Temporal and spatial changes of temperature and precipitation in Hexi Corridor during 1955–2011

This study is focused on the northwestern part of Gansu Province, namely the Hexi Corridor. The aim is to address the question of whether any trend in the annual and monthly series of temperature and precipitation during the period 1955-2011 appears at the scale of this region. The temperature and precipitation variation and abrupt change were examined by means of linear regression, five-year moving average, non-parameter Mann-Kendall test, accumulated variance analysis and Pettitt test method. Conclusions provide evidence of warming and wetting across the Hexi Corridor. The mean annual temperature in Hexi Corridor increased significantly in recent 57 years, and the increasing rate was 0.27℃/10a. The abrupt change phenomenon of the annual temperature was detected mainly in 1986. The seasonal average temperature in this region exhibited an evident upward trend and the uptrend rate for the standard value of winter temperature indicated the largerst of four seasons. The annual precipitation in the Hexi Corridor area displayed an obviously increasing trend and the uptrend rate was 3.95 mm/10a. However, the annual precipitation in each basin of the Hexi Corridor area did not passed the significance test. The rainy season precipitation fluctuating as same as the annual one presented insignificant uptrend. No consistent abrupt change was detected in precipitation in this study area, but the rainy season precipitation abrupt change was mainly observed in 1968.     

Population distribution patterns and changes in China 1953–2010

Journal of Geographical Sciences - This study uses six censuses (1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, and 2010) at the county level since the foundation of the People’s Republic of China to examine...     

Differential changes in precipitation and runoff discharge during 1958–2017 in the headwater region of Yellow River of China

Maintenance of steady streamflow is a critical attribute of the continental river systems for safeguarding downstream ecosystems and agricultural production.Global climate change imposes a potential risk to water supply from the headwater by changing the magnitude and frequency of precipitation and evapotranspiration in the region.To determine if and to what extent the recent climate changes affected streamflow in major river systems,we examined the pattern of temporal variations in precipitation,temperature,evapotranspiration and changes in runoff discharge during 1958–2017 in the headwater region of the Yellow River in northeastern Tibetan Plateau.We identified 1989 as the turning point for a statistically significant 14% reduction in streamflow discharge(P 0.05) for the period 1989–2017 compared with 1958–1988,approximately coinciding with changes in the monthly distribution but not the interannual variations of precipitation,and detected a mismatch between precipitation and runoff after 2000.Both annual precipitation and runoff discharge displayed fourand eight-year cyclic patterns of changes for the period 1958–1988,and a six-year cyclic pattern of changes for the period 1989–2017,with two intensified two-year cyclic patterns in the changes of precipitation and a three-year cyclic pattern in the change of runoff further detected for the later period.Our results indicate that the temporal changes in runoff are not strictly consistent with the temporal variations of precipitation in the headwater region of Yellow River during the period 1958–2017.In particular,a full recovery in annual precipitation was not reflected in a full recovery in runoff toward the end of the study period.While a review of literature yielded no apparent evidence of raised evapotranspiration in the region due to recent warming,we draw attention to increased local retention of rainwater as a possible explanation of differential changes in precipitation and runoff.     

Effect of sub-cloud evaporation on the δ~(18)O of precipitation in Qilian Mountains and Hexi Corridor,China

The sub-cloud evaporation effect refers to the evaporation process for raindrops that fall from the cloud base to the ground, which is usually accompanied by depleted light isotopes and enriched heavy isotopes in the precipitation. Based on 461 event-based precipitation samples collected from 12 weather stations in the Qilian Mountains and the Hexi Corridor from May to August of 2013, our results indicated that sub-cloud evaporation has a great influence on the δ¹⁸O of precipitation, especially in small-amount precipitation events. In May, June, July, and August the δ¹⁸O composition was enriched by 35%, 26%, 39%, and 41%, respectively, from the cloud base to the ground. This influence clearly strengthened with temperature rise, from the Qilian Mountains to the Hexi Corridor. When falling raindrops are evaporated by 1.0% in the Qilian Mountains and the Hexi Corridor, the composition of δ¹⁸O would be enriched by 1.2% and 2.6%, respectively. Temperature dominated the sub-cloud evaporation in the Qilian Mountains, whereas relative humidity controlled it in the Hexi Corridor. These results provide new proofs of the evolutional process of stable isotopes in precipitation in arid regions.     

Spatiotemporal changes in frequency and intensity of high-temperature events in China during 1961–2014

In this study, we explored spatial patterns and the temporal trends in high-temperature events (HTEs) for the mainland of China during 1961–2014 based on a daily- maximum surface-air-temperature dataset of 494 stations and nonparametric trend detection methods. With three thresholds of 35°C (HTE35), 37°C (HTE37), and 40°C (HTE40), HTEs occurred in 82%, 71%, and 37% of the surveyed stations and showed an overall increasing trend in both frequency and intensity during 1961–2014. In northern and southeastern China, HTEs showed a significant increasing trend in both frequency and intensity, whilst a decreasing trend for both was observed in central China. Despite such regional heterogeneity, HTEs overwhelmingly presented three-phase characteristics in all three representative regions and throughout China; the phases are 1961–1980, 1980–1990, and 1990–2014. Both frequency and intensity of HTEs have strongly increased during 1990–2014 at 54.86%, 48.38%, and 23.28% of the investigated stations for HTE35, HTE37 and HTE40, respectively. These findings implied that HTEs adaptation should be paid further attention in the future over China because the wide spread distribution of HTEs and their increasing trends in both frequency and intensity during recent decades might pose challenges to the sustainability of human society and the ecosystem.     

Lake evolution and its implication for environmental changes in China during 1950–2000

Lakes in China have undergone considerable environmental changes during the past 50 years, e.g. lake level, water area changes, as did in the past several thousands years. The enhanced human activities, such as land reclamation, application of chemical fertilizer, land use and cover, irrigation and industrialization in the catchment etc., have played an important role on the recent decades＇ changes of these lakes, although constrained to a great extent by the natural impact. Comparative study on variations of lake volume （water level, depth and area） in the eastern and western lake regions of China during 1950-2000 indicated that, lake volume in the eastern region had approximately undergone a two-stage change, i.e. a dramatic decrease from the 1950s to 1970s, and a continuous increase between the 1980s and 1990s; while, in the western region, lake volume had been decreasing nearly all the time. Further studies on some typical lakes concluded that, climatic change was a primary factor for the variations of lake volume during the past 50 years, although human activities showed important effect.     

Change in summer daily precipitation and its relation with air temperature in Northwest China during 1957–2016

On the basis of the summer daily-precipitation meteorological data collected from weather stations across Northwest China from 1957 to 2016, this study evaluated the trends in 12-daily precipitation indices in the summer season and their relations with air temperature. Precipitation-event intensity, which was averaged over the total study area, increased in recent decades although the total precipitation continuously decreased. In particular, intensity generally decreased in the northern and eastern parts and increased in the southern and western parts of the study area. None of the 12 precipitation indices was significantly correlated with temperature in Xinjiang; R95 N(number of events with precipitation greater than the long-term95 th percentile), RX1 day(greatest 1-day total precipitation), PI(simple daily intensity), and R10(number of heavy-precipitation days) were significantly and positively correlated with temperature in Qinghai–Gansu. However, low correlation coefficients were observed. In the Loess Plateau, P(total precipitation), WS(maximum number of consecutive wet days),R95 N, and WD(number of wet days) were significantly and negatively correlated with temperature, whereas Gini(gini concentration index) and DS(maximum number of consecutive dry days) were significantly and positively correlated with temperature. Results of the study suggested that climate shift was evident in terms of daily precipitation, and the study area faced new challenges involving precipitation-event intensity increasing in the southwestern part and unevenly dispersing in the northwest.     

Stochastic modeling of daily precipitation in China

1IntroductionWeather Generator (WG) is a stochastic model that can be used to simulate daily weather based on parameters determined by historic records. Precipitation, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, radiation and more can all be simulated by WG. Recently WG has gained renewed attention and has been extensively applied in studying impacts of climate change on a variety of systems including ecosystem and risk assessment. Specifically, it has been used in the following ways. 1) WG …     

Attribution of trends in meteorological drought during 1960–2016 over the Loess Plateau,China

This study uses two forms of the Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI), namely the PDSI_TH(potential evapotranspiration estimated-by the Thornthwaite equation) and the PDSI_PM(potential evapotranspiration estimated by the FAO Penman-Monteith equation), to characterize the meteorological drought trends during 1960–2016 in the Loess Plateau(LP) and its four subregions. By designing a series of numerical experiments, we mainly investigated various climatic factors' contributions to the drought trends at annual, summer, and autumn time scales. Overall, the drying trend in the PDSI_TH is much larger than that in the PDSI_PM. The former is more sensitive to air temperature than precipitation, while the latter is the most sensitive to precipitation among all meteorological factors. Increasing temperature results in a decreasing trend(drying) in the PDSI_TH, which is further aggravated by decreasing precipitation, jointly leading to a relatively severe drying trend. For the PDSI_PM that considers more comprehensive climatic factors, the drying trend is partly counteracted by the declining wind speed and solar radiation. Therefore, the PDSI_PM ultimately shows a much smaller drying trend in the past decades.     

1960~2013年中国沿海极端气温事件变化特征

基于1960~2013年中国沿海110个地面气象站资料,分析了中国沿海极端气温事件的变化特征。结果表明：中国近54 a来月最高气温极小值（TXn）、极端最高温（TXx）、极端最低温（TNn）和月最低气温极大值（TNx）都呈上升趋势,其中极端最低气温上升幅度最大,升幅为0.40 ℃/10a。日较差（DTR）、冷昼日数（TX10p）和冷夜日数（TN10p）呈下降趋势,降幅分别为-0.12℃/10a、-0.7 d/10a和-2.19 d/10a,暖昼日数（TX90p）和暖夜日数（TN90p）呈显著上升趋势,升幅分别为1.31 d/10a和2.24 d/10a。SU25和TR20近30 a上升幅度分别为6.35 d/10a和5.28 d/10a。从空间变化来看TXn、TXx、TNn和TNx分别有97%、71%、97%和97%气象站呈上升趋势,大部分都通过了0.01水平的显著性检验。TX10p、TN10p和DTR分别有90%、99%和81%的气象站呈下降趋势。大部分极端气温指数变化趋势与纬度、经度和海拔有显著的相关性。极端气温指数在气候变暖突变前后也存在明显差异,TX10p、TN10p和DTR在气候变暖后明显减少,而其他指数则明显上升。     

1960-2017年渭河流域极端气温变化及其对区域增暖的响应

基于逐日最高和最低气温,计算1960-2017年渭河流域16项极端气温指数,发现近58 a渭河流域极端冷指数(冰冻日数、霜冻日数、冷夜日数、冷昼日数和冷持续指数)呈下降趋势,极端暖指数(夏日日数、热夜日数、暖昼日数、暖夜日数、作物生长期和热持续指数)呈上升趋势,特别是20世纪80年代后上升速率明显加快。流域半干旱区对气候变暖的响应更敏感,主要体现在白天温度增高以及冰冻和霜冻日数减少,而半湿润区主要为夜间增暖。相比1960-2003年,2004-2017年流域平均温度升高1.75℃,暖夜/暖昼日数增加10.99/6.79 d,而霜冻/冷夜日数减少8.71/2.35 d。分析发现地形条件是影响流域极端气温空间差异的重要因素。在流域半干旱区,冷夜和冷昼日数的快速减少,有利于农作物的生长。而在相对湿度较大的半湿润区,随着夏季连续高温天气增多,高温热浪事件的危害更大。     

中国主要经济区的近期气候变化特征评估

论文在中国《第三次气候变化国家评估报告》基础上,根据2012年以来的最新研究成果和中国气候公报,综合评估了环渤海经济区、长江经济带、华南经济圈和东北经济区的近期气候变化特征。主要结论有：① 1961—2018年,环渤海经济区、长江经济带、华南经济圈和东北经济区的平均气温上升趋势分别达0.35 ℃/10 a、0.20 ℃/10 a、0.20 ℃/10 a和0.33 ℃/10 a;尽管在1998—2014年间这些区域均出现了增暖趋缓特征,但除东北经济区外,环渤海经济区、长江经济带和华南经济圈均在2014年之后突破了其前最暖年的年均气温记录。② 1961—2018年各经济区(圈、带)的降水趋势变化虽均低于1 mm/10 a,但其间年际和年代际波动显著;2012—2018年降水虽总体偏多,但时空差异较大,其中东北经济区2013年和长江经济带2016年降水为1961年以来最多,而辽宁2014年降水却为1961年以来最少。③ 2014—2018年,各经济区(圈、带)最高气温超历史极值或极端阈值(发生概率≤10%的分位值)的极端高温事件频发,同时环渤海和东北经济区的区域性跨季连旱和极端特大暴雨等事件的发生频率增多,长江经济带暴雨日数偏多,华南经济区受台风影响呈加重态势;长江经济带和东北经济区在增暖同时也出现了多次大范围的极端低温事件。     

1960-2013年秦岭—淮河南北极端降水时空变化特征及其影响因素

基于秦岭—淮河南北气象站点逐日降水数据和全国0.5°×0.5°逐月降水格网数据,选取16个极端降水指数,辅以趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验和相关分析等气候诊断方法,分析了1960-2013年秦岭—淮河南北极端降水时空变化特征,探讨了极端降水变化与ENSO事件的关系。结果表明:11960-2013年秦岭—淮河南北除长江下游降水呈增加趋势外,其他区域降水均呈下降趋势;2极端降水变化主要表现为:降水日数减少,降水强度上升,突发性强降水事件增多,连续性干旱事件增多;在空间上,秦巴山地、长江下游和黄河下游以极端降水强度上升为主,关中平原、巫山山区和四川盆地以极端干旱强度上升为主;3在影响因素方面,秦岭—淮河南北极端降水与ENSO事件关系密切。在厄尔尼诺年,秦岭—淮河南北春季极端降水偏多,夏季和全年偏少;在拉尼娜年,春季极端降水偏少,秋季和全年偏多。就各个区域而言,在厄尔尼诺年,黄河下游、关中平原、秦巴山地和四川盆地极端降水呈下降趋势,淮河平原极端降水呈上升趋势,长江下游和巫山山区响应并不明显。     

1960—2019年西北地区气候变化中的Hiatus现象及特征

1998—2012年全球地表平均温度发生变暖停滞（Hiatus）,然而Hiatus现象是否在全球各地均存在尚有争议,其在西北地区的表现及特征缺乏深入研究。本文基于1960—2019年气温地面观测数据,利用累积距平曲线、Mann-Kendall突变检验、滑动t检验及Yamamoto检验进行气候突变分析,结合线性倾向估计进行气候变化趋势分析,对西北地区气候变化中的Hiatus现象及其特征进行了探讨。结果表明：① 西北地区年均气温在1986年、1996年和2012年分别突变,1996年突变升温后在1998—2012年间保持高位震荡;② 1998—2012年间西北地区年均温变化率为-0.20 ℃/10a,呈现明显Hiatus现象,分季节看,冬季降温幅度最大,夏季仍保持升温,春季均温比秋、冬季提前1年开始和结束停滞期,从空间上看,西北地区东南部降温最显著,青藏高原不存在Hiatus;③ 2012年Hiatus结束后西北地区气温普遍快速升高,季节上以冬季升温最快,空间上以南疆升温最快。综合来看,1998—2012年的Hiatus现象在除青藏高原外的西北地区表现明显,停滞后的快速升温值得高度关注。     

1960~2014年河南极端气温事件时空演变分析

基于河南1960~2014年18个气象台站逐日最高温、最低温、平均气温实测数据,采用线性趋势、相关分析等方法,根据选取的16个极端气温指数,分析了河南省极端气温变化趋势和空间差异,探讨了极端气温指数的影响因素以及与该区气候变化的关系。结果表明：① 河南近55 a来日最高气温的极小值、最低气温的极大/小值、暖昼/夜日数、夏季日数、热夜日数、暖持续日数、生物生长季呈现增大/加趋势;日最高气温的极大值、冷昼/夜日数、冰/霜冻日数、冷持续日数和气温日较差呈现减小/少趋势。② 极端最低气温的变暖主要发生在黄淮海平原区、豫西南南阳盆地以及豫南桐柏山-大别山山地丘陵区;而极端最高气温的变暖则主要发生在豫西山地丘陵区。③ 与中国其他地区相比,河南极端气温近55 a的变化速率较慢,低温出现的日数显著减少;但近20 a来大部分极端气温指数的变化速率均提高了2倍多,表明该区极端气温进入了加速变化阶段。④ 相关分析表明河南极端气温指数变化可以指示该区气候变化,且地形条件是该区极端气温空间变化的控制因素。     

1960-2010年中国降水区域分异及年代际变化特征

利用1960-2010年中国1840个台站年降水量数据,采用经验正交函数(EOF)和旋转经验正交函数分解方法(REOF)对降水进行分区,并对各区降水的变化特征进行了研究.结果表明:基于多站点资料结合REOF方法实现的降水分区与中国降水实际区域分异特征比较符合,并与中国气候区划相一致.中国各区降水变化特征分析表明,东部各区降水在20世纪70年代末、80年代末-90年代初和21世纪初发生雨带的南北移动过程,其中夏季雨带的移动主要受东亚夏季风和大气环流年代际变化的影响.西北地区降水以1985/1986年为突变年,西北西部地区降水由前期偏少转为偏多,主要与来自阿拉伯海和里海异常偏多的水汽输送有关;西北东部地区降水由前期偏多转为偏少,主要与季风的年代际减弱有关.东北地区降水在80年代初由前期接近正常转为偏多,90年代末降水由前期偏多转为偏少,主要与季风和西北太平洋水汽输送的年代际变化相关.西南部各区降水阶段性变化明显,2000年以前西南东北部地区降水与西部地区基本呈反向变化,主要受青藏高原地形、东亚季风和副热带高压等因素的影响,降水阶段性变化明显、成因复杂.     

试论未来极端气候事件发展趋势的不确定性

极端气候事件是在一定时间尺度上发生的不同于气候系统平均状态的气候突变.早第三纪的最热事件（PETM）,第四纪中国黄土高原古土壤S4、S5记录的暖湿事件,砂黄土L9、L15记录的干冷事件等都是在轨道时间尺度上发生的极端气候事件.末次冰消期的YD冷事件、全新世9次冷事件是在千—百年尺度上发生的极端气候事件.这些极端气候事件出现于地球气候系统不同的冷暖背景下,它们的成因机制和表现形式有很多不确定性.20世纪以来发生的干旱、洪水、飓风、雪灾、沙尘暴等极端气候事件,无法用持续增加的温室气体的变化来解释.关于极端气候事件发生频率和强度随＂全球变暖＂而增加的结论也存在一定程度的不确定性.因此,简单地将现代极端气候事件统统归因于＂气候变暖＂既不科学也不合理.深入研究各个时间尺度上发生的极端气候事件的波动性、周期性和不确定性特征,有助于科学预测未来气候变化背景下极端气候事件的发展趋势.     

1960—2011年甘肃河东地区极端降水变化

选取甘肃河东地区13个气象站点1960—2011年的日降水资料,运用气候线性趋势、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波分析、反距离加权法和R/S方法,分析了甘肃河东地区极端降水的时空分布,并预测了未来变化趋势。结果表明:（1）河东地区近52年持续干旱日数呈显著增加趋势,而其余极端降水指标呈减少趋势,其中只有中雨日数通过了显著性检验;各极端降水指标在河东季风区和河东高寒区存在明显差异;在河东季风区,中雨日数、R95极端降水量和降水强度显著减少,而持续干旱日数显著增加;在河东高寒区持续降水日数显著减少。（2）空间分布上,除持续干旱日数大多数区域增加外,其余极端降水指标大部分区域减少,减少区域集中在河东中部和河东东南部。（3）极端降水指标主要以20年和5～8年的周期为主,在不同的时间序列信号强弱不同\.（4）中雨日数、持续干旱日数、R95极端降水量、降水强度在20世纪70年代发生趋势性突变,持续降水日数和最大5天降水量在80年代转折性突变。（5）除中雨日数、持续降水日数在河东高寒区未来发展不稳定外,其它各指标在各区域未来表现出持续性,与过去变化趋势一致。