庐山早更新世冰川作用构造特征与辨析

庐山地区,在下述地点发现早更新世冰川作用构造:1.庐山东南麓瓷土矿采区,有巨砾犁入基岩、基岩剪切包裹体和小型倒转褶皱构造;2.庐山西北麓羊角岭,有剪切拖曳构造与注入构造;3.花山北坡,有注入挤压型构造。对这些构造的成因,有冰川说与非冰川说之别。笔者根据各种外营力构造变形模式的分析与类比,认为前一种认识是合理的。     

中国东部第四纪冰期之我见——庐山更新世冰川发育“有限性”初探

中国东部(含庐山)第四纪冰期之争,表现在地貌、沉积与冰川发生条件三个方面。笔者认为:庐山冰川仅发生在早更新世,并建立了金锭山冰期。中晚更新世没有冰川发生,前人提及的某些冰川作用证据需要重新认识。庐山晚新生代地层分为18个层组,含11级阶地,只有一个可靠的冰碛层,其他为非冰碛层或似冰碛层。     

庐山的困境:长江以南的更新世冰川作用

李四光于1933年首次将庐山的谷地、盆地以及沉积物解释为更新世冰川作用的产物,并进而对中国整个东南部亚热带山地作了雷同的阐述,此后他又在1947年和六十年代后期重申了上述观点。这样,在中国便形成了一种见解,认为长江以南曾经历过广泛的山岳冰川作用,加之某些考察过庐山的外国学者亦接受了这一观点,就使得庐山成了具有关键性的地区。 用以支持冰川作用的证据有“冰斗”、“U谷”、“擦痕面”、“漂砾”、“栖歇石”、“冰碛垅”与“鼓丘”。对谷首形态的测量分析证明,没有一个“冰斗”深得足以产生冰川或能引起冰川基底滑动。“U谷”的大小和形状与冰川作用的成因不一致:一些是单向斜构造,另一些则是由流水作用形成的谷地,后者具有由重力作用形成的呈链状交错的横断面。也没有发现真正的岩盆。“栖歇石”是多节理的砂岩经差别风化之后形成的类似于羊背岩的产物。“冰碛”是由砂、粘土填充的巨砾所组成,次生粘土矿物是丰富的。深度风化、富含粘土的剖面可广泛分布到海拔1,300米处。不存在有意义的粉砂填质与带有冰川擦面的碎屑。沉积物的组构表明它们与当地的斜坡及扇形地表面形态有很好的相关关系。“冰碛垅”和“冰砾阜”可以看作是不同切割阶段的扇积砾。所谓的冰川动力构造可用局部构造活动来解释     

江西庐山牧马场剖面泥砾堆积物的成因分析及年代测定

庐山第四纪泥砾堆积物成因争论是庐山第四纪冰川争论的焦点之一。对新发现的庐山牧马场泥砾剖面进行了石英砂电镜扫描(SEM)和成因分析,并初步进行了电子自旋共振(ESR)年代测定。石英砂电镜扫描表明该剖面泥砾堆积物为冰川和流水共同作用形成,并在后期湿热化影响下导致部分化学特征明显;ESR测年数据表明该剖面形成于中更新世晚期(225.5±20)—(242.6±24)ka BP,与推测的时代(庐山冰期)基本一致。根据测试结果,作者认为庐山牧马场剖面具有第四纪冰川作用的痕迹,但其时代和规模尚有待探讨改进。     

太白山第四纪冰碛物特征与冰期

在晚更新世早期(Q_3~1)和晚期(Q_8~3),太白山主峰八仙台先后发生过两次冰川作用,即三爷海冰期和太白冰期。其中太白冰期又可划分为早太白和晚太白两个副冰期。经人工剖面证实的三道不同时期的侧碛垄分别与上述冰期相对应。各种冰蚀地貌都受到该区构造的控制和影响。     

西藏阿伊拉日居山南麓第四纪冰川沉积物及其ESR年龄测定

在西藏札达盆地北缘阿伊拉日居山南北两麓及切割山脉的各沟谷中, 分布着 4 套第四纪冰川与冰水沉积物, 其冰川沉积物的电子自旋共振(ESR)测年结果分别为 1 161~730 ka BP、319~336 kaBP、211 ka BP和105~15 ka BP. 测年结果表明, 在札达盆地北缘阿伊拉日居山南麓所发生的 4 次冰川作用, 其形成时期分别为早更新世晚期、中更新世中晚期、中更新世晚期和末次冰期.     

青藏高原第四纪冰川的早期记录及其构造与气候含义

综合青藏高原第四纪冰川早期记录的研究进展和典型盆地地层、沉积、古生物、古环境研究的系统成果,扎达盆地香孜组上部冻融层的出现代表了区域的古海拔达到了高原冰缘的高度,即3 500 m以上.这一段地层的时代可能从2.3 Ma前后开始.并与贡巴砾石层下部冰水沉积层的时代基本一致.卓奥友冰期和希夏邦马冰期的时代与扎达盆地沉积结束后,直接覆盖其上的终碛垄和冰碛垄的时代大致相当,展现了这一时期喜马拉雅山脉的山岳冰川进一步发育,也说明喜马拉雅山脉作为青藏高原海拔最高的地区开始冰冻圈的环境很可能在早更新世早中期.川西地区的早更新世的冰川沉积说明东喜马拉雅构造结附近地区这一时期已经抬升至冰冻圈高度,但是,海拨高度与气候环境与喜马拉雅山脉应有不同.具体的时代仍需要深入工作.青藏高原普遍开始冰冻罔记录是在中更新世早期.伴随着全球冰期的到来,这一时期的冰川作用在青藏高原最为发育和广泛.这些暗示着青藏高原在中更新世早期整体性地较快速抬升进入冰冻圈,即海拔3 500 m以上.详细的过程仍有待深入研究.     

天山北麓晚新生代沉积及其新构造 与古环境指示意义 *

天山山脉隶属中亚造山带,晚新生代时期印度板块向亚洲板块俯冲的构造效应同样影响到天山地区,使这一晚古生代形成的造山带重新复活。天山南北两侧的晚第三纪和第四纪时期的地层正是对印度板块-亚洲板块碰撞带的响应,发生构造变形,形成了一系列逆冲断层和褶皱,指示这一区域的地壳在晚新生代变短和加厚。文章对天山北缘晚中新世以来的沉积进行了详细的磁性地层学和沉积学研究,结果表明:在研究的独山子背斜地区,磨拉石沉积最早出现于约7百万年前,说明天山山脉自7百万年前开始有一次构造隆升,研究区内7.00~2.58Ma间的巨厚砾石沉积主要是构造抬升的结果。而早更新世的西域砾岩沉积在很大程度上与第四纪时期全球冰期的来临,特别是北半球开始发育大规模冰川作用有关,因此西域砾岩应当是在第四纪冰川作用(气候变冷)及新构造运动共同作用下的产物。     

庐山第四纪地质一瞥

内容提要本文简要介绍庐山地区一次短暂的考察中所观察到的有关这一地区第四纪地质和冰川作用的一些现象。其目的不在试图以此解决庐山的古冰川问题,而只是想提出一点多少与前人不同的想法。     

第四纪洞庭盆地构造性质及动力机制探讨

通过地表观察和第四系钻孔对第四纪洞庭盆地及周缘隆起区的地貌、沉积和断裂构造等进行调查研究,进而厘定洞庭盆地构造活动特征暨构造性质,并探讨其动力机制。研究表明,早更新世-中更新世中期洞庭盆地具断陷性质,具体表现在:①在边界正断裂控制下盆地及其次级凹陷强烈沉降并充填厚度较大的河、湖相沉积;②临澧次级凹陷发育典型封闭性断陷湖盆沉积;③NNE向、NW向、EW向、SN向等多组方向控盆断裂的发育指示区域伸展构造体制。中更新世晚期以来洞庭盆地具坳陷性质,主要表现在:①中更新世晚期洞庭盆地与周缘隆起区发生较大幅度的构造抬升并遭受剥蚀,同时产生构造掀斜与褶皱变形;②晚更新世-全新世洞庭盆地坳陷沉降并接受沉积。分析提出洞庭盆地第四纪构造活动机制:早更新世-中更新世中期盆地的断陷沉降与地幔上隆背景下的深部物质迁出有关;中更新世晚期盆地构造抬升、掀斜和褶皱变形与深部迁出物质的回返以及板块尺度的物质运动和挤压作用有关;晚更新世和全新世盆地坳陷沉降与区域挤压应力下的坳陷或拱坳变形有关,可能同时伴有NE向的深部物质流动与拉张;不同级次和不同规模范围的深部物质迁移运动,造成了第四纪洞庭盆地与其内部次级构造单元之间的叠加关系。     

蓟县北部山区第四纪冰川泥砾层的发现

蓟县北部山区居燕山中段南翼,以我国北方震旦纪地层发育著称。本区地质屡经地质工作者调查研究,唯第四纪地质至今尚少人注意。随着我国社会主义农业的发展,兴修水利工程,特别是山区寻找地下水源,都需要着重解决第四纪地质问题。 1974年春和1975年夏,我们先后两次在本区下营、小港等地进行调查,发现一些丘陵顶部黄土层之下埋藏着一种具有冰川作用痕迹的泥砾层,引起了我们的注意。     

The vertical extent of ice sheets in Nordfjord, western Norway: measuring degree of rock surface weathering

Degree of rock surface weathering was measured on sites in Oldedalen and Brigsdalen, where dates of deglaciation have been estimated. and on an altitudinal transect on the slopes of Skåla. representing one of the highest supra-marine reliefs in western Norway. The Schmidt hammer is useful only for distinguishing sites deglaciated during the Little Ice Age from those deglaciated during the Lateglacial and early Holocene. Degree of roughness of granitic augen gneiss bedrock surfaces was quantified from profiles measured in situ using a micro-roughness-meter and profile gauge. There is a significant increase in surface roughness above a clear trimline at c. 1350 m a.s.I. but no significant increase above a higher trimline previously proposed as the vertical limit of the last ice sheet in this area (c. 1560 m a.s.I.). The roughness of boulder surfaces on the summit blockfield does not direr significantly from the roughness of bedrock surfaces downslope as far as the lower trimline. These unexpected results suggest that bedrock surfaces between the two trimlines were not glacially abraded during the Late Weichselian, so that the upper trimline is unlikely to represent the vertical limit of ice during either the Late Weichselian or a subsequent readvance. Preliminary results of ¹⁰Be dating of surface quartz samples from above the lower trimline support the proposal that the site was not abraded during the last glaciation. The results can be interpreted in two ways: (1) The upper trimline represents the vertical limit of a pre-Late Weichselian advance. During the Late Weichselian the mountains were completely covered but surfaces down to the lower trimline were protected by cold-based ice. (2) The lower trimline marks the vertical limit of the Late Weichselian ice and the upper limit an older and more extensive glaciation.     

上海地区新构造隐伏活动断裂的标志──石灰华

上海地区沿基岩断裂带表面,有零星分布的石灰华,成因与泉水(温泉)活动有关,形成时代下限为新第三纪晚期,上限为第四纪更新世早期。本文初步确定,区内自新第三纪晚期以来,具有活动性的隐伏断裂,除北北东向及近东西向的两组断裂外,还新发现一组北西西向活动性显著的断裂,它们均与石灰华分布有着密切的关系,这种现象与山区新构造活动断裂带的特征相似。区内分布的石灰华,可以作为识别隐伏活动断裂的标志。     

山东鲁山混合岩表面发现第四纪冰川剥蚀的直接证据——颤痕

本文首次报道了在山东鲁山南坡山谷发现混合岩表面的颤痕。颤痕是冰川底部携带的岩石碎块在下伏基岩表面刮凿而形成的一系列弧形裂隙,颤痕的弧形突出方向与冰川运动方向一致,而裂隙也是向下游方向深入基岩内部,其中突出的中间部位裂隙最深,向两端逐渐变浅直至消失。作者探讨了颤痕的形成机理,认为:颤痕相当于主剪切面上的伴生构造——R剪切面,在剖面上看就是一系列雁列式排列的R面,它不仅是冰川在基岩上运动留下的重要证据,而且还能指示冰体的运动方向。除了颤痕之外,在鲁山山麓还分布着大量的冰碛地貌:巨漂砾、冰碛堤等,在鲁山山脊上还见有典型的壶穴、冲刷槽等冰川融水侵蚀标志。这些标志与颤痕一起构成了强大的证据群,揭示了中国东部曾经发育过第四纪冰川的历史。中国东部是否发育过第四纪冰川?地学界已经争论了80多年,而颤痕的发现为进一步肯定中国东部存在第四纪冰川活动提供了最直接的证据。     

ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE MIRNYY STATION AREA

The U. S. S. R. -IGY Antarctic station, Mirnyy [66°31'S. 93°E.], is situated on four outcrops of Precambrian charnockitic granite, crystalline schist, and gneiss. The four mounds contain numerous angular xenoliths, generally dark schist and gneiss, denoting a palingenetic origin for the bedrock. Quartz veins and sulfide mineralization indicate later hydrothermal activity. The mounds are cut by two major fissure systems perpendicular to each other and several secondary fissure systems. In general, the offshore islands (the Haswell Islets) and the mounds are similar to the ancient Antarctic shield and are, therefore, considered to be a part of it. --Editor.     

The origin and evolution of the Klondike goldfields, Yukon, Canada

The world famous Klondike goldfields are located in the unglaciated part of west-central Yukon, Canada. Since their discovery over 100 years ago, they have produced an estimated 311 tonnes of gold, primarily from bench and creek placers that are fluvial in origin and range from Pliocene to Holocene in age. Historically, the placers are classified into three levels of gravel with four main units. These include the high-level White Channel Gravel (Pliocene), presently the most important gold-bearing unit, which sits nonconformably on an erosional bedrock surface (i.e., the ‘White Channel strath’) and is overlain and interbedded with the glaciofluvial Klondike Gravel (Pliocene); the intermediate-level gravel (Pleistocene), the least important economically; and the low-level gravel (Pleistocene–Holocene), historically the most important gold-bearing unit, but it has been mined three or four times now. The goldfields originated from the weathering and erosion of early Cretaceous, discordant mesothermal quartz veins, and the light grey color of the matrix of the White Channel Gravel is due mainly to weathering and diagenetic alteration by groundwater flow. The concentration of placer gold is related to a hierarchy of physical scales: at the lithofacies scale (metres), bed roughness determined sites of gold deposition; at the element scale (tens of metres), gravel bars were preferentially enriched in gold; at the reach scale (hundreds of metres), stream gradient was an important factor; at the system scale (hundreds of km), braided river environments transported large amounts of gold; and at the sequence scale (thousands of km), economic placers formed initially in the high-level White Channel Gravel and later in the intermediate-level and low-level gravel. The White Channel strath is interpreted as an erosional ‘tectonic’ terrace that formed during isostatic uplift and under conditions of dynamic equilibrium. The high-level White Channel Gravel and Klondike Gravel are interpreted as a depositional ‘climatic’ terrace that formed during a reversal in the tectonically induced downcutting, which is attributed to the initial and most extensive of the pre-Reid glaciations (3 Ma) in the Yukon. The intermediate-level gravel is interpreted as minor erosional ‘complex response’ terraces that formed during static equilibrium when there were pauses in valley-floor degradation, which are attributed to the subsequent and less extensive pre-Reid glaciations. The low-level gravel formed also during valley-floor degradation and may represent a return to dynamic equilibrium conditions. Hence, the dominant forcing mechanisms controlling the evolution of the goldfields were isostatically compensated exhumation and climatic change related to the repeated glaciation of the Yukon. In addition, the lowering of baselevel from high-level, to intermediate-level and finally to low-level gravel was accompanied by a decrease in accommodation space (as indicated by a decrease in gravel thickness), which resulted in an increase in the concentration of the placer gold.     

山西河曲黄河阶地序列初步研究

黄河干流奇特的"几"字形格局是其复杂发育历史的表现。由于流域内的地质与气候条件复杂多样,分段开展深入研究是全面认识黄河的基础。晋陕峡谷是研究黄河演化的关键地段之一,河流阶地忠实地记录着河流发育的历史。文章选择山西河曲县城附近黄河阶地发育典型的河段进行研究,在实测河流阶地地貌剖面的基础上,系统采集了20个年代样品进行光释光(OSL)测年。依据地貌类型、沉积特征以及定年结果,建立了该河段黄河阶地的演化序列,得出以下结论:1)河曲地区黄河曲流凸岸形成有4级阶地,T₄阶地的形成主要受构造控制,而T₃,T₂和T₁阶地的形成主要与气候变化有关,各阶地的年龄分别是T₄为90ka,T₃为30ka,T₂为20ka,T₁为3.4ka。2)河曲地区约140ka以来河流地貌的演化经历了5个阶段,各阶段以下切侵蚀开始,结束于各阶地堆积面的塑造。约90ka以来,该地区河谷谷底下降速度和曲流可能最大侧蚀速度的平均值分别为0.9mm/a和33.4mm/a。在不同阶段,二者的大小变化及组合状况各异,在构造相对稳定条件下,河流以侧蚀作用为主,其侧蚀速度与气候和岩性条件有关。3)河曲地区的黄河曲流是在河流下切过程中逐渐侧蚀、演化而成的,具有内生曲流的特点。4)T₄阶地的泥流沉积和加积堆积,可能记录了地方性气候变化,其范围和意义有待进一步研究,另外,T₃,T₂和T₁形成过程中气候变化的作用也有待探讨。     

Paleosubsidence and active subsidence due to evaporite dissolution in the Zaragoza area (Huerva River valley, NE Spain): processes, spatial distribution and protection measures for transport routes

The lowest 17-km long reach of the Huerva River valley, down to its confluence with the Ebro River in Zaragoza city, flows across salt-bearing evaporites of the Ebro Tertiary Basin (NE Spain). Upstream, the horizontally lying Miocene evaporites are interfingered with non-soluble distal alluvial fan facies (shales and sandstones). The proportion of soluble facies in the Huerva River valley increases in a downstream direction towards the basin depocenter. On the basis of the type and magnitude of the paleosubsidence features, the valley has been divided into four reaches. Along reach I, undeformed terrace deposits less than 4 m thick rest on insoluble detrital bedrock. In reaches II and III, dissolution at the alluvium–bedrock boundary has generated local thickening, deformation and paleocollapse structures, which only affect the alluvial mantle. In reach IV, terrace deposits thicken to over 60 m resulting from a large-scale synsedimentary subsidence. In this sector, subsidence locally affects to both the alluvium and the underlying bedrock. This indicates that dissolution acts at the rockhead beneath the alluvial cover (alluvial karst) and within the evaporitic substratum (interstratal karst). The development of an intraevaporitic karst in reach IV is attributed to gypsum and salt dissolution. Irregular terrace gravel bodies (gravel pockets) embedded in a fine-grained matrix associated with paleocollapse structures have been interpreted as liquefaction–fluidization structures resulting from ground acceleration and suction induced by catastrophic collapses. Subsidence is currently active in the region affecting areas with a thin alluvial cover in reaches III and IV. The low subsidence activity in most of Zaragoza city is explained by the presence of thickened (around 50 m) and indurated alluvial deposits. In the surrounding area, numerous buildings in Cadrete and Santa Fe villages have been severely damaged by subsidence. Natural and human-induced subsidence favours the development of slope movements in the gypsum scarp overlooking Cadrete village. Several transport routes including the Imperial Canal (irrigation canal) and the recently completed Madrid–Barcelona high-speed railway are affected by human-induced sinkholes. The paleocollapse structures exposed in the trenches of this railway and a ring road under construction point to hazardous locations underlain by cavities and collapse structures where special protection measures should be applied. Rigid structures are recommended beneath the high-speed railway with sufficient strength to span the larger sinkholes with no deformation. Electronic monitoring devices linked to a warning system can detect subtle subsidence-induced deformations in carriageways or railways. This research demonstrates that the study of the paleokarst helps to understand the processes involved in the present-day subsidence phenomena and their general spatial distribution.     

大兴安岭南段赛罕乌拉石海剖面分析及其与蒙山拦马墙石河结构对比

石海（石河/冰石河）作为冰缘地貌的重要标志之一,在国内地学界尚未引起足够的重视,以至于缺少介绍石海结构特征的中文文献,更未建立判别标准,在地貌认知阶段就发生很多误判。为了揭示石海的剖面结构特征,笔者等对位于大兴安岭南段的赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区乌兰坝石海首次进行了开挖解剖,从而归纳了原生石海的基本结构特征：岩块棱角鲜明,呈镂空状堆积,岩块直径总体上上大下小。根据野外调查确认,赛罕乌拉海拔1800 m以上的区域至少还存在着局部现代石海,也就是说,还残存着不连续冻土带,而且保持年平均气温0℃左右的气候环境。根据赛罕乌拉现今气候记录和石海分布,笔者等估算了全新世初期赛罕乌拉石海开始发育时的地表温度在0~-4℃,而今天年平均气温已经升高到2℃,升温幅度2~6℃。根据赛罕乌拉石海剖面结构特征,笔者等对山东蒙山石河进行了结构对比,认为二者剖面结构基本一致,排除了前人近年来争议明显的冰川侧碛堤和泥石流成因说。结构对比揭示山东蒙山境内全新世早期至少局部存在过冰缘气候环境,而这也为山东境内更新世冰川地貌研究提供了重要的信息。此外,本研究也为中国冰缘地貌解剖和资源调查提供了一个可以参考的研究实例。