《京都议定书》缔约国履约相关状况及其驱动因素初步分析

基于《联合国气候变化框架公约》和国际能源署的相关数据,评估了《京都议定书》缔约国温室气体减排方面的进展情况。研究发现,受金融危机等经济活动的影响,2008年~2011年期间各国温室气体排放量呈现动态变化的趋势。从国别排放看,伞形国家的碳排放量自1990年始,总体上呈增加的趋势,实现减排目标基本无望;欧盟国家整体完成了8%的减排目标,但各个国家完成情况不尽相同;经济转型国家减排幅度最大。通过能源利用强度和碳排放强度两个指标分析减排力度较大国家的排放轨迹,发现欧盟国家主要通过能源结构的调整(表现为煤炭比重下降和天然气比重上升)和外贸转移排放实现排放强度的降低,而经济转型国家的排放变化主要缘于其经济社会结构的变化。总体来看,缔约国的能源消费结构和利用方式基本稳定,能源利用强度与碳排放强度降低趋缓,在现有能源消费结构下减排潜力有限。     

Income inequality in the UK: Comparisons with five large Western European countries and the USA

This paper concentrates on the 1% richest households in the UK in a comparison with the other four large Western European countries: Germany, France, Italy and Spain. In the European context the UK is an outlier of extreme inequality. Individual level tax data has shown this previously, but earlier research did not make comparisons at the household level, or in as much detail as it is possible to show now given new survey findings.In the UK the geographical separation of the 1% from mainstream society increased in recent decades as their incomes levels diverged widely from that of the mainstream. There is now acute socioeconomic polarization in the UK as compared to the other large European states because of the current extent of income and wealth inequalities in the UK. Not so long ago members of the best-off 1% within the UK were far more evenly spread across both the space and society of the UK than they are today.The UK is now the European country most similar to the USA in terms of income inequalities. Along with Sweden it was least like the USA in the 1960s. This paper concludes by considering what might happen (if current trends continue) to standards of living in general, social spatial polarization, fear and mistrust. Growing income inequalities increase wealth inequalities. Some info-graphics aimed at showing the contemporary extent of wealth inequalities in the UK and USA are presented in conclusion and for use in teaching     

全球旅游11强(国)旅游业国际竞争力综合评价

为提高旅游业国际竞争力的评价效果,该文运用定量评价法对全球旅游11强旅游业国际竞争力进行综合评价。结果表明,美国旅游业国际竞争力最强;西班牙、法国、意大利次之(强);德国、中国、英国较强;加拿大、墨西哥、奥地利、希腊相对较弱。中国旅游业国际竞争力居全球第六位,但与世界旅游业发达国家相比,差距较大。     

Disrupting the 'whiteness' of fieldwork in geography

This paper argues that whilst fieldwork continues to make an important contribution to the learning and teaching of geography, analysis of the present-day practice of UK universities taking students on long-distance overseas trips remains apolitical and, by and large, concerned with practicalities. If this practice is analysed by locating it within a postcolonial theoretical framework of 'whiteness' it is then possible to look at the differing standpoint and positionality of those doing the viewing and those being viewed, and to also see the connections between the imperialist history of geographical exploration and present-day overseas field trips, in particular to developing countries. Using personal experience of taking UK undergraduates to visit historic slave trading sites in The Gambia as an example, the paper argues that the potential of field study to contribute to the critical pedagogy of geographical fieldwork within UK institutions of higher education requires stronger political analysis.     

温室气体排放评价指标及其定量分析

温室气体排放的科学定量评价是建立国际温室气体减排框架、确定各国合理的减排责任、部署国际减排行动的基础。通过系统阐述目前国际上通行的温室气体排放的主要评价指标(国别排放指标、人均排放指标、GDP 排放指标和国际贸易排放指标等), 并通过定量评价剖析这些评价指标的优缺点及其局限性。讨论了发展科学、公平和易于广泛接受的新评价指 标的可能性。基于可持续发展的公平性原则, 提出了“工业化累积人均排放量” 的新指标, 以客观定量评价世界各国工业化以来温室气体历史累积排放量的当代人均量。新指标的结果显示, 英美等老牌工业化国家的工业化累积人均排放量远高于全球平均水平和发展中国家的 水平。还提出并讨论了人均单位GDP 排放量、消费排放量、生存排放量等潜在的评价指标。     

全球科研论文合作网络的结构异质性及其邻近性机理

以科研论文为媒介的知识合作网络已成为知识溢出的重要通道,但目前学术界对全球科研合作网络结构的复杂性涌现机制缺乏深入的探讨。基于2014年Web of Science核心合集所收录的科研论文合著数据,借助大数据挖掘技术、复杂网络、空间统计和重力模型分析,刻画了全球科研论文合作网络的拓扑结构、空间格局及其邻近性机理。结果发现：① 拓扑结构上,形成了以美国为核心的层级网络,具有小世界性和等级层次性,发育出典型的等级“核心—边缘”结构。② 空间格局上,以美国、西欧、中国和澳大利亚为顶点的“四边形”成为全球科研论文合作网络的骨架;三大中心性指标值的空间分异明显,强度中心性形成以美国为极核,加拿大、澳大利亚、中国及西欧诸国为次中心的“一超多强”格局,与之类似的介数中心性呈现北美、西欧和东亚“三足鼎立”的形态,度中心性分布则相对均匀,表现出“大分散、小集中”的“多中心—边缘集散”格局。③ 重力回归分析发现,地理距离抑制了国际科研论文合作,不过其影响力较弱;社会与经济邻近性对全球科研论文合作具有明显的促进作用,语言差异不是国际科研合作交流的障碍。     

全球COVID-19疫苗开发流通与接种的时空分异特征

本文利用全球新型冠状病毒疫苗（COVID-19疫苗,简称新冠疫苗）的开发、订购、捐赠和接种数据,借助GIS等技术方法,在明晰全球新冠疫苗开发与流通格局的基础上,探讨全球新冠疫苗接种的时空分异特征。结果表明：① 全球新冠疫苗开发格局呈明显的空间不均衡性,形成以西欧、北美和亚洲为核心的三足鼎立格局,美国、中国和英国等是新冠疫苗的主要开发国。② 全球新冠疫苗订购网络主要遵循定向扩展和不定向扩展两种扩展模式,订购联系总体上表现出早期集中于欧美发达国家内部,随后逐步向外部亚非拉国家扩展的特点。③ 全球新冠疫苗捐赠网络以中国和美国为双核,美国主要向东南亚、南亚和拉美等美国传统势力范围或战略地位重要国家进行捐赠,中国主要向南亚、东南亚和西亚等“一带一路”沿线国家和非洲国家进行捐赠。整体上新冠疫苗捐赠主要受捐赠双方联系密切程度、关系友好程度和捐赠国的国家战略需求及国际义务履行需要等因素综合影响,但不同捐赠国侧重点有所不同。④ 受全球新冠疫苗的开发、订购和捐赠格局影响,欧美发达国家的新冠疫苗接种进程领先于绝大多数亚非拉国家,但差异性正逐步缩小,中国的疫苗接种由相对较高水平区跃升至相对高水平区,成为发展中国家的代表。     

人文社会科学领域区域差异研究现状与趋势的文献计量分析

以SCIE/SSCI数据库为基础,对1990-2012年研究区域差异的国际论文进行科技文献计量分析,阐释国际区域差异领域的研究成果概况,揭示该领域的主要研究力量,发现不同作者、不同国家之间的合作情况,总结主要研究国家的研究差异并分析该领域主要研究趋势和未来研究热点。通过分析发现：哈佛大学、加州大学洛杉矶分校及伦敦热带和医学学院为该领域有突出贡献的主要研究机构。美国是在该领域研究成果数量和质量居首位的国家,中国发表文献数量不多,且文献质量有待提高,但海外华人学者对于亚洲和中国问题的研究使得其在该研究领域具有重要地位。区域差异研究国际合作在绝对数量和国家分布范围均呈明显增长和扩大趋势。国际区域差异的研究区域主要集中在国土面积较大的国家或区域,尤其是发展中国家及地区。研究内容重点由经济差异转向经济与社会差异并重,但由于不同研究区域又有所差异。研究方法在综合运用多种分析方法的趋势上,经济学分析方法和地理学方法的融合,特别是地理空间分析技术和方法在解决空间复杂现象和机制中的作用凸显。研究热点上全球化、教育、公共卫生与健康将会是未来区域差异研究热点方向。     

基于三维生态足迹模型优化的自然资本利用国际比较

维持自然资本存量恒定是人类社会可持续发展的基础。在介绍三维生态足迹模型的基础上,根据推导的区域足迹广度和区域足迹深度的计算公式,评估和比较2007年全球11个主要国家的自然资本利用状况,并分析模型优化前后的结果差异。结果表明:①全球自然资本流量的人均占用为1.71 hm²,人类需要1.55个地球才能支撑其资源消费量,化石能源碳排放是最主要的存量自然资本利用方式和生态超载驱动力;②各国的流量资本占用能力依次为加拿大>俄罗斯>美国>巴西>法国>德国>全球>意大利>中国>英国>日本>印度,存量资本消耗程度则基本呈逆向排列;③美、法、德等发达国家所利用的人均流量资本和存量资本均明显高于全球平均水平,应给予印、中等发展中国家一定的配额补偿;④模型优化后,全球人均足迹广度减少了0.09 hm²,足迹深度则增加了0.05,这更符合各国自然资本利用和生态赤字的实际;⑤中国面临增加国民收入和控制生态赤字的双重挑战,应将草地作为资本利用的优先方向,并适当控制城镇扩张速度。     

A quantitative comparison and analysis on the assessment indicators of greenhouse gases emission

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHG) emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indicators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute (WRI), the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries (USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia), and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita (IAEC) is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in industrialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.     

地理本性进化与全球地缘政治经济基础探析

从克鲁格曼的地理本性论出发认识全球地缘政治经济基础。本文通过收集2000-2012年的世界主要21个国家（地区）的金融业和制造业增加值,运用区位商模型分析世界主要国家（地区）的金融业与制造业发展集中度,同时对各国资源输出情况进行对比,最后进行聚类分析。结果发现：全球一体化使世界典型国家（地区）类型趋于明显,呈现新的“三个世界”特征：美国、英国、瑞士、新加坡以及中国香港属金融业主导国家（地区）;泰国、中国大陆、韩国、德国、日本、越南和中国台湾属制造业主导国家（地区）;加拿大、俄罗斯、印度尼西亚、马来西亚、澳大利亚和墨西哥属资源开发业主导国家;印度和法国目前在多领域均得到发展,属过渡型国家。这种地理本性决定的经济分工分类,是各国的地缘政治经济学基础,将影响他们的地缘政治经济学立场。     

'Gluttony or sloth': critical geographies of bodies and morality in (anti)obesity policy

In many countries, obesity is high on public health policy agendas, and geographical research has begun to engage with obesity. However, obesity is a highly contested term, and recent debates about geographers' engagement with policy, and critical discussions of the presence of bodies in medical geography, bear great relevance for developing a critical perspective on dominant 'obesity discourse'. Through a critical reading of a recent UK policy document, this paper considers the presence of bodies in (anti)obesity campaigns, calling for a more critical approach to the medicalization of body size to be central to future geographical work on obesity.     

2001-2010年非洲大气PM2.5污染浓度空间格局演化

基于NASA的全球大气PM2.5年均污染浓度栅格数据,通过对非洲行政边界矢量化、分区统计各国大气PM2.5浓度均值及建立空间数据库,利用重力模型、ESDA模型及GIS空间统计分析方法,对非洲52个主要国家（地区）2001 – 2010年间的大气PM2.5污染浓度时空格局特征演化进行探究,并依据时间序列特征将研究对象划分为8类。研究结果表明：（1）2001-2010年非洲大气PM2.5污染浓度大致呈现“中间高、南北低;西部高、东部低”的空间特征;其中高值区集中分布在非洲西部几内亚湾附近的尼日利亚、刚果与喀麦隆等国家,低值区则广泛地分布在北非、南非以及非洲东南部印度洋沿岸地区或岛屿。（2）基于ESDA模型的空间自相关分析发现PM2.5浓度“高-高”热点区主要集聚在几内亚湾附近主要国家,“低-低”冷点区集中在东南部印度洋沿岸的南非、莫桑比克与马达加斯加岛。（3）时序上2001-2010年非洲PM2.5年平均污染浓度呈现明显下降趋势,其中32个国家（占研究区总数的61.54%）2010年PM2.5污染年均浓度低于2001年。（4）从自然环境条件及社会经济因素两方面浅析其空间格局主要成因：几内亚湾沿岸是非洲PM2.5污染最严重的地区,因其人口稠密且高度依赖石油产业;非洲东南部地区PM2.5污染最轻,得益于其良好的自然环境条件及低污染的支柱产业。     

欧洲七国入境中国旅游与进出口贸易的关系——1985—2009年的协整分析和Granger因果关系检验

选取1985-2009年欧洲七国入境中国客流量与进出口贸易统计数据,运用协整分析和Granger因果检验方法,构建各国入境中国客流量与进口贸易、出口贸易的协整方程和修正模型,分别对欧洲七国入境中国客流量与进出口贸易额之间的关系进行分析和研究。结果表明：欧洲七国入境中国客流量与其对中国进出口贸易额存在长期均衡关系,各国入境客流量对进口和出口贸易额的长期弹性远大于短期弹性;Granger因果关系检验显示,欧洲七国入境中国客流量与进口贸易额存在显著的单向因果关系,英国、德国和瑞典入境中国客流量与出口贸易额的单向因果关系显著,瑞士进口贸易额、意大利出口贸易额与其入境中国客流量的单向因果关系显著,其差异性与各国入境中国客流量的大小、贸易依存度、贸易顺逆差情况和双边关系的对称性差异密切相关。     

1992-2012年国际生态足迹研究文献计量分析

生态足迹是可持续发展领域进行定量研究的重要方法。由于较强的可操作性和全球可比性等优点,自1992 年首次提出以来,得到相关研究机构和学者的广泛关注。以SCIE/SSCI 数据库为基础,对近20 年来有关生态足迹的文献进行计量分析,阐释该领域的研究概况,揭示主要研究力量,呈现不同作者、机构和国家之间的合作情况,分析主要国家的研究差异并探讨该领域未来研究趋势和热点。研究发现：① 加拿大生态经济学者Wackernagel是该领域重要的学者,不列颠哥伦比亚大学和悉尼大学是在该领域有突出贡献的研究机构,中国科学院和北京师范大学是在该领域有较大影响的中国研究机构;② 美国是在该领域研究成果数量与质量均居首位的国家,中国虽然文献数量排第三位,但文献质量有待提高;③ 该领域文献总量不多,但增长迅速,且国际合作呈显著扩大趋势;研究尺度日趋多元化且不断深入微观领域;研究方法日趋丰富与完善,与投入产出分析法、产品生命周期及能值分析等方法相结合是近期主要研究趋势,但不同国家的研究重点亦有所差异;④ 气候变化、碳足迹、生态足迹区域转移等将有可能成为生态足迹领域未来的研究热点。     

Learning styles among geography undergraduates: an international comparison

Growing diversity is focusing attention on the range of different student learning styles. This study assesses whether geographers have a predominant learning style and whether this varies between and within countries. The findings are based on over 900 geography students from 12 universities in Australia, New Zealand, the UK and the US, who completed Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (LSI). The implications for curriculum design and student learning strategies are discussed. It is suggested that departments should aim to produce balanced learners with a full range of learning capacities rather than simply matching teaching to existing learning styles.     

Constituency election campaigning under the alternative vote: the New South Wales Legislative Assembly election 1995

Summary Most studies of the impact of local campaigning on the geography of election results in single-member constituency electoral systems have been conducted in countries where the 'first-past-the-post' system is employed. Australia uses the 'alternative vote' (AV) system for elections to the federal and some state Lower Houses, with parties competing for both first- and lower-preference votes. This paper analyses the relationship between spending and success in the contests for both types of votes at the 1995 New South Wales State Legislative Assembly election, with significant findings: the more intense a party's campaign, ceteris paribus, the more first-preference votes it obtained and the more lower-preference votess when these were reallocated. The AV system was recommended for adoption in the UK by a government-commissioned report in 1998, and the paper draws some implications for the UK situation.     

温室气体排放评价指标及其定量分析

Anthropogenic greenhouse gases （GHG） emission and related global warming issues have been the focus of international communities for some time. The international communities have reached a consensus to reduce anthropogenic GHG emissions and restrain global warming. The quantitative assessment of anthropogenic GHG emissions is the scientific basis to find out the status of global GHG emission, identify the commitments of each country, and arrange the international efforts of GHG emission reduction. Currently the main assessment indicators for GHG emission include national indicator, per capita indicator, per GDP indicator, and international trade indicator etc. The introduction to the above indi- cators is put forward and their merits and demerits are analyzed. Based on the GHG emission data from the World Resource Institute （WRI）, the US Energy Information Administration （EIA）, and the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center （CDIAC）, the results of each indictor are calculated for the world, for the eight G8 industrialized countries （USA, UK, Canada, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Russia）, and the five major developing countries including China, Brazil, India, South Africa and Mexico. The paper points out that all these indicators have some limitations. The Indicator of Industrialized Accumulative Emission per Capita （IAEC） is put forward as the equitable indicator to evaluate the industrialized historical accumulative emission per capita of every country. IAEC indicator can reflect the economic achievement of GHG emission enjoyed by the current generations in every country and their commitments. The analysis of IAEC indicates that the historical accumulative emission per capita in indus- trialized countries such as UK and USA were typically higher than those of the world average and the developing countries. Emission indicator per capita per GDP, consumptive emission indicator and survival emission indicator are also put forward and discussed in the paper.     

国外防治城市病的规划应对思路与措施借鉴

城市病是随着工业化、城市化进程出现的,已经成为国内外城市发展普遍存在的难题。城市规划和管理是防治城市病的主要途径之一。国外发达国家城市病的主要表现为人口膨胀,城市不堪重负;城市人口贫困失业、居住条件恶劣;交通拥堵,生活质量下降;环境污染,资源短缺;社会冲突、犯罪活动、政治腐败现象加剧;城市无序蔓延,发展失控等方面。针对以上问题,国外从城市规划和管理层面出发,进行了很多的尝试,积累了很多宝贵经验,通过借鉴美、英、日等发达国家治理城市病的规划应对思路,对我国的城市规划管理有很好的启发,今后应更新城市发展理念,加强城市规划编制的科学性与权威性,重视交通规划对城市发展的引导,积极推进各项规划的协调与对接,缩短规划审批周期,严格保障规划的顺利实施。这些规划思路的落实,对于我国防治城市病,推进城市健康发展具有十分重要的意义。     

丝绸之路经济带沿线国家旅游资源与 入境旅游发展空间格局特征与差异

利用旅游资源丰度指数、旅游流质指数、空间一致性系数和二维矩阵等方法,定量比较分析了丝绸之路经济带沿线18个主要国家旅游资源丰度,入境旅游发展质量,以及旅游资源分布与入境旅游发展质量的空间格局特征与差异。研究表明：丝绸之路经济带沿线国家旅游资源数量与质量差异显著,正形成两极分化突出的格局,中西欧国家最优,中亚国家最弱,入境旅游发展质量也呈现出相似的特征。旅游资源资源分布与入境旅游发展质量,呈现较明显的弱协调性,旅游资源集聚具有较明显的国际旅游导向性,两者发生错位的国家超过三分之二。空间一致性表现为显著的区域差异特征,亚洲相对较好,中西欧次之,东欧最弱。为推进沿线国际旅游合作,提出如下建议：坚定“互联互通、平等包容和合作共赢”发展理念,成立国际旅游合作联盟,督促与落实相关战略部署与重点项目;在求同存异基础上,建立共享机制,提高国家间旅游合作一体化水平和协同发展程度;共同打造丝绸之路经济带世界级旅游线路与旅游资源品牌,着力提升国际旅游发展影响力。