汉中市T213数值预报产品气温解释预报

取 2 0 0 2— 2 0 0 3年逐日 T2 1 3气温预报资料和逐日实况最低、最高气温对比 ,分析出各个县 (区 )气温的相对误差 ,然后以汉中当日的最低和最高气温为基础 ,结合 T2 1 3因子 ,得出 T2 1 3气温变化率 ,订正后进行预报。 2 0 0 4年 7月利用逐日 T2 1 3数值气温预报产品 ,制作出汉中市各县区 2 4h气温分县预报。试运行结果表明 :这一方法不需要历史资料 ,并且可以较为精确的预报出各县区 2 4h气温     

不同大气污染物监测密度对CMAQ源同化修正效果影响的模拟

采用(美国环保部的MODEL-3系统的)CMAQ源同化模型及4种不同空间分辨率的SO2、NO2实测资料,反演得到中国不同尺度的同化修正排放源,利用新一代中尺度气象模式WRF与多尺度空气质量模式CMAQ,模拟分析了中国不同观测信息密度对SO2、NO2源同化反演及其浓度预报的影响,重点分析了华北地区SO2、NO2浓度加密观测对改善SO2、NO2排放源和空气质量预报的重要影响。结果表明,采用不同分辨率的实测资料时,SO2、NO2的趋势预报效果改善程度有一定差异;采用较高分辨率的实测资料进行SO2、NO2源同化修正时,可明显减小SO2、NO2浓度的预报误差。华北地区较高分辨率的观测信息对于改进源同化修正效果及SO2、NO2浓度的趋势预报十分重要,尤其是对SO2浓度的预报尤为重要;采用经高分辨率的实测资料同化修正的排放源时,WRF-CMAQ模式对北京城市尺度SO2、NO2浓度的变化趋势、浓度水平和空间分布特征具有较好的预报效果。高分辨率的观测资料和区域源同化反演方法对于区域污染物浓度预报及排放源清单具有显著的改进作用。     

我国西部清洁大气中SO2 和NO2的观测和分析

在我国青海省瓦里关大气本底基准观象台（海拔3810 m,100°54′E,36°17′N）,利用浸渍膜法采集大气中的SO2和NO2，使用离子色谱分析其浓度。1994年8月至1995年7月的测量结果表明，SO2和NO2的平均浓度分别为0.147×10-9和0.055×10-9,SO2和NO2两者具有较好的相关性，其相关系数r=0.87,它们的平均比值为2.6左右。SO2和NO2的浓度受季节和风向的影响，偏东风时浓度较高，偏西风时浓度较低。冬季SO2和NO2的浓度水平较低，而夏季浓度较高。     

应用改进模式从FY2H卫星数据估算OLR

射出长波辐射(OLR)是大气科学研究领域的关键参量,并在辐射相互作用、气候变化和灾害监测等方面发挥重要作用。2018年6月5日静止气象卫星FY2H成功发射,OLR产品是FY2H的业务产品之一。在原有FY2系列OLR反演算法基础上,参考国际上NOAA/HIRS OLR反演算法,结合FY2H/VISSR 3个红外通道设置,建立适合FY2H的OLR反演算法。利用该算法处理FY2H/VISSR的L1级观测数据,生成实时及日、旬、月平均的OLR产品。FY2H的OLR产品与CERES均匀性下垫面的瞬时视场OLR产品对比,RMSE=3.38 W/m~2,R=0.99,Bias=0.77 W/m~2;与CDR日平均OLR产品对比,RMSE为5～7 W/m~2,R为0.97～0.98,Bias为-2.2～1.9 W/m~2;与CDR旬平均OLR产品对比,RMSE为3～5 W/m~2,R=0.99,Bias为-1.1～0.4 W/m~2;与CDR月平均OLR产品对比,RMSE为2～4 W/m~2,R=0.99,Bias为-1.1～0.4 W/m~2。这表明FY2H OLR改进算法达到了较高的精度,可满足卫星设计和应用研究精度需求。     

丽水盆地大气污染气象成因研究

丽水盆地属四周环山的典型河谷盆地。通过对丽水盆地2005-2006年大气中SO2和NO2浓度资料和同期气象资料,运用稳定度分类法等方法,分析得出影响SO2和NO2浓度的稀释、扩散和降水吸附3种典型天气机制及作用规律;3种机制相互作用下形成的SO2和NO2浓度的季节变化规律;SO2和NO2极值浓度的气象成因。     

不同气候变化情景下中国血吸虫病传播的范围与强度预估

旨在采用区域气候模型PRECIS模拟的A2、B2两种温室气体排放情景下,预估2050年时段(2046—2050年)和2070年时段(2066—2070年)我国血吸虫病的传播范围和强度的变化状况。结果表明,相对2005年时段(1991—2005年),2050年和2070年时段A2、B2情景下血吸虫病分布范围的北界线出现北移,在中国东部尤其是江苏和安徽省境内北移明显。2050年时段,A2、B2情景下的血吸虫病潜在北界线分布相似。长江、洞庭湖及鄱阳湖周围的血吸虫传播指数明显上升,以洞庭湖周围与湖北省内的长江沿线区域上升更加明显。2070年时段,A2情景下血吸虫病潜在北界线的北移趋势明显大于B2情景,进入到山东省境内。血吸虫传播指数进一步增加,A2情景增加的幅度明显大于B2情景。总之,在未考虑将来的适应措施与其他环境因素对血吸虫病传播影响的前提下,A2、B2情景下的血吸虫病的流行区分布和传播指数都将发生明显变化,其中A2情景对我国血吸虫病流行的影响程度大于B2情景。     

FGOALS耦合模式两个版本的海洋热吸收与气候敏感度的关系研究

海洋在气候变暖过程中的重要性通常用海洋热吸收来衡量,热吸收的大小影响全球变暖的幅度。本文利用FGOALS-g2、FGOALS-s2（以下分别缩写为g2、s2）两个耦合模式的CO₂浓度以每年1%速率增长（1pctCO₂）试验,评估和分析海洋热吸收与气候敏感度的关系。结果表明:进入海洋净热通量（s2模式大于g2模式）会使得s2模式的海洋热吸收总体比g2模式大;更为重要的是,由于s2模式中的海洋热吸收主要集中在上层,使得耦合模式s2中的瞬态气候响应（TCR,或称气候敏感度）比g2大。当CO₂浓度加倍时,在两个耦合模式中,海洋热吸收的空间分布呈现显著性的差异,s2模式中上层热吸收明显比深层大,上层热吸收主要位于太平洋和印度洋,而g2模式中上层和深层热吸收差别较小,深层主要位于大西洋和北冰洋。进一步研究表明,海洋热吸收分布特征与两个耦合模式海洋环流变化有关。在g2模式中北大西洋经圈翻转环流（AMOC）强度强且深度大,在CO₂浓度加倍时,AMOC减弱小,这样AMOC可将热量带到海洋的深层,增加海洋深层热吸收。而在s2模式中,平均AMOC弱且浅,在CO₂浓度加倍时,AMOC减弱明显,热量不易到达深层,主要集中在海洋上层,对气候敏感度影响更快且更强。海洋环流导致热吸收及其空间差异同时影响到气候敏感度的差异。因此,探讨海洋热吸收与气候敏感度之间的关系,利于明确气候敏感度不确定性的来源。     

OMI遥感珠三角城市群NO2的时空分布特征及人类活动影响分析

基于2005—2013年臭氧监测仪(OMI)遥感反演对流层NO2垂直柱浓度资料,分析珠江三角洲地区(简称珠三角)城市群及其相邻区域NO2的时空分布特征及变化趋势,并探究人类活动对NO2的影响。与地面观测数据对比检验显示,OMI遥感NO2资料可靠性较高。研究发现,珠三角城市地区由于工业生产活跃、汽车拥有量高、能源和电力消费量大,相应的化石能源消耗量大,这导致该地区对流层NO2柱浓度平均值(7.4×1015 molec/cm2)约为相邻地区的3倍。与此同时,珠三角地区NO2高污染区域连成一片,城市群效应显著。正弦模型能较好地拟合珠三角及相邻地区NO2的周期性变化特征,NO2浓度高值均出现在冬季,低值出现在夏季。近9年珠三角地区NO2浓度呈下降趋势,与其第二产业产值和汽车拥有量呈较显著的负相关,这表明珠三角地区对氮氧化物排放的治理初见成效。粤东和粤北地区NO2浓度增长趋势显著,与第二产业产值和汽车拥有量存在较好的正相关性,可见工业排放和汽车尾气是这些地区NO2的重要污染源。粤西地区NO2浓度基本不变。      

乌海市空气污染浓度的时间分布特征分析

利用2005—2007年乌海市区大气中SO2、NO2、PM10浓度的实测数据,分析了乌海市大气污染物的时间分布特征,分析结果表明:乌海市首要污染物是PM10,其次是SO2;从2005—2007年日平均值看:SO2、PM10呈下降趋势,NO2略呈上升趋势。SO2、NO2、PM10的浓度都有明显的季节变化。     

2008年青海省秋季气候

1 基本气候概况 1．1 气温 9月,全省气温普遍偏高,月平均气温在1．0～15．2℃之间。与历年同期相比,月平均气温偏高0．2～2．3℃之间,其中果洛东部偏高幅度最大,偏高2．0℃以上。全省平均气温为9．9℃,与历年同期相比,偏高1．2℃。     

Characteristics of a Negative Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Discharge Based on Locations of VHF Radiation Sources

The lightning very high frequency （VHF） radiation location system based on the short-baseline time-difference of arrival （TDOA） technique provides an effective approach to describe the temporal and spatial development of lightning discharge in two dimensions with high resolution. A negative single-stroke cloud-to- ground （CG） lightning flash was analyzed in detail using the radiation location results and synchronic fast/slow elec- tric field changes. The long-duration preliminary break- down process appeared to propagate with hi-directional leader channels. The two negative simultaneous discharge channels sloped down with a considerable horizontal com- ponent in the lower positive charge region at speeds of about 105 m s-1. The stepped leader was clearly converted from one channel of the preliminary breakdown process and spread downwards with branches. The speeds of the stepped leaders were about 105 m s -1. The K processes after the return stroke could either directly initiate from the start region with negative polarity lightning discharge, or initiate from a new region in the cloud as negative recoil streamers. All K processes propagated along the preceding electrified channel, while not all K processes initiated from the tips of positive breakdowns. The speeds of the K processes were about 106-107 m s-1.     

The Soil Moisture and Net Primary Production Affected by CO_2 and Climate Change Using a Coupled Model

In this paper, a coupled model was used to estimate the responses of soil moisture and net primary production of vegetation （NPP） to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and climate change. The analysis uses three experiments simulated by the second-generation Earth System Model （CanESM2） of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis （CCCma）, which are part of the phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP5）. The authors focus on the magnitude and evolution of responses in soil moisture and NPP using simulations modeled by CanESM, in which the individual effects of increasing CO2 concentration and climate change and their combined effect are separately accounted for. When considering only the single effect of climate change, the soil moisture and NPP have a linear trend of 0.03 kg m^-2 yr^-1 and-0.14 gC m^- 2 yr^-2, respec- tively. However, such a reduction in the global NPP results from the decrease of NPP at lower latitudes and in the Southern Hemisphere, although increased NPP has been shown in high northern latitudes. The largest negative trend is located in the Amazon basin at -1.79 gC m^-2 yr^-2. For the individual effect of increasing CO2 concentration, both soil moisture and NPP show increases, with an elevated linear trend of 0.02 kg m^-2 yr^-1 and 0.84 gC m^-2 yr^-2, respectively. Most regions show an increasing NPP, except Alaska. For the combined effect of increasing atmospheric CO2 and climate change, the increased soil moisture and NPP exhibit a linear trend of 0.04 kg m^2 yr^-1 and 0.83 gC m^2 yr^-2 at a global scale. In the Amazon basin, the higher reduction in soil moisture is illustrated by the model, with a linear trend of-0.39 kg m^-2 yr^-1, for the combined effect. Such a change in soil moisture is caused by a weakened Walker circulation simulated by this coupled model, compared with the single effect of increasing CO2 concentration （experiment M2）, and a consequence of the reduction in NPP is also shown in this area, with a linear trend of-     

1961-200年中国各季降水趋势变化

Trends in six indices of precipitation in China for seasons during 1961-2007 were analyzed based on daily observations at 587 stations. The trends were estimated by using Sen＇s method with Mann-Kendall＇s test for quantifying the significance. The geographical patterns of trends in the seasonal indices of extremes were similar to those of total precipitation. For winter, both total and extreme precipitation increased over nearly all of China, except for a small part of northern China. Increasing trends in extreme precipitation also occurred at many stations in southwestern China for spring and the midlower reaches of the Yangtze River and southern China for summer. For autumn, precipitation decreased in eastern China, with an increasing length of maximum dry spell, implying a drying tendency for the post-rainy season. Wetting trends have prevailed in most of western China for all seasons. The well-known ＇flood in the south and drought in the north＇ trend exists in eastern China for summer, while a nearly opposite trend pattern exist for spring.     

Tides and Wind-Driven Circulation in the Tropical and Southern Atlantic Ocean:The BRAZCOAST System

The Brazilian coast is characterized by dif- ferent tidal regimes and distinct meteorological influ- ences. The northern part has larger tidal amplitudes and is permanently affected by trade winds and tropical distur- bances; the southern portion has smaller tidal amplitudes and is frequently influenced by extratropical cyclone ac- tivity. Besides these aspects, many features regarding current structure and behavior are also present, such as the equatorial system of currents, the subtropical gyre and the corresponding western boundary currents, and the Bra- zil-Malvinas confluence region. Within this context, ef- forts were made to develop the BRAZCOAST system, capable of describing the processes that determine the oceanic circulation from large to coastal scales. A cus- tomized version of the Princeton Ocean Model （POM） was implemented in a basin-scale domain covering the whole of the tropical and southern Atlantic Ocean, with 0.5° spatial resolution, as well as three nested grids with （1/12）° resolution covering the different parts of the Bra- zilian shelf, in a one-way procedure. POM was modified to include tidal potential generator terms and a par- tially-clamped boundary condition for tidal elevations. The coarse grid captured large-scale features, while the nested grids detailed local circulations affected by bathymetry and coastal restrictions. An interesting aspect at the coarse grid level was the relevance of the Weddell Sea to the location of the tidal amphidromic systems.     

Characteristics of Gaseous Pollutants at a Regional Background Station in Southern China

Measurements of gaseous pollutants （03, NOx, SO2, and CO） were conducted at Dinghushan background station in southern China from January to December 2013. The levels and variations of O3, NOx, SO2, and CO were analyzed and their possible causes discussed. The annual average concentrations of 03, NOx, SO2, and CO were 24.6 ± 23.9, 12.8 ± 10.2, 4.0 ± 4.8, and 348 ± 185 ppbv, respectively. The observed levels of the gaseous pollutants are comparable to those at other background sites in China. The most obvious diurnal variation of 03 was observed in autumn, with minima in the early morning and maxima in the afternoon. The diurnal variations of SO2 showed high values during the day. The diurnal cycles of NOx showed higher values in the morning and lower values during the night. Higher CO concentrations were observed in spring followed by winter, autumn, and summer. Biomass burning, in combination with the transport of regional pollution, is an important source of CO, SO2, and NOx in spring and winter. Backward trajectories were calculated and analyzed together with corresponding pollutant concentrations. The results indicate that air masses passing over polluted areas are responsible for the high concentrations of gaseous pollutants at the Dinghushan background station.     

Integration of Multi-source Measurements to Monitor Dust over North China：A Case Study

The aerosol optical depth （AOD） data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） aboard Satellite Aqua, along with the altitude-resolved aerosol subtypes product from the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization （CALIOP）, as well as surface PM 10 measurements, were utilized to investigate the dust activities common in springtime of northern China. Specifically, a dust storm episode that occurred over the North China Plain （NCP） during 17-21 March 2010 was identified. The PM 10 concentration at Beijing （39.8 °N, 116.47 °E） reached the peak value of 283 μgm -3 on 20 March 2010 from the background value of 15 μg m-3 measured on 17 March 2010, then dropped to 176 μgm-3 on 21 March 2010. Analysis of the CALIOP aerosol subtypes product showed that numerous large dust plumes floated over northern China, downwind of main desert source regions, and were lifted to altitudes as high as 3.5 km during this time period. The MODIS AOD data provided spatial distributions of dust load, broadly consistent with ground-level PM 10 , especially in cloud free areas. However, inconsistency between the MODIS AOD and surface PM 10 measurements under cloudy conditions did exist, further highlighting the unique capability of the CALIOP lidar. CALIOP can penetrate the cloud layer to give unambiguous and altitude-resolved dust measurements, albeit a relatively long revisit period （16 days） and narrower swath （90 m）. A back trajectory simulation using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory （HYSPLIT） model was performed, and it was found that the sand-dust storm originated from the Gobi Desert on 18 March 2010 travelled approxi-mately 1200-1500 km day-1 eastward and passed over the NCP on 19 March 2010, in good agreement with previous findings. In addition, the multi-sensor measurements integrated with the HYSPLIT model output formed a three-dimensional view of the transport pathway for this dust episode, indicating that this episode was largely associated with the desert source regions to the northwest of the NCP. The results imply the importance of integration of multi-sensor measurements for clarifying the overall structure of dust events over northern China.     

Results of a CLM4 Land Surface Simulation over China Using a Multisource Integrated Land Cover Dataset

In this study, the high-accuracy multisource integrated Chinese land cover （MICLCover） dataset was used in version 4 of the Community Land Model （CLM4） to assess how the new land cover information affected land surface simulation over China. Compared to the default land cover dataset in CLM4, the MICL data indicated lower values for bare soil （14.6% reduction）, nee- dleleaf tree （3.6%）, and broadleaf tree （1.9%）; higher values for shrub cover （1.8% increase）, grassland （9.9%）, cropland （5.0%）, glaciers （0.5%）, lakes （1.6%）, and wetland （1.1%）; and unchanged for urban areas. Two comparative CLM4 simulations were conducted for the 33-yr period from 1972 to 2004, one using the MICL dataset and the other using the default dataset. The results revealed that the MICL data produced a 0.3% lower mean annual surface albedo over China than the original data. The largest contributor to the reduced value was semiarid regions （2.1% reduction）. The MICL-data albedo value agreed more closely with observations （MODIS broad- band black-sky albedo products） over arid and semiarid regions than for the original data to some extent. The simulated average sensible heat flux over China increased by only 0.1 W m 2 owing to the reduced values in arid and semiarid regions, as opposed to increases in humid and semihumid regions, while an increased latent heat flux of I W m-2 was reflected in almost identical changes over the whole region. In addition, the mean annual runoff simulated by CLM4 using MICL data decreased by 6.8 mm yr-1, primarily due to large simulated decreases in humid regions.     

Marine-Atmospheric Boundary Layer Characteristics over the South China Sea During the Passage of Strong Typhoon Hagupit

The structures and characteristics of the marine-atmospheric boundary layer over the South China Sea during the passage of strong Typhoon Hagupit are analyzed in detail in this paper. The typhoon was generated in the western Pacific Ocean, and it passed across the South China Sea, finally landfalling in the west of Guangdong Province. The shortest distance between the typhoon center and the observation station on Zhizi Island(10 m in height) is 8.5 km. The observation data capture the whole of processes that occurred in the regions of the typhoon eye, two squall regions of the eye wall, and weak wind regions,before and after the typhoon's passage. The results show that:(a) during the strong wind(average velocityˉu 10 m s-1) period, in the atmospheric boundary layer below 110 m, ˉu is almost independent of height,and vertical velocity ˉw is greater than 0, increasing with ˉu and reaching 2–4 m s-1in the squall regions;(b) the turbulent fluctuations(frequency 1/60 Hz) and gusty disturbances(frequency between 1/600 and1/60 Hz) are both strong and anisotropic, but the anisotropy of the turbulent fluctuations is less strong;(c) ˉu can be used as the basic parameter to parameterize all the characteristics of fluctuations; and(d) the vertical flux of horizontal momentum contributed by the average flow(ˉu ·ˉw) is one order of magnitude larger than those contributed by fluctuation fluxes(u w and v w), implying that strong wind may have seriously disturbed the sea surface through drag force and downward transport of eddy momentum and generated large breaking waves, leading to formation of a strongly coupled marine-atmospheric boundary layer. This results in ˉw 0 in the atmosphere, and some portion of the momentum in the sea may be fed back again to the atmosphere due to ˉu ·ˉw 0.     

AAS has been accepted for Coverage by the Science Citation Index in 2009

In May 2008, ScienceWatch.com named Advances in Atmospheric Sciences a Rising Star among Geosciences journals. According to Essential Science IndicatorsSM from Thomson Reuters, the journal＇s cur-rent citation record includes 764 papers cited a total of 1,658 times between January 1, 1998 and February 29 2008.     

Correlation between Atmospheric Water Vapor and Diurnal Temperature Range over China

Diurnal temperature range （DTR） is an im- portant measure in studies of climate change and variability. The changes of DTR in different regions are affected by many different factors. In this study, the degree of correlation between the DTR and atmospheric precipitable water （PW） over China is explored using newly homogenized surface weather and sounding observations. The results show that PW changes broadly reflect the geographic patterns of DTR long-term trends over most of China during the period 1970-2012, with significant anticorrelations of trend patterns between the DTR and PW, especially over those regions with higher magnitude DTR trends. PW can largely explain about 40% or more （re 0.40） of the DTR changes, with a d（PW）/d（DTR） slope of -2% to -10% K^-1 over most of northwestern and southeastern China, despite certain seasonal dependencies. For China as whole, the significant anticorrelations between the DTR and PW anomalies range from -0.42 to -0.75, with a d（PW）/d（DTR） slope of-6% to -11% K^-1. This implies that long-term DTR changes are likely to be associated with opposite PW changes, approximately following the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Furthermore, the relationship is more significant in the warm season than in the cold season. Thus, it is possible that PW can be considered as one potential factor when exploring long-term DTR changes over China. It should be noted that the present study has a largely statistical focus and that the underlying physical processes should therefore be examined in future work.