与陆-陆碰撞作用相关的盆-山构造数值模拟

陆-陆碰撞作用是导致大陆岩石圈各种地质作用发生的最重要的驱动机制,如何识别和标定陆-陆碰撞作用,特别是其四维时空演化,是地学界长期以来关注和研究的重点。陆-陆碰撞作用的主要表现形式为下伏地块沿陆内俯冲带的强烈下插(俯冲)和上覆地块沿陆内俯冲带的不断仰冲(逆冲扩展),在垂直俯冲带方向出现盆-山相间的构造格局和MOHO的弯曲、错断。通过数值模拟计算,详细论述了在仰冲(逆冲扩展)和俯冲作用过程中,盆地坳陷、山体抬升、MOHO上抬和下坳等各种位移量和位移速率之间的耦合关系及盆地中心的迁移规律。说明它们有可能成为判断或标定陆-陆碰撞作用的一种标志或尺度。     

杨山晚古生代沉积盆地成因类型及其与桐柏-大别造山带关系的探讨

杨山晚古生代沉积盆地位于桐柏-大别山北麓,它具有明显的前陆盆地沉积特点,由早期(D₂?—C₁)的复理石建造到晚期(C₁—P?)的磨拉石建造;古生物地理分析表明其与华北、扬子陆块都有密不可分的联系,其间不可能有古洋盆的存在,因而它应当是桐柏一大别造山带碰撞造山过程中形成的前陆盆地。杨山晚古生代前陆盆地的形成说明,扬子陆块和华北陆块的陆-陆碰撞起始于晚泥盆世之前(S₃—D₂),而桐柏-大别造山带中生代的构造事件则可能代表一次大规模陆内逆冲-推覆作用。     

滇西北金沙江结合带的斜向走滑构造

向碰撞引起的走滑转换现象，是大陆造山带一种常见的构造样式。金沙江结合带中的斜向走滑构造是最夺目的定型构造。它的形成演化，成为大陆造山带陆内汇聚阶段的主要地质事件。笔者以区域地质调查资料为根基，利用斜向走滑构造的理论，对金沙江结合带拖顶地区的一些地质问题进行讨论。     

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探1号井(WFSD-1)非弹性应变恢复法(ASR法)三维地应力测试与"5.12"汶川地震的形成机制

汶川地震断裂带科学钻探1号井(WFSD-1)的ASR三维地应力测试结果表明,龙门山前陆逆冲带与其下伏的龙门山前陆盆地和上覆的松潘-甘孜地块的构造及地应力状态存在有重大差异。从整体上看,在汶川地震中,龙门山前陆逆冲带表现为在强烈的区域性挤压背景下,深部物质沿壳内拆离层自SW向NE方向的"层状"流动,在地壳上部转化为沿映秀-北川断裂(YBF)的快速垂向挤出,而其西侧的松潘-甘孜地块作自SE往NW方向的重力滑覆,东侧的龙门山前陆盆地则表现为自NE往SW方向的走滑或右行旋转。晚新生代以来,扬子地块相对于青藏高原东缘的龙门山造山带并无明显的或大尺度的陆内俯冲作用发生。龙门山前陆逆冲带深部高温低粘度物质垂直向上的、快速的流动和挤出,直接导致了"5.12"汶川地震的发生,而松潘-甘孜地块E向扩展导致龙门山前陆带的强烈挤压和陆壳增厚及深部应力和地震能量的积聚则是诱导深部位移场发生突变和物质快速垂向挤出的主因,E向扩展是深部地震能量积聚和快速垂向挤出作用的必要条件,而非地震发生的直接原因。ASR地应力测试得出的主压应力方向完全平行于GPS同震速度场的位移方向,似乎表明ASR测试获得的原地应力场或许真实地反映了或最接近于地震过程中的构造应力状态。     

川西南陆内俯冲造山带地质特征及金成矿作用

川西南地区北起青川,向南西至云南丽江发育着一条长达800余公里的燕山晚期-喜马拉雅期陆内俯冲造山带.其中央地带的地质构造特征主要表现为由主滑脱-俯冲带、超壳断裂和次级滑脱带组成的一套巨型推覆构造体系,伴随构造活动发育有从绿片岩相到角闪岩相的动力变质作用;仰冲块体地质构造特征主要表现为由前俯冲阶段的边缘海沉积物仰冲并褶皱变质形成复合山链,而在俯冲阶段则于山链间形成山间断陷盆地并接受磨拉石建造红层沉积.形成特征的岩浆活动分带;俯冲块体上则只有大型断陷盆地内的典型红色沉积,而不发育岩浆活动.陆内俯冲造山带的央央巨型推覆构造带和仰冲块体是金矿成矿的重要大地构造环境,形成了各具特色的金矿床.中央地带主要表现为断裂构造系统中不同层次、类型和性质的构造对金矿成矿的控制,矿床类型主要为蚀变岩型;在仰冲块体上,与复杂的构造-岩浆活动相伴,金矿类型多样,成因复杂.金矿成矿可以划分为2个系列和6个亚系列.陆内俯冲造山带内的这种金矿成矿特点可用陆内俯冲造山成矿模式进行解释.     

勉—略混杂岩带构造地质特征与金矿成矿——以陕西省略阳县干河坝金矿床为例

勉略带经历俯冲叠置、碰撞造山和陆内造山3个阶段构造演化过程。即俯冲期深层次褶皱与右行顺层（片）剪切变形、碰撞期中—深层次褶皱递进变形和高角度逆冲剪切变形、后主造山期陆内造山期中—浅层次左行走滑变形和低角度逆冲推覆构造4期不同构造变形。其中前两期构造阶段对金矿成矿产生重要影响。通过对陕西省略阳县干河坝金矿研究认为：俯冲期...     

Geological features of a collision zone marker: The Antique Ophiolite Complex (Western Panay,Philippines)

The Antique Ophiolite Complex exposed along the western side of Panay Island, central Philippines was derived from the Jurassic to Cretaceous proto-South China Sea oceanic leading edge of the Palawan microcontinental block. The subduction and ultimate closure of this ocean basin resulted in the emplacement and exposure of this lithospheric fragment along the collisional boundary of the microcontinental block and the oceanic- to island arc-affiliated Philippine mobile belt. The ophiolite complex has volcanic rocks having normal- to transitional mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) to island arc tholeiitic (IAT) geochemistry consistent with the transitional MORB–IAT characteristics of its peridotites. The chromitites manifest subduction signature suggestive of the involvement of water in its generation. All of these would be consistent with generation in a supra-subduction zone environment, specifically in a subduction-related marginal ocean basin. The collision of the Palawan microcontinental block with the Philippine mobile belt along western Panay resulted, aside from ophiolite emplacement, into arc curvature, island rotation, serpentinite diapirism and thrusting along the forearc side. The offshore bathymetric expression of the microcontinental block along the collision zone shows the leading edge of this oceanic bathymetric high to have spread laterally. This is indicative of its being buoyant resulting to non-subduction as supported by available earthquake hypocenter data.     

沉积大地构造相划分与鉴别

沉积大地构造相是反映陆块区、洋区、洋与陆块之间的陆缘区(活动和被动陆缘)形成演变过程中, 在各个演化阶段及其特定的大地构造环境中形成的沉积盆地及其充填序列, 是表达大陆岩石圈板块在离散、汇聚、碰撞、走滑等动力学过程中形成的不同类型沉积盆地及其综合产物, 具有恢复陆块区和造山系形成演化的功能.为从大地构造环境和沉积盆地分析角度系统剖析中国大陆新元古代以来纷繁复杂的大陆增生历程, 根据中国大陆形成演化特点, 提出一套沉积大地构造相(沉积盆地类型)划分方案, 并简述其大地构造环境鉴别标志.该划分方案分4级(相系、大相、相和亚相): 一级为陆块区(含地块)相系和造山系相系.陆块区按构造古地理位置和区域构造应力场进一步划分出二级和三级单元.造山系由弧盆系、叠接带和对接带大相构成, 是岩石圈板块大规模水平运动, 在洋陆转换过程中岛弧增生、弧-弧碰撞、弧-陆碰撞、陆-陆碰撞和陆内俯冲的产物, 常表现为复杂岩石组成、复杂褶皱和断裂构造的巨大山系; 叠接带大相主要由弧-弧碰撞和弧-陆碰撞时, 在陆缘形成的洋-陆转化增生带, 是软碰撞产物; 对接带大相由陆-陆碰撞形成, 是硬碰撞产物.在造山系的弧盆系、叠接带和对接带大相之下, 按洋盆演化-洋陆转化历程所产生的系列构造古地理环境和建造, 进一步划分出洋盆、弧前盆地、弧间盆地、弧后盆地、残余海盆、周缘前陆盆地、弧后前陆盆地等大地构造相单元.      

东天山北部哈尔里克晚古生代推覆构造与岩浆作用研究

东天山北部哈尔里地荀晚古生代火山弧，石炭纪末发生区域性逆冲推覆作用，研究表明，在晚石炭世碰撞造山过程中，哈尔里克地区国三个不同阶段屿性质的构造变形，变民岩浆作用；即３４６－３１２Ｍａ从南向北的推覆作用，对应于这期从北向南的俯冲事件；３１２－２６０Ｍａ从北向南的推覆作用，对应于晚石炭世的陆－陆碰撞陆内变形事件：２６０－２３０Ｍａ洞东西方向的右旋走滑作用，对应于造山期末发生在边界断裂附近的变形事件，大     

西藏阿里札达盆地的“翘板式”形成机制

西藏阿里札达地区基本构造格架是由-系列褶皱、断裂、岩浆岩带和动力变质带组成的一套北西向构造系统，起源于晚侏罗世以来印度-欧亚板块俯冲-碰撞和陆内会聚作用。按照板块运动时间顺序，可区分出早、晚两阶段构造组合。早阶段构造组合与板块俯冲-碰撞有关，形成缝合带-陆缘弧系统；晚阶段构造组合与陆内会聚有关，形成基底断块系统。札达盆地与高喜马拉雅断块隆起存在盆-山耦合关系，藏南谷地基底断块的翘板式运动是形成盆地的主要控制因素。     

碰撞带倾角和摩擦系数对陆-陆碰撞变形的影响

借助一个简单的大陆与大陆碰撞模型,即把两个大陆的碰撞简化为两个粘弹性块体的碰撞,两个块体之间的不连续变形面对应两个大陆之间的碰撞断裂带,运用三维粘弹性拉格朗日非连续变形有限元(LDDA)方法,通过分析模型中不连续变形面的存在对两个粘弹性块体碰撞变形的影响,探讨了大陆碰撞断裂带的倾角和摩擦系数对两个大陆碰撞变形影响的一般规律,给出了大陆碰撞变形的一些显著的特点。尽管运算模型的几何尺寸、边界条件等参考了印度和欧亚大陆碰撞的实际特征,但所得结果适用于更一般的情况。研究结果表明,碰撞断裂带倾角和摩擦系数对陆-陆碰撞变形有着重要的影响。当断裂带倾角在15~30°时,两个大陆板块碰撞导致的仰冲板块一侧隆升高度相对更大,利于形成高大的山脉,其中以15°倾角对应的仰冲板块一侧隆升最高;当断裂带倾角在30~45°时,两个大陆板块碰撞导致的俯冲板块的俯冲深度相对更深,利于形成深陷的盆地,其中以45°倾角对应的俯冲陆块一侧俯冲最深;当断裂带倾角≥75°时,两个大陆板块之间的相对俯冲和仰冲作用变得不明显。碰撞断裂带摩擦系数越小,碰撞过程中两个大陆板块之间相对俯冲和仰冲作用越强,形成高大的山脉和深陷的盆地要求碰撞断裂带摩擦系数≤0.2。从大陆与大陆碰撞变形构造特征看,除发育前陆盆地-山脉系统外,在仰冲陆块一侧靠近造山带后缘还发育呈不对称结构的挤压性凹陷,当两个大陆板块碰撞断裂带倾角在15~30°时,该类型凹陷更容易形成,其中以30°倾角对应的凹陷最深,反映其形成可能是大陆碰撞过程中陆块之间相对俯冲和仰冲运动的综合结果。     

论俯冲增生杂岩带洋板块地质构造图编图思想与方法

对地质类图件编(填)图而言,合理厘定不同级别的编(填)图单元,是保证所编(填)图件质量的关键.俯冲增生杂岩带的物质组成,主要是来自洋盆不同构造环境下洋岩石圈的构造-岩石建造,可区分出洋脊建造(蛇绿岩)、深海平原建造、洋岛(OIB)-海山建造、洋内弧建造、海沟建造、源自洋岩石圈的高压-超高压岩石建造.另外,还有混入到俯冲增生杂岩带但不源自洋岩石圈,而是源自陆岩石圈的裂离地块建造、高压-超高压岩石建造、陆缘岩浆弧建造和楔顶盆地建造等.因此,查清并厘定出不同来源的地质体建造,是开展俯冲增生杂岩带编(填)图单元划分与图件编绘的基石.本文从区分出俯冲增生杂岩带内不同来源物质建造之科学目标为出发点,将它们的编图单元划分为3级:俯冲增生杂岩带(一级单元)、岩片(二级单元)、岩块和基质(三级单元).对各级编(填)图单元类型进行了具体划分和命名,规定了其代号、用色和岩性花纹的使用要求.简述了俯冲增生杂岩带构造形变的图面表达要求,强调俯冲期和碰撞期的构造变形是俯冲增生杂岩带的两大主期变形,必须合理编(填)绘.     

Incipient subduction and deduction along the eastern margin of the Japan Sea

The eastern margin of the Japan Sea has been under convergent tectonics since sometime after the Pliocene. The suture line is on the ocean-continent boundary between the Japan-Yamato Basins and the Tohoku (Northeast Japan) Arc. Incipient subduction, and obduction, of the oceanic and sub-oceanic crust are observed along the suture line with the occurrence of numerous N-S trending, fault-bounded ridges and troughs. Focal mechanism solutions of several compressional type earthquakes with magnitudes of M = 6.9 to 7.7 which have occurred along the zone are consistent with the observation of geological thrust faults. The convergent stresses in the Japan Sea may be due to India-Eurasia collision and its associated intra-plate or inter-microplate movements in East Asia. The eastward movement of the Amurian Plate causes Baikal extension along its western margin and the Japan Sea convergence along its eastern margin.     

U–Pb zircon dating of post-obduction volcanic-arc granitoids and a granulite-facies xenolith from New Caledonia. Inference on Southwest Pacific geodynamic models

In New Caledonia, the occurrence of one of the World’s largest and best-exposed subduction/obduction complex is a key point for the understanding of the geodynamic evolution of the whole Southwest Pacific region. Within the ophiolite, pre-and post-obduction granitoids intrude the ultramafic allochthon and provide new time constraints for the understanding of obduction processes. At 27.4 Ma, a new East-dipping subduction generated the active margin magmatism along the western coast of the island (Saint-Louis massif). At 24.3 Ma, the eastward shift of the magma activity and slightly different geochemical features (Koum-Borindi massif) was either related to the older slab break-off; or alternatively, due to the eastward migration of the mantle wedge following the collision of the eastern margin of the Low Howe rise. Finally, the occurrence of a granulite-facies xenolith in the Koum-Borindi massif with comparable 24.5 Ma U–Pb zircon age and isotopic features (initial ε_Nd = 5.1) suggests that these evolved magmas were generated within the lithospheric mantle beneath a continental crust of normal thickness. Geochronological evidence for continuous convergence during the Oligocene infers an East-dipping Eocene-Oligocene subduction/obduction system to have existed in the Southwest Pacific from the d’Entrecasteaux zone to the North Island of New Zealand.     

华北地块南部巨型陆内俯冲带与秦岭造山带岩石圈现今三维结构

豫西横穿秦岭造山带的反射地震为主的综合地球物理探测，发现秦岭现今北界存在华北地块南部自北向南向秦岭的巨型陆内俯冲带，深达Ｍｏｈｏ面以下，与之相伴而生，在中上地壳发育自南向北的逆冲推构造带，千公里东西向延伸，主要发生于晚白垩世１００Ｍａ±，成为秦岭与华北地区块间中新生代重要陆内构造，它是秦岭造山带岩石圈现今三维结构的基本要素和组成部分，秦岭造山带岩石圈现今结构具有流变学分层的“立交桥”三维结构框架模型。显然它们具有统一的动力学背景，是秦岭造山带现今处于印度－青藏、太平洋和欧亚板块的西伯利亚地块等三大构造动力学体系复合部位，导致其从深部地幔动力学的最新调整到上部地壳响应所发生的壳幔等圈层相互作用的综合产物，可能是大陆长期保存、演化的主要途径与形式之一，具有重要的大陆动力学意义，对中国大陆构造、灾害、环境研究也具重要意义。     

南大巴山前陆冲断带构造样式及变形机制分析

大巴山构造带位于秦岭造山带和四川盆地的过渡部位,形成于印支-燕山期,定型于喜山期。按照构造变形样式及其组合特征,从北东向南西可依次划分为北大巴山逆冲推覆构造带、南大巴山前陆褶皱-冲断带(又包括叠瓦断层带、断层-褶皱带和滑脱褶皱带等3个亚带)和四川盆地东北部低缓构造区等3个构造带(区)。南大巴山冲断带地表构造以类侏罗山式褶皱为显著特征,主要发育叠瓦断层系、断层相关褶皱、被动顶板双重构造、反冲断层系和冲起构造等变形样式。北东-南西向挤压应力和滑脱层是控制南大巴山及其前缘构造变形的主要因素,结合区域地质研究成果,建立了南大巴山及其前缘地区依次从震旦系-下寒武统-志留系-中下三叠统逐渐抬高的多层次滑脱前展模式。     

秦岭造山带及邻区中生代地质演化与成矿作用响应

华(山-)熊(耳山)地块、南秦岭与川西金、铅锌-汞锑、钼-钨等矿床聚集区是秦岭成矿带乃至我国中央造山-成矿带的重要组成部分,无论华熊地块金、钼成矿,还是南秦岭及川西金、铅锌和汞锑矿床,它们的成矿地质背景、容矿与含矿建造、矿床类型、矿床规模及时空分布规律,均与中生代板块构造活动体系具密切的耦合关系.具体分析了大陆俯冲-碰撞和陆内造山构造-岩浆活动过程中,成矿构造地质背景、成矿盆地环境、沉积建造、成矿作用与矿床分布规律对大陆造山作用的耦合与响应.     

Geochemistry of the Mian-Lue ophiolites in the Qinling Mountains, central China: Constraints on the evolution of the Qinling orogenic belt and collision of the North and South China Cratons

The Anzishan ophiolite, a typical ophiolitic block of early Carboniferous age in the Mian-Lue suture zone of the Qinling Mountains, central China, consists of amphibolites/metabasalts, gabbros and gabbroic cumulates. All of these rocks, as well as those in the Hunshuiguan-Zhuangke (HZ) block, have compositions similar to normal MORB and back-arc basin basalts (BABB) with high ε_Nd(t) values, indicating that they were derived from a depleted mantle source. The Mian-Lue suture zone also contains blocks of other lithologies, e.g., rift volcanic rocks in the Heigouxia block and arc volcanic rocks in the Sanchazi block. Although they are in fault contact with each other, the presence of these different blocks in the Mian-Lue suture zone may represent a complete Wilson cycle, from initial rifting to open ocean basin to final subduction and continent-continent collision, during the late Paleozoic-early Triassic. In this region, the North and South China Cratons were separated by Paleo-Tethys at least until the early Carboniferous, and final amalgamation of both cratons along the Qinling orogenic belt took place in the Triassic.     

Review of Late Proterozoic sutures,ophiolitic mélanges and tectonics of eastern Egypt and north-east Sudan

The distribution, structural relations and ages of ophiolites and ophiolitic melanges in the Eastern Deserts of Egypt and north-east Sudan, and their relation to arc and post-arc magmatism, are used to infer the probable positions of sutures and the directions of obduction and subduction. The ages of the successive tectonic stages in the terranes decrease northwards, by about 100 Ma in the region discussed. Obduction was north-westwards. The obducted sheets of ophiolite and ophiolitic melange, extending about 500 km north from the Onib-Sol Flamed suture, may all represent a single back-arc basin. The direction of subduction is still not clearly proved: more geochemical evidence of arc-magmatic polarity is needed. The late tectonic north-westward thrusting, the NW - SE stretching lineation, the transpressional north-south Hamisama Shear Zone and the NW-SE sinistral Najd faults are all attributed to north-westward movement (present coordinates) of terranes towards the older craton west of the Nile. The Najd faults are interpreted as intracontinental transform faults.     

天山东段推覆构造研究

本文概括性总结了天山东段大型推覆构造的基本特征。根据地质证据和同位素年龄,东天山存在早古生代末,晚古生代晚期和新生代三期推覆构造;根据推覆构造分布规律及构造背景,在平面上划分为五大推覆带、9个大型韧剪带;根据出露岩石的矿物变形相将东天山推覆构造划分为深、中深和浅三个深度层次;通过韧剪变形组构的观察分析,确定了多期韧性变形性质与运动方向。糜棱岩中超微构造、古应力及小构造变形缩短率测量统计,证明东天山推覆变形具有显著的地壳缩短增厚作用。新生代板块碰撞导致本区中新生代盆地基底向造山带A型俯冲,造山带向盆地推覆,其结果就构成了今日看到的镶嵌状盆地-山脉构造地貌景观。