盐酸胍对文昌鱼Branchiostoma belcheri（Gray）酸性磷酸酯酶构象与活…

本文报告了文昌鱼酸性磷酸酯酶在不同浓度的盐酸胍作用下酶的构象与催化活力变化的关系。盐酸胍浓度在１ｍｏｌ／ｄｍ＾３时，酶活力提高５０％，随着盐酸胍浓度提高（２－４ｍｏｌ／ｄｍ＾３），酶活力下降，荧光强度也下降，荧光发射光谱λｍａｘ值明显红移（３３０－３５８ｎｍ）。测其变性及失活动力学常数，结果表明，酶的失活速度大于变性速度，表现为慢构象变化，快活力变化的一种模式。在盐酸胍３－４ｍｏｌ／ｄｍ＾３时，酶     

锯缘青蟹NAGase在DMSO溶液中的失活动力学

以二甲亚砜（DMSO）为效应物，研究其对锯缘青蟹N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAGase）活力的影响，结果表明，酶的剩余活力随着DMSO浓度增高而迅速下降，当DMSO浓度达4．0moL／dm^3时，酶活力几乎完全丧失，该酶在低于2mol／dm^3的DMSO溶液中的失活作用表现为可逆过程，导致酶活力丧失50％的DMSO浓度（IC50）为0．75mol／dm^3应用酶失活过程的底物反应动力学方法测定了游离酶（E）和酶-底物络合物（ES）在不同浓度DMSO溶液中的微观失活速度常数k＋0和k’＋0，k＋0明显大于k’＋0，说明游离酶较酶-底物络合物对DMSO更为敏感，底物对酶被DMSO失活有保护作用．随着DMSO浓度增加，逆向微观复活速度常数k-0不断下降，这说明NAGase在高浓度DMSO中失活的可逆性减弱。     

僧帽牡蛎碱性磷酸酶性质的研究

从僧帽牡蛎分离纯化出一种碱性磷酸酶,采用Sephadex G-200凝胶过滤柱层析法测得该酶分子量为1.57×10~5.以对硝基苯磷酸为底物,该酶的最适温度为43℃,最适pH值为10.0.在37℃和pH值为10.0的条件下,酶催化反应的米氏常数(K_m)为9.68×10~(-4)mol/dm~3,活化能(E_a)为45.85kJ/mol,温度系数(Q_(10))为1.80(30～40℃).对该酶的热稳定性研究表明:其在45℃以下较为稳定,50℃以上明显失活,并测定了该酶的热失活速度常数.金属离子对酶活力的效应研究结果表明:Mg~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Co~(2+)对酶有激活作用,Ag~+、Hg~(2+)、Zn~(2+)表现为抑制作用,Cd~(2+)几乎没有影响.Mg~(2+)是较有效的激活剂,表现为部分非竞争性效应,激活常数(K_a)为2.48×10~(-4)mol/dm~3,有Mg~(2+)存在时该酶活性中心的转换数量是无Mg~(2+)时的4.0倍.几种效应物对酶的抑制机理研究表明:HPO_4~(2-)、HAsO_4~(2-)、Cys为竞争性,其抑制常数分别为1.61、1.18和0.15mmol/dm~3;L-Phe为反竞争性,抑制常数为3.26mmol/dm~3.     

乙醇对锯缘青蟹碱性磷酸酶活力与构象的影响

应用荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱研究锯缘青蟹碱性磷酸乙醇微扰后的分子构象变化情况。乙醇对酶分子构象有显著的影响,酶的内源荧光强度随乙醇浓度增大而增加,荧光发射峰逐渐发生红移,说明酷氨酸、色氨酸残基的微环境发生明显的变化;紫外吸收光谱在278nm吸收峰随乙醇浓度增大而增强。这些结果表明,酶蛋白分子中的生色基因残 基的微环境发生变化;酶的剩余活力随着乙醇浓度增大而迅速下降,经乙醇失活的酶在正常的测活体系中监测酶活力,发现酶活力可以回升到92％以上,说明酶的乙醇失活是可逆的,可以通过稀释复活。测定乙醇对酶的抑制动力学,表明乙醇对青蟹碱性磷酸酶的抑制作用是反竞争性机制,其抑制常数Ki为11．8％。     

褐牙鲆鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase性质的研究

研究了褐牙鲆 (Paralichthysolivaceus)鳃丝Na K ATPase的性质。结果表明 :褐牙鲆鳃丝Na K ATPase活力随着反应温度、pH的增加均呈现峰值变化 ,其最适反应温度为 3 0～ 3 5℃ ,高于 40℃酶活力急剧下降 ,至 5 0℃酶失活 ,而最适pH为 7.5～ 8.0之间 ,pH <7.5或 >8.0时酶活力急剧下降 ,低于 6.0酶活则被完全抑制 ;在本试验设计的反应时间和底物浓度范围内 ,随着时间和底物浓度的增大 ,酶活力的变化均为逐渐升高 ,且上升趋势逐渐变缓 ;反应介质中Na ,K ,Mg2 的最适浓度分别为 180 ,3 0 ,6mmol/L ,并且当K 或Mg2 浓度为 0时 ,酶活力均接近于 0。抑制剂乌本苷对鳃丝Na K ATPase活力表现为显著性抑制 ,在乌本苷浓度为 2mmol/L时 ,酶活力完全被抑制。     

甲醛对南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei)β-N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的失活动力学研究

β-N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶与南美白对虾的食物消化吸收、蜕壳生长有着密切关系。海水里存在的有机污染物将影响酶生理功能,从而进一步影响虾的正常蜕壳,严重将导致对虾的死亡。甲醛是常用的有机溶剂,故本文应用动力学方法研究了南美白对虾β-N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶在甲醛溶液中以 pNP-NAG为底物时酶活力的变化规律。表明酶在甲醛浓度低于 2.0 mol?L-1,酶的失活过程是可逆的,测得甲醛对酶抑制的 IC50为 1.05 mol?L-1。用双倒数作图法测定甲醛对酶的抑制类型,结果显示甲醛是酶的竞争性抑制剂,甲醛只能与游离酶(E)结合,底物对酶的失活具有保护作用。用底物反应动力学方法观测在不同底物浓度下酶在 0.0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 mol?L-1 的醋酸酐溶液中的失活过程,分别测定了酶的微观失活速度常数 k 0及复活速度常数 k-0 并加以比较,结果表明甲醛对酶的影响是缓慢结合同时导致失活的过程,比较微观失活速度常数 k 0 及复活速度常数 k-0,结果暗示在高浓度的甲醛溶液中,酶将完全失活。     

长毛对虾酸性磷酸酶功能基团的研究(Ⅱ)

用化学修饰剂pCMB、NBS、K试剂修饰长毛对虾Penaeuspenicilla－tusAlcock酸性磷酸酶（ACPase，EC3．1．3．2），在修饰剂作用下，酶活力明显下降，健康虾酶对修饰剂的敏感性（NBS除外）大都稍大于病虾酶。修饰酶的紫外280um吸收光谱以及荧光340um发射光谱的变化，表明酶活力下降的同时酶构象也产生相应的变化。结果表明，酶分子的半胱氨酸残基、色氨酸残基以及门冬氨酸、谷氨酸β或γ验基与酶活力有关，是酶的催化功能基团。     

赤潮的主要特征参数和化学环境

海域富营养化是发生赤潮的必要条件,其主要特征参数的临界值为:COD3 mg/dm~3,无机氮2～10 mol/dm~3,无机磷0.45 mol/dm~3。1987年7月20日～8月13日在日本濑户内海伊江群岛一带爆发了鞭毛藻Chattonella antiqua 大赤潮。中村泰男等人跟踪调查了赤潮发生时的化学环境.细胞浓度变化:从<10个/cm~3→250个/cm~3→30个/cm~3。水温:层化显著至消失,表层与底层温差降到0.7℃.盐度:30.0～33.9.营养盐浓度变化:较高→较低→速减→耗尽。     

杂色鲍碱性磷酸酶在醇、醛和酮溶液中的失活作用

报道了杂色鲍碱性磷酸酶(ALP)在甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、甲醛、丙酮等溶液中的失 活动力学．结果表明:酶的剩余活力随着有机溶剂浓度的增大而迅速下降．测得上述 5种有机溶剂对该酶的半抑制率(IC50)分别为5．41、3．07、1．80、31．0×10-3、2．30 mol／dm3．在这些有机溶剂溶液中酶的失活过程都是可逆反应．检测醇、醛、酮对该酶 的失活作用机理,结果表明甲醇、乙醇、丙醇对杂色鲍ALP的失活作用均为非竞争性 机制,其抑制常数分别为5．36、3．02、1．80mol／dm3．甲醛、丙酮对杂色鲍ALP的失活 作用都呈现为混合型抑制,其对游离酶的抑制常数(K1)分别为24．7×10-3、1．66 mol／dm3;对酶-底物络合物的抑制常数(KIS)分别为56．2×10-3、5．40mol／dm3．     

硒对华贵栉孔扇贝碱性磷酸酶的酶动力学及理化性质研究

探讨了微量硒(Se~(4+))对华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis(Reeve))碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的作用。以催化动力学原理研究了不同缓冲系统中微量硒时AKP的影响。结果表明,Se~(4+)对谈酶的作用与酶所处的环境有关。在0.05 mol/L Na_2CO_3-NaHCO_3(pH 9.0)缓冲溶液中Se~(4+)浓度小于12.5 mmol/L时呈现出激活作用;Se~(4+)浓度大于12.5 mmol/L时呈现出非竞争性的抑制作用,其抑制常数为6.81×10~(-2)mol/L。在0.05 mol/L Tris-HCl缓冲系统(pH 9.0)中,微量Se~(4+)对AKP具有强烈竞争性抑制作用,其抑制常数为3.79×10~(-1)mol/L。经紫外吸收光谱、荧光发射光谱和圆二色谱的实验表明,微量Se~(4+)与AKP作用后,该酶的构象已发生了变化。研究发现海水环境中若含有微量Se~(4+)(SeO_3~(2-)),可以促进扇贝AKP的水解。利于贝类的生长发育和外壳的形成,并有益于贝类的繁殖。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.