太平洋CC区多金属结核的分类问题

本文论述了多金属结核分类的目的及应遵循的原则，结合DY85－4航次对结核的调查研究，依据结核的表面构造特征将结核分为：光滑型、粗糙型及光滑十粗糙型。详细地叙述了不同类型多金属结核的特征及形成环境。通过对前人关于多金属结核分类的回顾和评述，指出了前人分类的某些缺点和不足，并着重强调了我们采用分类的优点和可行性。     

基于Fuzzy ARTMAP的CC区多金属结核资源定量评价

将调查程度高、资料较丰富的CC区东部海底作为研究区,利用Fuzzy ARTMAP算法对该区已有调查站位进行模型训练,分别建立Mn、Co、Ni、Cu金属品位与洋壳年龄均值、沉积物厚度、地形起伏度、沉积类型等区域控矿要素之间的关系模型,从而得到该区多金属结核资源Fuzzy ARTMAP定量评价模型。利用该模型对该区已调查和未调查位置进行资源预测,比较已调查站位的调查数据和预测数据,得到Mn、Cu、Co、Ni的相对预测误差分别为4.5%、9.1%、20.8%、7.4%;在预测误差不超过30%的条件下4种金属的预测准确率分别为100%、96.7%、72.5%和98.9%。误差检验结果说明该模型在多金属结核资源评价中具有较好的应用效果,可信度较高,可以用来研究多金属结核的空间分布。     

太平洋CC区多金属结核的分类问题

本文论述了多金属结核分类的目的及应遵循的原则，结合ＤＹ８５－４航次对结核的调查研究，依据结核的表面构造特征将结核分为：光滑型，粗糙型及光滑＋粗糙型，详细地叙述了不同类型多金属结核的特征及形成环境。通过对前人关于多金属结核分类扔回顾和评述，指出了前人分类的某些缺点和不足，并着重强调地我们采用分类的优点和可行性。     

东太平洋CC区WPC1101柱样沉积环境及埋藏多金属结核成因

WPC1101重力活塞柱样取自东太平洋CC区西部,其顶部见有水成多金属结核,3.4~3.5 m发育埋藏多金属结核层。对该柱样的沉积物成分、磁性地层、黏土矿物及元素地球化学结果进行综合分析,以探讨柱样的沉积环境变迁;对埋藏多金属结核进行地球化学元素分析,探讨其形成环境。结果表明:该柱样成分以硅质黏土为主;蒙/伊比表明晚渐新世时期研究区海底火山、热液活动较强,自生黏土组分较高;而上新世以后则相对减弱。柱样自下而上生物成因SiO2含量逐渐增多,代表陆源碎屑物质的Al2O3含量相对稳定,P2O5、CaO、Cu、Co、Ni则由于生物SiO2含量的增加而稀释,含量降低。埋藏多金属结核发育于生物生产力旺盛、沉积间断发育期,其内稀土元素(Ce元素除外)由于受后期成岩作用发生清扫作用,转移至沉积物中,而Ce元素不参与后期成岩过程,持续在多金属结核内富集。     

太平洋CC区多金属结核Ce同位素组成——幔源Ce证据

利用对太平洋多金属结核资源调查取得的多金属结核样品,对太平洋CC区多金属结核的Ce同位素组成特征进行了研究,结果表明:太平洋CC区多金属结核的Ce同位素组成.138Ce/.142Ce较低,εCe为负值,与大西洋多金属结核的同位素组成正好相反,但与洋中脊玄武岩(MORB)和太平洋0～500 m上层海水的Ce同位素组成相似.Ce、Nd的单一源模式和Ce-Nd同位素体系模式都不能解释太平洋多金属结核的这种负εCe和εNd特征,表明太平洋CC区多金属结核中的Ce、Nd可能具有不同的来源,前者来源于地幔,后者来源于大陆,幔源Ce的光致还原作用是太平洋CC区多金属结核中负εCe形成的又一因素.     

中太平洋海盆多金属结核分布及其与CC区中国多金属结核开辟区多金属结核特征对比

在综合分析航次调查资料的基础上,总结了中太平洋海盆多金属结核的矿产资源特征与分布规律,并与CC区中国多金属结核开辟区结核特征进行对比。结果发现:CP区多金属结核以S型水成成因为主,具有较高的丰度与覆盖率,但品位较低;而CC区结核S型(西区)、S+R型、R型(东区)三者均有,以混合成因和成岩成因为主,尽管丰度、覆盖率稍低,但品位较高。多金属结核中锰相矿物差异、表层沉积物类型及南极底流的影响是造成两区多金属结核差异的主要因素。     

太平洋CC区构造特征与多金属结核成矿条件研究

1994年4－11月,国家海洋局组织和实施了DY85－4航次中国开辟区（太平洋CC区）多金属结核（下简称结核）勘探,海上勘查历时225d,勘查面积达65×103km2,其中,用重力、磁力和单道地震等方法对测区进行了地球物理调查。结果表明,火山和浅层侵入体是提供给核生成的重要物质来源。区域性的沉积间断是造成结核丰度偏高的重要因素。断块活动强烈的地区,断裂活动有利于金属元素在海底的富集。不同时代形成的海底,地幔原岩在成分上的差异或在洋壳形成过程中构造活动的差异,对结核的形成有着一定的控制因素。而上述地质构造活动,在地球物理特征上都有着明显的反映。由此可见,地球物理特征与结核的形成和富集规律有着明显的相关关系。     

东太平洋CC区板块构造和多金属结核资源效应探讨

利用东太平洋CC区多波束海底地形测量、结核覆盖率深拖系统探测、结核丰度地质采样和地球物理地震勘探资料,运用板块构造和沉积动力学理论,并与丰度趋势面和神经网络分析结果对比,对东太平洋CC区构造与多金属结核资源效应关系进行了探讨,并认为:(1)富集在研究区约200亿t结核的最主要控制因素是东太平洋海隆、莱恩山脉、克拉里昂-克利伯顿大断裂(Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone),东、西、南、北的四个构造单元为结核大量富集起到了框架性的关键作用;(2)本区经历了和遵循着海底扩张的基本过程,这个过程对结核物质来源、成矿作用、结核分布有重大影响,结核丰度、覆盖率与地形变化非常一致,重大相变距离为10～15km,基底自形成以来一直影响着地表结核;(3)地球深部地质作用过程对结核成矿作用也有一定影响,影响因素可能涉及基底岩浆房及其大小等.     

太平洋CC区多金属结核成矿元素迁移规律的界面地球化学研究

本文通过对太平洋ＣＣ区东区上覆水,间隙水,沉积物,结核中的环境参数、元素含量进行分析,研究了成矿元素在界面间（上覆水－沉积物,间隙水－沉积物、上覆水－间隙水、沉积物－结核）的迁移变化规律,为了解和揭示大洋多金属结核成因及成矿规律提供了依据。     

太平洋CC区多金属结核成矿元素迁移规律的界面地球化学研究

本文通过对太平洋 Ｃ Ｃ 区东区上覆水、间隙水、沉积物、结核中的环境参数、元素含量进行分析,研究了成矿元素在界面间（上覆水沉积物、间隙水沉积物、上覆水间隙水、沉积物结核）的迁移变化规律,为了解和揭示大洋多金属结核成因及成矿规律提供了依据。     

大洋多金属结核矿床的二维地质统计学模型

采用二维地质统计学方法对太平洋CC区内不同类型金属结核矿区的地质特征进行了定量分析，通过对地质采样数据分析，计算，多角度的实验变化函数对比，建立了丰度，Mn,Cu,Co,Ni5个变量的理想理论变差函数，通过点交叉验证，确定最佳估计参数，建立矿床数学模型，运用克立格方差对其估计结果，精度进行了分析。     

Distribution and Variability of the Meiobenthic Assemblages near the Korean Polymetallic Nodule Claim Area of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (Subequatorial NE Pacific)

This study was carried out as part of a baseline long-term environmental project in the proposed mining areas for an environmental impact assessment of future mining in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ). The community structure and distributional pattern of meiobenthos were investigated in the deep-sea bottom of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone of the northeastern Pacific in July 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003 and August 2004, 2005. Twenty one meiobenthic groups were found at the stations in the study area. The most abundant meiobenthos comprised nematodes followed by benthic foraminiferans and harpacticoid copepods. The maximum density of meiobenthos was 306 ind/10 cm² at the station located at 11°N (water depth, 4833 m), and the minimum density was 6 ind/10 cm² at the station located at 14°N (water depth, 5037 m). Oligotrophic conditions in the CCFZ seem to directly reflect the lower standing stocks of meiobenthos in the CCFZ compared to other deep-sea plains of similar depth. The latitudinal distribution pattern of meiobenthos in the study area seemed to be related with surface water primary productivity, which was connected to the water circulation pattern of the Pacific Ocean near the Equator, diverging at 8ºN latitude and converging at 5°N. The horizontal distribution of meiobenthic organisms in the study area showed high densities at the stations within 135–136°W. The densities of meiobenthic organismas within the CCFZ were high at stations with few manganese nodules on the sediment surface at low-latitude sites. In 1998, the observed relative high values of meiobenthic abundance were at stations from 5° to 6°N. Other stations from 7° to 10°N showed no significant fluctuations during the interannual sampling periods. It is considered that the inter-annual fluctuation of meiobenthos abundance is intimately related with a regime shift that may have occurred in the north Pacific between 1998 and 1999, the El Niño period. Vertical distribution of meiobenthic organisms showed the highest individual numbers in the surface sediment layers of 0～2 cm depth and a steep decreasing trend as sediment becomes deeper at the stations of high latitude located in 16～17°N. Size distribution analyses showed that organisms that fit into the sieve mesh size of 0.063 mm were abundant.     

东太平洋CC区西区表层沉积物黏土矿物和地球化学特征

本文以太平洋CC区西区12个表层沉积物样品作为研究对象,对其粒度、化学组分和矿物成分进行分析,讨论其沉积环境和物质来源。研究区地处深海,主要以深海黏土和硅钙质黏土为主,含有少量的硅质黏土、黏土质硅质软泥和黏土质钙质软泥。黏土矿物成分主要是蒙皂石和伊利石,含有部分的高岭石和绿泥石。黏土矿物组成表明,区内沉积物主要是陆源,由高空气流携带而来,南极底流和热液活动对其物源的来源有一定影响。沉积物地球化学特征也表明,物源以陆源为主,稀土元素分布曲线和北太平洋表层海水稀土曲线类似,且表现出强的Ce亏损,表明生物活动导致的生物沉降对表层沉积物也有一定的影响。     

东太平洋不同海域多金属结核差异的主控因素

本文以ＤＹ８５－４ 航次在东太平洋的调查为基础,概述了多金属结核在东西两海区的差异;分析了影响这种差异的因素;着重探讨了多金属结核的丰度、品位、覆盖率、Ｍｎ／Ｆｅ、与伴生沉积物、断裂带、火山、侵入岩的关系。发现造成两区结核差异的因素很多,但起主控作用的是断块、火山、岩浆、热液等活动所带来的物质及对海底物理化学环境的影响。     

Distribution of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the Central Pacific Ocean

The plate culture method using the two formulae for non-nitrogenous media was adopted in this investigation for the purpose of counting and isolating nitrogen-fixing bacteria distributed in the open sea. Sea water samples were collected at eighteen different stations in the region of Lat. 50°N–15°S along Long. 155°W and two other stations in the Pacific Ocean. In order to compare with those samples from the open sea, water samples were also obtained at four stations in Suruga and Sagami Bays. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria appear to be widely but very unevenly distributed at all depths in sea water, in numbers approximately ranging from nil to 10⁴ per 100 ml of sea water, and denser vertical populations have been found in the area of Lat. 40°N and 5°N along Long. 155°W, even at depths from 2,000 to 3,000m. A conparatively denser population of bacteria was found in sea water from Suruga Bay and Sagami Bay. The bacteria associated with plankton were abundantly demonstrated, in numbers ranging from 10⁶ to 10⁸ per 1 ml settling volume of plankton, in many plankton samples collected at four stations in the southern parts of the Pacific Ocean. Almost all the bacteria isolated from the samples of blue green algal colonies,Trichodesmium, sp., were able to grow on nonnitrogeneous media.     

Determination of Precious Metal Concentrations in a Polymetallic Nodule Reference Sample from the Indian Ocean by ICP-MS

A polymetallic nodule reference sample (No. 2388)collected from the Indian Ocean, and seven other samples, two from the United States Geological Survey, USA (Nod-A-1 and Nod-P-1), three from Russia (OOPE 601, OOPE 602, and OOPE 603), and two from China (GSPN-2 and GSPN-3), collected from different loca tions, are available for calibration purposes and as control samples in the analytical programs for polymetallic nodules and associated sediments to ensure accurate measurements. They are not certified for precious metal concentrations, however, and the data available are very scanty. An attempt has been made to provide working values for platinum, palladium, gold, and silver and indicative values for osmium, iridium, and ruthenium in these eight ferromanganese nodule reference samples, using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). To assess the accuracy of the method, certified reference materials, WPR-1, WMS-1, WMG-1, and WGB-1 Canadian Certified Materials Project (CCRMP, Canada) were analyzed, and the data obtained were compared with the certified values. The estimate of analytical reproducibility was found to be better than 15 % RSD for most elements with comparable accuracy. The data presented for this set of manganese nodule reference samples may be useful in geochemical studies of manganese nodules and associated sediments.     

东太平洋CC区1787号岩心的微体化石及地层层序

本文根据1994年“向阳红09号”调查船自东太平洋CC区获取的1787号岩心(8°23.49'N、141°56.13'W,水深为5070m,岩心长为810cm),对其中的微体生物(放射虫、硅藻、硅鞭毛藻、抱粉)地层进行了初步探讨.对于不同的分析样品,采取了不同取样间隔,如放射虫每隔5cm取样1个,共采样162个;硅藻每隔8～9cm取样1个,共采样82个;孢粉每隔20cm取样1个,共采样34个.     

Distribution of pelagic blue-green algae in the North Pacific Ocean

The distribution of pelagic blue-green algae, especially ofTrichodesmium thiebautii, was investigated on the basis of the collection of theHakuhō Maru Cruise KH-69-4 along 155°W (50°N-15°S) in the North Pacific Ocean from September to November 1969.

1. Five species were identified:Trichodesmium thiebautii (most predominant),T. erythraeum, Oscillatoria sp.,Katagnymene spiralis andRichelia intracellularis.
2. T. thiebautii was most abundant in the western North Pacific central water and abundant next to it in the equatorial water, but it did not occur in the subarctic water.
3. T. thiebautii was ubiquitously distributed in the lower layer of 100–200 m in the equatorial water, though not in a large quantity.
4. T. thiebautii inhabited only the water warmer than 20°C. In its main habitat, nitrate and nitrite were almost zero, but ammonia and phosphate were present. There was not found any correlation between its occurrence and the salinity.
5. Blue-green algae were generally thinly populated in the water rich in diatoms.