1837年甘肃岷县北6级地震考证与发震构造分析

通过对1837年甘肃岷县北6级地震的历史资料考证、 发震构造的综合研究表明:在1837年地震中遭破坏最为严重的地区位于今岷县堡子乡武旗及临潭县陈旗一带(当时的洮州厅以东约15 km)。 由此确定1837年甘肃岷县地震极震区位于甘肃岷县-临潭-卓尼三县交界, 极震区烈度为Ⅷ度, 震中位于北纬34.7°, 东经103.9°, 误差在10 km以内。 该地区构造位于东昆仑断裂带和西秦岭北缘断裂带的应变传递和构造转换的中间过渡区, 其中临潭-宕昌断裂带活动特性差异明显, 只有部分地段表现出全新世活动特征, 地震极震区一带分布有不同程度的滑坡和基岩崩塌等。 综合分析认为, 临潭-宕昌断裂带的岷县-宕昌段的前缘分支断裂是甘肃岷县1837年6级地震的发震构造。     

2013年甘肃岷县漳县M_S6.6地震及其余震序列重定位

使用甘东南地区三维速度模型,利用三维网格搜索法和双差地震定位法对2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震及其震后三天的余震序列进行了精确定位,结合地质构造资料对本次地震的发震构造进行了初步研究。其结果显示:主震的震中位置为34.54°N,104.189°E,震源深度13.5km;余震震中呈NW或NWW方向分布,与临潭-宕昌断裂的走向基本吻合,主要分布于5～20km的深度,震中在深度剖面上呈SW向;发震断裂为倾向SW的隐伏断层,位于临潭-宕昌断裂NE方向,距临潭-宕昌断裂约20km。     

2013年甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震震害分布特征及发震构造分析

2013年7月22日,甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震发生在南北地震带的中北段,东昆仑断裂和西秦岭北缘断裂是该地区复杂多样的构造几何特征中2条主要的边界控制断裂.这次地震的震害分布与临潭-宕昌断裂的走向基本一致,为长轴走向NWW的椭圆,极震区内严重破坏范围也完全位于该断裂带内,这与临潭-宕昌断裂复杂的几何结构密切相关,也说明地震的发生是多条次级断裂共同作用的结果.综合分析认为,受西秦岭北缘断裂带向南侧的扩展和青藏高原向NE扩展过程中东昆仑断裂带的NE向挤压作用共同影响下的临潭-宕昌断裂是这次地震的发震构造.     

2013年甘肃岷县-漳县6.6级地震烈度异常点分布及成因

2013年7月22日甘肃岷县-漳县Ms6.6地震发生在临潭-宕昌断裂的东段,遥感和DEM研究表明,该断裂东段在晚第四纪以来仍有活动,自岷县至宕昌,断裂由左旋走滑兼具逆冲性质转为以左旋走滑性质为主。现场烈度和灾害调查发现,Ⅶ度区内形成Ⅷ度的异常点,在Ⅵ度区内形成Ⅶ度的异常点,这些异常点分布在沿断裂带附近约2km的范围内,主要分布在断层的上盘。进一步研究表明,由于临潭-宕昌断裂在岷县以南以走滑运动为主,强震动主要沿断裂传播,同时由于断裂活动形成软弱地基,强震动引起地基失效造成灾害,形成了烈度异常点。     

基于地震学资料探讨2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震发震构造

应用速度和Q值成像方法以及小震精定位方法获得了2013年岷县漳县6.6级地震震源区的深部结构和余震序列的空间分布图像。结果表明:发震断层为一隐伏断裂,走向NW,倾向SW,逆冲兼左旋走滑,在地表距临潭-宕昌断裂岷县段约20km,在深部可能与临潭-宕昌断裂交汇在一起,向南组成一条NW向的断裂带。2003年11月13日岷县MS5.2、2004年9月7日岷县-卓尼MS5.0和本次MS6.6地震的发震断层可能属同一发震断层,位于漳县南部块体的西南边缘;该块体为次级块体(三角形),近几年来块体西南边界强震活跃,其它两边平静。     

2013年甘肃岷县-漳县6.6级地震烈度异常点分布及成因

2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县Ms6.6级地震发生在临潭—宕昌断裂的东段,遥感和DEM研究表明,该断裂东段在晚第四纪以来仍有活动,自岷县至宕昌,断裂由左旋走滑兼具有逆冲性质转变为以左旋走滑性质为主。现场烈度和灾害调查发现,Ⅶ度区内形成Ⅷ度的异常点,在Ⅵ度区内形成Ⅶ度的异常点,这些异常点沿断裂带附近约2km的范围展布,主要分布在断层的上盘。进一步的研究表明,由于临潭-宕昌断裂在岷县以南以走滑运动为主,强震动主要沿断裂传播,同时由于断裂活动形成软弱地基,强震动引起地基失效造成灾害,形成了烈度异常点。     

1573年甘肃岷县地震史料考证与发震构造探讨

通过对1573年甘肃岷县地震的历史资料考证和发震构造的综合研究表明:在1573年岷县地震中遭受破坏最为严重的地区位于如今的岷县县城一带(当时为岷州府所在地)。综合各种资料确定1573年甘肃岷县地震震级为621,极震区烈度为Ⅷ~Ⅸ度,震中位于北纬34.4°,东经104.0°,震中精度为2类,震中位置偏差小于或等于25km。该地区构造上位于东昆仑断裂带和西秦岭北缘断裂带的应变传递和构造转换的中间过渡区,其中的临潭-宕昌断裂带活动特性差异明显,只有部分地段表现出全新世活动特征,地震极震区一带分布有不同程度的滑坡和基岩崩塌等。综合分析认为,临潭-宕昌断裂带的岷县-宕昌段是甘肃岷县1573年621级地震的发震构造。     

2013年7月22日岷县漳县6.6级地震震源机制解

利用甘肃"十五"数字地震台网的波形资料,采用CAP方法反演了2013年7月22日岷县漳县6.6级地震的震源机制解。结果显示:本次地震的震源性质为逆冲兼走滑型,矩震级MW6.1,震源矩心深度为7km。最佳双力偶节面Ⅱ走向304°,倾角64°,滑动角44°,其走向与附近的临潭-宕昌断裂的走向一致;倾角和滑动角,表现为左旋走滑的特性与临潭-宕昌断裂的性质相符合,判定该节面代表了主震的发震断层面。分析认为岷县漳县6.6级地震的发生与该断裂的活动密切相关。     

地貌参数指示的临潭-宕昌断裂带最新构造隆升差异与地震活动

2013年7月22日,甘肃岷县漳县MS6.6地震发生在青藏高原东北缘的临潭-宕昌断裂带上。为了研究该断裂的最新构造隆升的差异性,基于ASTER GDEM数字高程模型数据提取了流域盆地及水系,并以此为基础,计算了面积高程积分及河道坡度指数。2个地貌参数的分析结果表明,临潭-宕昌断裂不同部位的最新隆升呈现不均匀性。其中,断裂的最新逆冲活动在临潭以西及以岷县附近明显强于其他各段。上述地貌参数所指示的断裂抬升强度还与历史及现今地震发震位置较好地匹配,体现了定量化地貌分析对断裂活动强弱的指示作用。临潭-宕昌断裂受区域NE-SW向挤压构造应力作用影响,其活动的差异可能与晚第四纪以来巴颜喀拉块体NE向扩展背景下的局部应力集中有关。     

2013年四川省芦山“4.20”7.0级强烈地震触发滑坡

2013年4月20日,四川省芦山县发生了MS7.0地震.文中简要介绍了芦山地震的基本情况与芦山地震区历史地震及其相关地震滑坡情况.依据2008年汶川地震滑坡与地震动峰值加速度(PGA)的空间关系,对芦山地震滑坡大体分布范围进行了推测.根据地震滑坡分类学,将芦山地震滑坡分为破坏型滑坡、连贯型滑坡、流滑型滑坡3大类.其中,破坏型滑坡包括岩质崩塌、岩质滑动、岩质崩滑、土质崩塌、土质滑动等5类;连贯型滑坡包括土质坍塌与慢土流2类;流滑型滑坡为快速流滑.破坏型滑坡如岩质崩塌、岩石滑动、土质崩塌这3类是芦山地震滑坡中最常见的类型.基于震后可利用的高分辨率航片,初步解译得到3 883处滑坡位置点数据.最后,从余震对滑坡的影响,芦山地震滑坡与邻区地震滑坡对比分析,对后续基于高分辨率遥感影像的滑坡精细解译的启示等3个方面开展了分析与讨论.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.