震、风暴浪等触发机制 导致台缘斜坡上部松散沉积的灰泥丘块体发生破碎并沿斜坡发生滑塌,伴随水体注入,大块砾石在沉积物-水体混合的环 境中发生破碎搅动,形成大小不等的块体,深水底流等作用对未固结或弱固结的砾屑灰岩进行溶蚀、改造,最终形成了层 面形态特征不同的2类似瘤状碳酸盐岩重力流沉积。角砾型碳酸盐岩重力流沉积则主要是未破碎的巨型灰泥丘块体经搬运 和短距离滑塌,最终与似瘤状砾屑灰岩共同沉积而成。     

华北板块寒武系开腔骨类（Chancelloriids）化石新材料

文章对采自华北板块山东潍坊、河北唐山和辽宁大连的寒武系开腔骨类化石的新材料进行了研究，这些化石鉴定为 Chancelloria 属。辽宁大连地区的Chancelloria 产自寒武系第二统第四阶馒头组下部的黄绿色页岩；山东潍坊地区的 Chancelloria 产自苗岭统乌溜阶馒头组上部的黄绿色页岩和鼓山阶张夏组的深灰色中厚层灰岩；河北唐山地区的Chancelloria 产于芙蓉统江山阶长山组的薄层灰岩，该层位是目前Chancelloria 属在中国产出的最高层位，也是全球的最高层位之一。这 些来自华北寒武系第二统—芙蓉统的Chancelloria 骨片与早期的骨片相比，展现出骨片形态趋于规则、基面从浑圆趋于平 整、骨片整合度提升的特点，进一步印证了之前关于此类问题的研究结论。     

华北板块寒武系开腔骨类(Chancelloriids)化石新材料

文章对采自华北板块山东潍坊、河北唐山和辽宁大连的寒武系开腔骨类化石的新材料进行了研究,这些化石鉴定为 Chancelloria 属。辽宁大连地区的Chancelloria 产自寒武系第二统第四阶馒头组下部的黄绿色页岩;山东潍坊地区的 Chancelloria 产自苗岭统乌溜阶馒头组上部的黄绿色页岩和鼓山阶张夏组的深灰色中厚层灰岩;河北唐山地区的Chancelloria 产于芙蓉统江山阶长山组的薄层灰岩,该层位是目前Chancelloria 属在中国产出的最高层位,也是全球的最高层位之一。这 些来自华北寒武系第二统-芙蓉统的Chancelloria 骨片与早期的骨片相比,展现出骨片形态趋于规则、基面从浑圆趋于平 整、骨片整合度提升的特点,进一步印证了之前关于此类问题的研究结论。     

Reefs in the Early Paleozoic Taebaek Group, Korea: A Review

Various early Paleozoic (Cambrian Series 3–Middle Ordovician) reefs are found in the Taebaek Group, eastern Korea, located in the eastern margin of the Sino-Korean Block. They occur in every carbonate-dominant lithostratigraphic unit of the group, but their morphology and composition differ markedly. The Daegi Formation (middle Cambrian: Cambrian Series 3) contains siliceous sponge-Epiphyton reefs formed in a shallow subtidal environment, which is one of the earliest metazoan-bearing microbial reefs after the archaeocyath extinction. The Hwajeol Formation (upper Cambrian: Furongian) encloses sporadic dendrolites consisting of Angulocellularia, which developed in a relatively deep subtidal environment, representing a rare deeper water example. The onset of the Ordovician radiation resulted in the formation of microbialite–Archaeoscyphia–calathiid patch reefs in shallow subtidal deposits of the Lower Ordovician Dumugol Formation. Subsequent late Early Ordovician relative sea-level fall established extensive peritidal environments, forming microbial mats and stromatolites of the Lower–Middle Ordovician Makgol Formation. Ensuing Ordovician radiation resulted in one of the earliest metazoan skeletal reefs of the Middle Ordovician Duwibong Formation, constructed by stromatoporoid Cystostroma and bryozoan Nicholsonella, and developed around shallow shoals. These reefs reflect ongoing evolution and sea-level change during the early Paleozoic, and exemplify a rare glimpse of peri-Gondwanan records of reef evolution, which warrant detailed investigations and comparison with their counterparts in other regions.     

安徽淮南下寒武统沉积环境以及碳酸盐岩微相分析

华北地台南缘安徽淮南老鹰山剖面下寒武统猴家山组和馒头组的沉积环境和碳酸盐岩微相指示了３期地区性海进沉积旋回序列。假整合于前寒武系凤台组冰积砾岩层之上的猴家山组蒸发相白云岩和馒头组下段的深褐色页岩、钙质页岩和深灰色、灰色中厚层至薄层灰岩构成第１个海进序列;馒头组中段的页岩和薄层灰岩及馒头组上部的深褐色页岩构成第２个海进序列;第３次海进以近馒头组顶部的页岩出现为标志,至老鹰山组下段局部地区的剥蚀面作为中下寒武统的界限和第二次海退的终结。     

Dolomitization of Carbonate Periplatform Deposit,Machari Formation (Middle to Late Cambrian),Korea

The petrography, the geochemistry and the burial history all constrain the origin and modification history of dolomites in an ancient periplatform carbonate slope deposit,the Machari Formation (late Miclclle to early Late Cambrian),Korea. The formation is mainly composed of rhythmic bedding. laminated to bedded lime mudstone alternating with argillaceous lime mudstone. The rhythmic bedding is a product of the deposition of offshore periplatform ooze and hemipelagic clay on a periplatform slope. This formation also shows minor and intermittent influx of other lithofacies including the bioclastic-peloidal packstone, peloidal wackestone, and intraclasts deposited as turbidites. Five types of dolomite occur in the Machari Formation, whose occurrence.texture and geochemistry provide an insight into origin and modification history.     

山东省长清县中寒武统张夏组的微相组分、微相类型及沉积相分析

山东省长清县中寒武统的张夏-崮山剖面为华北地区张夏组的正层型剖面,其岩石地层、生物地层研究都较为成熟.从碳酸盐岩微相的角度,对其微相组分、微相类型和沉积环境作了进一步研究.在张夏-崮山地区的张夏组碳酸盐岩中识别出了6种微相类型:异地生物碎屑泥粒灰岩、附枝藻黏结灰岩、具再搬运鲕粒的粒泥-泥粒灰岩、含介壳及完整底栖化石的泥粒-粒泥灰岩、放射状鲕粒泥粒-粒泥灰岩和同心圆状鲕粒颗粒灰岩.微相类型的垂向叠覆及野外露头观察指示了5种沉积相带,自下而上分别为:局限台地鲕粒滩相、开阔台地海相、台地边缘鲕粒滩相、台地边缘藻礁相及台地边缘滩前斜坡相,表明山东省长清县张夏组为典型的镶边型碳酸盐岩台地沉积.     

贵州东部中上寒武统层序地层学及台地演化

通过对贵州东部丹寨一三都中上寒武统两个碳酸盐岩露头剖面的层序地层学研究，识别出3个(三级)层序及8个体系域，并认为由于构造升降运动，两露头剖面的沉积环境发生变化，该区台地类型由中寒武统的缓坡型陆棚演变成上寒武统的镶嵌陆架型台地。研究表明，自中元古宙晚期以来，研究区经历了由洋壳过渡到陆壳的演变过程，体现在该区自中寒武世至晚寒武世由广阔的坡缓底平的广海陆棚沉积，转为台地(斜坡)-广海(盆地)沉积环境。     

塔里木盆地苏盖特布拉克地区下寒武统肖尔布拉克组碳酸盐岩微生物建造特征*

塔里木盆地苏盖特布拉克地区下寒武统肖尔布拉克组发育3种类型碳酸盐岩微生物（蓝细菌）建造,即下部微生物丘状和层状建造、中上部微生物礁和顶部叠层石建造。微生物丘状和层状建造的特点是似层状孔洞和纹层结构发育,形成于潮下高能带,与微生物席粘结有关,分布相对稳定。微生物礁是由枝状或丛状微生物骨架生长和微生物席粘结两种方式形成,分布较广,可分为两大期：第1大期发育在海退背景下,呈宏观块状建造特征;第2大期则发育在较大的海侵背景下,呈现两期点礁特征。叠层石建造发育在更大范围的海侵背景下,超覆于点状建造之上,要求的水动力条件相对较强,由微生物粘结作用形成,其中叠层石和核形石是其重要标志,仅分布在研究区北部的苏Ⅱ、苏Ⅲ和苏Ⅳ剖面近顶部。     

南秦岭寒武-奥陶纪碳酸岩台地演化

南秦岭早古生代碳酸岩台地属于扬子板块北部被动大陆边缘。台地经历了３个演化阶段:①下-中寒武统缓坡沉积阶段；②中寒武统-下奥陶统镶边陆棚沉积阶段；③中-上奥陶统混合陆棚沉积阶段。下志留统的进积陆源碎屑沉积淹没了全区。从台地相带的展布规律和古地理轮廓推测，早古生代时台地北侧可能存在一个已消失了的古陆。     

四川盆地早寒武世龙王庙期沉积特征与古地理

基于盆内及其周缘钻孔取芯和露头剖面资料,结合区域背景和龙王庙组地层充填厚度分析认为,四川盆地周缘龙王庙期北邻摩天岭微古陆和汉南古陆、西接康滇古陆,东南和东北分别为威信-黔江、石阡-秀山-龙山和镇巴-巫溪-巴东水下古隆起环抱;盆内呈近北东向展布的川中古隆起和阆中-通江坳陷、江津-奉节坳陷构成“一隆两坳”,南部泸州-筠连-昭通继承性坳陷依然存在;盆地及周缘向东北隅和东南隅分别接入秦岭洋和江南盆地。受此影响,龙王庙期发育连陆碳酸盐岩台地-斜坡-盆地沉积体系,连陆碳酸盐岩台地构成沉积主体,可识别出混积潮坪、局限-蒸发台地、半局限-局限台地和台地边缘沉积相类型;进一步通过碎屑岩含量与陆源方向、石灰岩、白云岩和膏盐岩含量与海域局限性和台地边缘相对位置、颗粒岩含量等分析,阐明了龙王庙期岩相古地理展布样式并建立了沉积模式。结果表明潮坪向海侧、水下古隆起、泸州-筠连-昭通坳陷周缘是颗粒滩有利发育区,乐山和资阳地区经由早寒武世早期的充填拼合作用已形成统一古隆起,震旦纪末期-早寒武世的南北向桐梓-筠连裂陷槽演变为泸州-筠连-昭通台内坳陷,研究成果对拓宽龙王庙组滩控岩溶型储层的勘探领域具有重要的指导作用。     

中扬子地区早寒武世构造-沉积样式与古地理格局

前寒武纪-寒武纪转折期是地球历史演化的重要阶段之一,不仅纪录了后生动物的产生、灭绝以及加速分异的过程,同时也伴随着全球构造重组、长期全球性海洋缺氧、海洋地球化学明显的变化等。为了更好地认识这一重要时期地球表层环境演变及动力机制,我们对鄂西-湘西北地区下寒武统地层(相当于第1、2阶)进行了详细的沉积相和层序分析,在3大岩相组合(碳酸盐岩、硅岩、黑色泥岩/页岩)中识别出了16种主要岩相类型,并根据岩相时空变化识别出4个沉积层序(S1～S4)。在寒武纪开始时,湘西碳酸盐台地发生暴露,而台缘南侧发生裂陷,台地北侧的湘西北地区(如石门杨家坪)也发生大幅沉陷,但往北至三峡地区变浅,过渡为碳酸盐台地,形成两隆两凹的古地貌格局,这种巨大侧向地形差异(起伏)指示伸展构造背景下的断块掀斜作用,这种构造作用在寒武纪早期呈幕式活动,从而控制了该时期的沉积作用、沉积样式及其空间分布,并以沉积层序体现,因此每一层序代表了一幕从构造(拉张)强化到衰减过程的沉积响应。在构造幕的开始阶段,由于强的拉张和断裂掀斜作用,湘西碳酸盐台地发生暴露或变浅,而在该台缘南侧发生断陷,形成断阶,深部富硅热液流体沿断裂向上运移到断阶海底形成浅海热液喷流系统(硅烟囱),所以此处层序底部往往由一套特殊的硅质沉积(如有多管-孔丘状硅岩、脉状硅岩或漏斗状/楔状硅岩体)组成。此带向东南盆地方向,由于热液活动衰减和海水影响的增强,主要发育层状硅岩。从湘西北至三峡地区,层序底部一般由薄层状硅岩(常含泥质)组成,且向台地方向量减少(但碳酸盐岩增多)。在构造幕晚期,由于构造活动衰减,热液硅通量大幅减少,除深水盆地外,碳酸盐工厂恢复生产,因此层序上部主要由碳酸盐岩组成(深水盆地除外)。从第四构造幕热液活动后,盆地基底热衰减迅速,深部硅输入通量大幅减少,并在扬子地块发生大范围均匀挠曲沉降和快速海平面上升,造成碳酸盐台地淹没,形成了牛蹄塘组(或同期)富有机质黑色岩系。从此后,中扬子地区进入了一个新的构造-沉积演化时期。     

Distribution,Seismic Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Carbonate Platforms on the Northwestern Margin of the South China Sea

Newly-acquired seismic data reveal widespread carbonate deposits covering a large part of the northwestern South China Sea margin.Three carbonate platforms are identified to have developed on the topographic highs inherited from tectonic deformation and volcanic accretion.Across the carbonate platforms,the Miocene strata are characterized by high-amplitude seismic reflections and distinct platform architecture that overlaps older strata.The Guangle and Xisha carbonate platforms grew on faulted blocks due to South China Sea continental rifting,while the Zhongjian carbonate platform developed on a structural high induced by early Miocene volcanism.During the late Miocene,partial drowning resulted in the inhibition of platform growth,eventual platform drowning and termination of most carbonate deposition.The drowning of the Guangle and Zhongjian carbonate platforms is shown by the supply of siliciclastic sediments during the late Miocene and seems to be closely linked to late Neogene volcanic activity,whilst the drowning of the Xisha carbonate platform is primarily related to relative eustatic changes.Our results imply that tectonic activity,volcanism and eustasy are the dominant controls on the evolution of carbonate platforms on the northwestern margin of the South China Sea.     

Cambrian Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea Level Cycles of North China Platform

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豫西登封寒武系馒头组碳酸盐岩中的风暴沉积及相关的生物成因构造

豫西登封地区寒武系第三统馒头组三段发育了一套含大量生物成因构造的碳酸盐岩风暴沉积。风暴沉积标志包括冲刷面构造、砾屑灰岩及各类交错层理,生物成因构造包括微生物成因构造-叠层石及后生动物扰动构造-各类垂直潜穴。该区风暴沉积包括3种沉积序列:序列1由侵蚀底面、砾屑灰岩段和交错层理段组成,代表了风暴高峰期和衰减期形成的原地型风暴沉积;序列2由侵蚀底面、砾屑灰岩段和泥岩、泥灰岩段组成,为风暴高峰期和间歇期形成的近源型风暴沉积;序列3由侵蚀底面、交错层理段和叠层石灰岩段组成,反映了风暴衰减期和间歇期形成的远源型风暴沉积。这些风暴沉积代表了不同风暴作用留下的多期不完整风暴沉积记录。     

黔南Ladinian-Carnian期海侵与碳酸盐岩台地演化

位于扬子地块西南缘的黔南地区在中三叠世晚期(相当于Ladinian—Carnian期)出现了一次大规模的海侵，使从晚元古代至中三叠世末期(约从850～236Ma)以浅水相碳酸盐岩沉积为主的扬子碳酸盐岩台地被海水淹没，形成了一套深水相的瘤状暗色灰泥岩和代表最大海泛面的黑色页岩沉积，之后扬子台地被以陆相碎屑岩为主的沉积所覆盖，从此结束了其长达约630my的碳酸盐岩台地生长演化历史。研究表明，黔西南地区Ladinian—Carnian期海侵与全球海平面变化同步，是一次全球性的海平面变化。     

碳酸盐岩成岩作用与层序地层学关系研究--以鄂尔多斯盆地寒武系为例

本文从准同生成岩作用、成岩作用类型及其强度、成岩环境演化等方面探讨了成岩作用与海平面升降、层序地层学的关系。研究指出,准同生期成岩作用反映海平面升降、层序界面的形成最敏感;成岩作用的类型及其成岩强度反映了海平面升降幅度、层序边界的类型：体系域的演化控制了成岩环境的演化,不同的体系域其成岩作用类型及其组合不同。成岩作用研究在白云岩地层中对层序边界及其类型的识别、体系域的划分具有重要的意义。