IODP第314航次——日本南海地震区域实验项目

9月21日,日本大洋钻探船“地球”号载着科学家离开Shingu港,执行“综合大洋钻探计划”(IODP)第314航次———南海地震区域实验项目(图1)正式开始科学钻探。图1 IODP第134航次钻探位置日本是个地震灾害严重的国家,震源主要来自太平洋的俯冲带。要理解地震如何发生、对地震作预报,必须研究引发地震的源头,监测太平洋板块在海底向下俯冲的运动。位于日本西南海岸的南海海槽,几百万年以来已经引起了多次大规模的地震和海啸,包括1944年和1946年历史上著名的大地震两次地震按里克特震级算分别达到了8·1级和8·级。科学家将从这一俯冲区采集地…     

加利福尼亚的地震形势复杂化

1992年6月28日在洛杉矶以西150Km的莫哈维沙漠中发生了7.4级的强烈地震．在以后的10天中，美国地质调查局的地震网在该区记录到5000次不同烈度的地震．该区以地震烈度高著称(平均每年约12000次)，但如此高的地震活动性从19世纪初以来未见到过．     

北印度洋苏门答腊和莫克兰俯冲带地震海啸综述

印度洋海啸发生的频率远低于太平洋,但2000年以来全球因地震引发的10个重大海啸有3个发生在印度洋区域。苏门答腊和莫克兰俯冲带是北印度洋中地震海啸活动较活跃的两个区域。在苏门答腊俯冲带北端,2004年12月26日和2005年3月28日分别发生了里氏9.0级和8.6级大地震,是1961年以来的第2及第4强震。前者引发了最大爬高50.9m的海啸,造成了历史上最大的海啸灾难;后者却只引发了最大4m的爬高。位置相近、震源机制相似的两次地震引发的海啸灾害完全不同的原因非常值得研究。近期研究表明莫克兰俯冲带的地震活动分为东西两段,东段的地震活动明显多于西段。东段于1945年发生过大海啸,莫克兰西段或是全段俯冲带未来是否会发生大地震与海啸值得深入探讨研究。     

阿尔及尔深海盆地（地中海西部）海底滑坡的多参量分析以及陆坡稳定性评价

上世纪阿尔及利亚沿岸曾发生过几次中度至强烈的地震。仪器记录下的最强烈的一次地震发生在1980年10月10日,地点是阿斯南（即现在的谢里夫）,震级达到了7．3级（Ms）。最近的一次发生在2003年5月21日,震级达6．8级,地震袭击了阿尔及尔沿岸城市布米尔达斯市,诱发了相当大规模的重力流,破坏了大量的海底电缆。为了调查地震对近岸海域造成的影响,我们分析了阿尔及利亚陆缘一段的陆坡脚,重点是距阿尔及尔东北约50km的阿尔及利亚近岸海域。     

1999年以来台湾及邻近海域7.5级以上强震前的条带现象

中国台湾地区地处欧亚板块与菲律宾海板块之间,地震活动频繁．本文报道了 我国台湾地区及其邻近海域1985～2002年间5．5级以上地震的条带内外频度比分 布,并着重研究了1999—2002年中发生的3次7．5级以上地震前的条带现象．其结 果表明:台湾地区近期发生的3次7．5级以上大地震前,5．5级以上地震呈条带分 布．这些条带符合条带内地震个数Nin≥6的条件,符合条带内、外频度比Nin／(Nin Nout)≥75％的条件,也符合条带长宽比大于5的要求,只是与板内地震条带相比,条 带的长度较短．     

“3.11”日本地震海啸及南海和琉球群岛假想地震海啸对福建近海影响的数值模拟

福建地处西北太平洋沿岸,在环太平洋地震带附近,是海啸灾害潜在风险区.＂3.11＂日本地震海啸,福建沿岸验潮站就监测到其海啸波.利用CTSU地震海啸数值模式,模拟了＂3.11＂日本地震海啸对福建近海的影响,模拟结果与实况较吻合.同时,利用该数值模式模拟分析了可能来自于琉球群岛和南海附近海域的地震海啸对福建近海的影响,分析表明,如果在琉球群岛海域（28.0°N,129.0°E）发生8.8级地震,引发的海啸波将在4.5 h左右抵达福建北部海岸,最大海啸波幅可达2 m;如果在马尼拉海沟附近海域（17.5°N,119.0°E）发生8.8级地震,引发的海啸波将在4 h左右抵达福建南部海岸,最大海啸波幅可达3 m,均会给福建沿海地区带来灾害性影响.为此,本文亦针对性提出了防范地震海啸的一些措施与建议,为福建省海洋防灾减灾提供参考.     

我国GPS一级网对不同参考系变换的贡献

在总参测绘局的领导和组织下,我国第一个全国范围GPS一级控制网,继1991年5月至1992年4月完成了外业布测后,于1992年10月又完成了第一期数据处理。有关GPS一级网的施测与数据处理过程,文献[1]已作了专     

大地震运动共振预报法的验证和预报

在大地震运动共振预报法的基础上,对全球和我国的２００多次大（强）震进行验证,并把其中的约２０次灾难性或有代表性的地震列成表,证明大（强）震的预报是能突破的。在１９９６年末对日本海沟一线附近未来一两年将发生７．５￣８．４级大震和一系列大（强）震的趋势估计和预报,实际发生的地震说明预报的结果是正确的。经过对方法的深入研究,作者导出震中预报公式;最近还导出应用其前发生的Ｍ≥４级地震,对某些大（强）震可缩     

海平面地震前兆信息识别

以华地２个６级以上地震为例，研究了海平面地震前兆信息的识别方法，并对信息的可信度进行了讨论。研究表明，１９６９年了江６．４级地震前，闸坡站 平面存在 个时间长达４年、幅值达１０ｃｍ左右的上升回复过程中的加速回升异常；１９９４年台湾海峡７．３级地震前，汕头海面有一个始自４年前、幅度达２８ｃｍ左右的上升异常，上升率达地震平静期的３倍多。沿海地区６级以上强震前，海平在可能出现２－５年或更长周期的中长期趋     

论1918年2月13日南澳地震

本文研究了1918年2月13日南澳地震,结果表明,主震参数为:T_0=14时07分07.7秒,φ=23.3°E,λ=117.4°E,M_s=7.3。前震不明显,余震延续多年。两次强余震分别发生在主震后2年8个多月和3年1个多月,震级比主震约小1级。地震序列属于主震-余震型。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.