南秦岭旬阳盆地下古生界热水沉积成矿地球化学

新近在南秦岭旬阳盆地志留系中发现重要铅锌矿化,含矿岩系主要是下、中志留统弱变质含炭细碎屑岩和新发现识别出的热水沉积炭硅质岩、钠长石岩等;矿体呈层状与志留系整合产出,含矿层中有热水沉积硅质岩和铁碳酸盐岩.矿床REE地球化学反映铅锌矿石、硅质岩和钠长石岩的形成物质可能来自盆下源深处,成岩成矿作用具有热水沉积性质;岩矿石稳定同位素组成指示成矿流体为深部来源,成矿流体中富含CO2(18.656～35.063mol%),成矿温度135～297℃;矿石S和Pb同位素组成反映S来源于深部,Pb来自盆地基底和沉积地层.受地幔热点控制的扬子北缘古生代伸展海盆中,热水沉积是旬阳盆地志留系铅锌成矿的基本方式.     

南秦岭旬阳盆地下古生界热水沉积成矿地球化学

新近在南秦岭旬阳盆地志留系中发现重要铅锌矿化，含矿岩系主要是下、中志留统弱变质含炭细碎屑岩和新发现识别出的热水沉积炭硅质岩、钠长石岩等；矿体呈层状与志留系整合产出，含矿层中有热水沉积硅质岩和铁碳酸盐岩。矿床REE地球化学反映铅锌矿石、硅质岩和钠长石岩的形成物质可能来自盆下源深处，成岩成矿作用具有热水沉积性质；岩矿石稳定同住素组成指示成矿流体为深部来源，成矿流体中富含CO2（18．656～35．063mol％），成矿温度135～297℃；矿石S和Pb同位素组成反映S来源于深部，Pb来自盆地基底和沉积地层。受地幔热点控制的扬子北缘古生代伸展海盆中，热水沉积是旬阳盆地志留系铅锌成矿的基本方式。     

南秦岭旬阳盆地下古生界铅锌成矿作用

近年来,南秦岭旬阳盆地志留系铅锌矿集区铅锌矿床勘查取得重大突破,备受关注.旬阳盆地下古生界中的铅锌矿床主要赋存于志留系梅子垭组和双河镇组,受地层控制明显,矿体形态简单,主要为层状和似层状,矿石结构简单,矿物成分单一,围岩蚀变弱且不对称;闪锌矿δ34S组成平均为6.83‰,方铅矿δ34S组成平均为5.95‰,黄铁矿矿石δ34S为1.1‰,志留系泥质岩石中黄铁矿的δ34S平均为15.64‰,硫主要来源于海水硫酸盐;208Pb/204Pb为37.93%～38.95%,207Pb/204Pb为15.55%～15.69%,反映铅的来源为上地壳.成矿温度为135～297 o C,属于中低温,成矿流体成分主要以K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、F-、Cl-、SO2-4为主,Na+/ K+值小于1,F-/ Cl-值很小,主要来自于海水.因此,热水沉积成矿作用是旬阳盆地下古生界铅锌矿床形成的主要原因.     

南秦岭凤县八方山—八卦庙Pb—Zn与Au矿化的共生/共存关系研究

南秦岭晚古生代凤县—太白盆地是在扬子地台北缘早古生代被动大陆边缘发展起来的具裂陷性质的盆地,处在秦岭微板块当中,在盆地内既产有八卦庙超大型金矿也产有八方山—二里河大型铅锌矿床,是铅锌与金矿床共生/共存的一个典型地区。两种矿床在地质背景、产出层位和成矿特征等方面具有某些关联,铅锌矿层产在中泥盆统古道岭组灰岩与上泥盆统星红铺组变泥质岩过渡层位的铁白云石—钠长石—硅质热水沉积岩系中,金矿体位于上泥盆统星红铺组底部,由含石英细脉多期变形的蚀变钠长石、铁白云石粉砂岩等热水沉积岩系构成。硅同位素组成反映金矿床中存在两类不同来源的硅,一类是钠长石岩和顺层石英细脉的硅同位素组成(δ30Si=-0.40‰～-0.32‰),与铅锌含矿层中硅质岩的硅同位素组成相似,硅质与热水沉积作用相关,另一类是金矿体中的穿层石英脉,其硅同位素反映硅来自晚期岩浆流体;铅锌矿床硫化物中硫同位素(δ34S=6.03‰～16.88‰)反映硫主要来自海底热水沉积,形成于盆地早期开放体系;金矿石中硫化物硫同位素组成(δ34S=4.10‰～15.40‰)反映硫主要为地层硫,形成于盆地晚期半封闭—封闭体系;铅同位素组成反映盆地内由西坝岩体泥盆系地层铅锌矿石金矿石铅同位素演化有幔源成分减少,壳源成分增加的趋势;氢、氧同位素数据揭示出铅锌矿成矿流体中的水来自于大气降水,金矿则具多源性,包括岩浆水、大气降水和变质水。研究认为泥盆纪海底热水沉积作用形成了铅锌矿层的主体,也使金(银、铜)在热水沉积岩系中明显富集,而中生代造山过程中的构造—流体作用使金矿体定位。金与铅锌的共生/共存关系,受控于这种成矿地质过程及流体化学、物理化学演化。金与铅锌的这种时空关系可作为已知矿床深部勘查和外围找矿的依据。     

陕西南秦岭志留系中铅锌矿床地质地球化学特征研究

文章以泗人沟、南沙沟等铅锌矿床为例,讨论南秦岭志留系中铅锌矿床形成的地质地球化学特征。矿石稀土元素地球化学反映了矿石及金属硫化物矿物与地层的稀土配分曲线的一致性．说明成矿物质主体来自于地层;闪锌矿矿物的微量元素含量及一些特征值介于热液矿床和热水沉积矿床之间．属改造型;硫同位素组成结果表明矿石与地层硫同位素组成不一致,矿石较地层富集轻硫,可能反映了造山作用产生的热液使其硫同位素发生了一定程度的均一化或者有深源硫的参加,显示出矿石硫和地层硫的混合特征;流体氢氧同位素组成特征表明成矿介质可能是封存于深部的变质流体。这些矿床地球化学特点可能反映该区域铅锌矿床的最终定位与印支一燕山期的逆冲推覆构造有关。     

南秦岭旬阳盆地志留纪黑色岩系与Pb- Zn矿床成矿的关系

南秦岭旬阳盆地中赋存了大量热水沉积型铅锌矿床,矿体主要呈层状、透镜状赋存在志留系梅子垭组和双河镇组中.富有机质的黑色岩系在区内广泛发育,为了探讨志留纪黑色岩系与该区铅锌矿成矿的关系,本文选择南沙沟和关子沟典型铅锌矿床开展研究.与矿石矿物共生的石英δDV-SMOW值分别介于-139‰～-94‰和-129‰～-103‰之间,明显低于矿区内硅质岩的δDV-SMOW值,反映了海水在被加热形成盆地热卤水的过程中很大程度受到了地层中有机质的影响.闪锌矿和方铅矿样品δ34S值分别介于4.5‰～10.7‰(平均7.2‰)和2.7‰～9.5‰(平均6.1‰)之间,硫主要为硫酸盐还原而成,细菌硫酸盐还原作用和热化学硫酸盐还原作用共同影响了硫同位素组成.铅同位素组成具有高放射性铅的特点,与地层铅一致,并且显著区别于结晶基底的铅同位素,反映了铅主要来源于赋矿围岩而不是结晶基底.志留纪南秦岭古海洋中热水沉积成矿作用强烈,盆地热驱动造成海水对流循环并萃取黑色岩系中的成矿物质形成成矿流体,在减压环境下于海底形成层状矿体,在成矿的过程中,富有机质的志留纪黑色岩系对于金属的来源和硫的来源均扮演了至关重要的角色.     

南秦岭凤县八方山一八卦庙Pb-Zn与Au矿化的共生／共存关系研究

南秦岭晚古生代凤县一太白盆地是在扬子地台北缘早古生代被动大陆边缘发展起来的具裂陷性质的盆地，处在秦岭微板块当中，在盆地内既产有八卦庙超大型金矿也产有八方山一二里河大型铅锌矿床，是铅锌与金矿床共生／共存的一个典型地区。两种矿床在地质背景、产出层位和成矿特征等方面具有某些关联，铅锌矿层产在中泥盆统古道岭组灰岩与上泥盆统星红铺组变泥质岩过渡层位的铁白云石一钠长石一硅质热水沉积岩系中，金矿体位于上泥盆统星红铺组底部，由含石英细脉多期变形的蚀变钠长石、铁白云石粉砂岩等热水沉积岩系构成。硅同位素组成反映金矿床中存在两类不同来源的硅，一类是钠长石岩和顺层石英细脉的硅同位素组成（δ^30Si=-0．40％。-0．32％。），与铅锌含矿层中硅质岩的硅同位素组成相似，硅质与热水沉积作用相关，另一类是金矿体中的穿层石英脉，其硅同位素反映硅来自晚期岩浆流体；铅锌矿床硫化物中硫同位素（δ^34S：6．03‰-16．88‰）反映硫主要来自海底热水沉积，形成于盆地早期开放体系；金矿石中硫化物硫同位素组成（δ^34S=4．10‰-15．40‰）反映硫主要为地层硫，形成于盆地晚期半封闭一封闭体系；铅同位素组成反映盆地内由西坝岩体→泥盆系地层→铅锌矿石→金矿石铅同位素演化有幔源成分减少，壳源成分增加的趋势；氢、氧同位素数据揭示出铅锌矿成矿流体中的水来自于大气降水，金矿则具多源性，包括岩浆水、大气降水和变质水。研究认为泥盆纪海底热水沉积作用形成了铅锌矿层的主体，也使金（银、铜）在热水沉积岩系中明显富集，而中生代造山过程中的构造一流体作用使金矿体定位。金与铅锌的共生／共存关系，受控于这种成矿地质过程及流体化学、物理化学演化。金与铅锌的这种时空关系可作为已知矿床深部勘查和外围找矿的依据。     

南秦岭关子沟铅锌矿床成因：流体包裹体和H-O-S-Pb同位素证据

陕西旬阳盆地南缘是南秦岭中部重要的铅锌成矿带,带内发育一大批赋存在志留系中的铅锌矿床。为了进一步厘清区域内铅锌成矿的物质来源和成因机制,文章选取区内典型的关子沟铅锌矿床开展流体包裹体和H-O-S-Pb同位素研究。关子沟铅锌矿体主要以层状、似层状赋存于双河镇组二段和三段千枚岩地层中,根据矿物组构和穿插关系,将成矿过程划分为3个阶段：石英-黄铁矿阶段（Ⅰ阶段）、石英-多金属硫化物阶段（Ⅱ阶段）和石英-碳酸盐（Ⅲ阶段）。其中,Ⅱ阶段原生流体包裹体均一温度为215~393℃,盐度w（NaCl_eq）为2.2‰~10.1‰; Ⅲ阶段均一温度为124~255℃,盐度w（NaCl_eq）为1.8‰~6.6‰,具有中高温、中低盐度的成矿流体特征。石英H-O同位素结果（δ¹⁸O_H2O值为6‰~10.9‰,δD值为-82.9‰~-73.6‰）显示成矿流体主要为海水和有机水,伴有大气降水的混合。原位S同位素显示硫化物δ³⁴S值变化范围为4.63‰~8.73‰,暗示主要硫化物的S源于海相硫酸盐的热化学还原,志留系黑色岩系中的有机质提供了还原剂。矿石硫化物的²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为17.8254~17.9470,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.6233~15.6396,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为38.1706~38.3143,指示Pb主要源于沉积盖层。综合矿床地质特征、流体包裹体及H、O、S、Pb同位素特征,认为关子沟矿床为热水沉积成因,志留系裂陷盆地内热水沉积作用控制着铅锌成矿过程。     

甘肃徽县郭家沟铅锌矿床成因:赋矿硅质岩常量、稀土元素及矿石同位素证据

为了研究甘肃徽县郭家沟铅锌矿床成因,分别对赋矿硅质岩的常量、微量和稀土元素及叠加热液碳酸盐矿物的C、O、Sr同位素和石英流体包裹体的D、O同位素进行了系统分析。结果表明:硅质岩常量元素Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)比值为0.08～0.30(平均为0.19),介于纯热水硅质岩与正常海相沉积硅质岩之间,靠近热水沉积端元;其球粒陨石标准化的稀土元素配分曲线显示明显的Eu正异常,与海底热水沉积物REE配分曲线类似,指示硅质岩为热水沉积成因,为泥盆纪同生喷流沉积的产物。后期叠加的热液碳酸盐矿物的C、O同位素组成特征,指示热液中的C、O主要来自地层中沉积灰岩,并通过灰岩溶解作用过程获得。热液碳酸盐矿物与灰岩Sr同位素比值部分重叠,而高于糜暑岭岩体初始Sr同位素比值,指示热液中的Sr主要来自灰岩而非花岗岩。石英流体包裹体的D、O同位素组成与岩浆流体接近,指示石英-硫化物阶段成矿流体主要来自岩浆热液。综上所述,郭家沟铅锌矿床为一经历泥盆纪同生喷流、印支期岩浆热液叠加改造成矿的复合型层控铅锌矿床。     

凤太矿集区东塘子铅锌矿床S、Pb同位素组成对成矿物质来源的示踪

东塘子铅锌矿床是秦岭成矿带中典型的铅锌矿床之一,前人对东塘子铅锌矿床成矿作用研究较多,但受限于测试手段及认识的局限性,多年来对其物质来源的认识仍未统一。本文在充分研究东塘子铅锌矿床地质特征的基础上,开展了相关样品的S、Pb同位素分析,分析对象包括了不同类型的铅锌矿石,讨论了该铅锌矿床的成矿物质来源、区内岩浆岩与铅锌成矿的关系等。研究表明:东塘子铅锌矿床矿石硫化物δ34S值变化范围为1.8‰～12.5‰,平均7.50‰,计算获得成矿流体中总硫δ34S∑S为7.7‰,显示海水硫酸盐(蒸发膏岩)与岩浆硫的混合来源特征。矿石铅同位素组成稳定,铅源主要来自富U-Th-Pb的上地壳与深部,可能与深部岩浆活动有关。研究结果表明,东塘子铅锌矿床的成矿过程与南秦岭印支期大规模多阶段构造-岩浆-流体活动密切相关,为下一阶段区内找矿工作提供了新的思路。     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义

在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。     

贵州岑巩羊桥罗家塘杷榔动物群的发现及其后生动物早期演化的意义

岑巩县羊桥乡罗家塘杷榔组仅出露中-上部地层,岩性单一,均为青灰、灰绿色粉砂质泥、页岩.在其上部层位发现了俞氏贵州始海百合(Guizhoueocrinus yui Zhao,Parsley et Peng,2007),计有棘皮动物始海百合、腕足动物、软体动物-软舌螺、节肢动物-三叶虫等8属9种,包括了2个未定名的新种和1...     

深港西部通道填海区地下水铜、钒、铊、镉、钨迁移的实验研究

填海工程使滨海地区的地下水物理化学条件改变,导致该区域地下水中重金属浓度升高。本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,采用实验室模拟填海条件的办法,初步探讨了影响填海区地下水重金属迁移的关键因素。模拟实验结果表明,填海区地下水中钨元素含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;铜元素含量升高则与淤泥氧化过程以及填料风化有关;钒元素含量升高与地下水淡化和淤泥氧化过程有关,而其他元素含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关。     

西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体岩石成因

以出露在西藏南木林县秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体为研究对象,从野外地质调查、岩石学、LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、元素和Lu-Hf同位素地球化学等方面对其进行了分析研究。结果显示：秦马弄地区二长花岗岩体类似于A型花岗岩,形成于古近纪(E1),其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(62.0±0.5)~(63.0±0.5) Ma;岩体形成的温度较高(锆石饱和温度为745~805 ℃,平均766 ℃);岩石富SiO2(72.6%~75.0%)、Na2O(2.86%~3.59%)和K2O(4.12%~5.25%),贫CaO(0.72%~1.39%)和MgO(0.26%~0.36%),高FeOT/MgO值(7.26~10.3),属高钾钙碱性系列,弱过铝质;岩石具明显的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.40~0.70),普遍表现出Ba、Sr、P、Ti元素的亏损和Rb、Th、K、Zr、Hf元素的富集。εHf(t)值为-4.7~-1.8,其两阶段地壳Hf模式年龄tDM2为(1.1~1.3) Ga。秦马弄A型花岗岩体是冈底斯基底地壳物质部分熔融的岩浆产物,形成于古近纪印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲碰撞引起的总体为岛弧背景下的局部拉张构造环境。     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Geology, mineralogy, and PGE mineralization of the copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, Sredinny Range, Kamchatka

The geology and mineralogy of host metamorphic rocks, the mineralogy of sulfide ores, and the distribution of PGE mineralization were studied in detail for the Kvinum-1 and Kvinum-2 copper-nickel occurrences of the Kvinum ore field, which are the most promising targets for the copper-nickel-PGE mineralization of the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. It was established that stringer-disseminated and massive copper-nickel ores are localized in amphibole peridotites, cortlandites, and form ore bodies varying from tens of centimeters to 5–20 m thick among the layered cortlandite-gabbroid massifs. The massive sulfide ores were found only at the bottom of cortlandite bodies and upsection grade into stringer-disseminated and disseminated ores. Pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and pentlandite are the major ore minerals with a sharply subordinate amount of pyrite, sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, and löllingite. Besides pentlandite, the Ni-bearing minerals include sulforasenides (gersdorffite), arsenides (nickeline), and tellurides (melonite) of nickel. It was found that PGE mineralization represented by antimonides (sudburyite) and tellurobismuthides (michenerite) of Pd with sharply subordinate platinum arsenide (sperrylite) is confined to the apical parts of massive sulfide zones and the transition zone to the stringer-disseminated ores. Ore intervals enriched in arsenides and tellurides of Ni, Pd, and Bi contain high-purity gold. In the central parts of the orebodies, the contents of PGE and native gold are insignificant. It is suggested that the contents of major sulfide minerals and the productivity of PGE mineralization in the cortlandites are defined by combined differentiation and sulfurization of ultramafic derivatives under the effect of fluids, which are accumulated at the crystallization front and cause layering of parental magmas with different sulfur contents. The fluid-assisted layering of mafic-ultramafic massifs resulted in the contrasting distribution of PGM in response to uneven distribution of sulfur (as well as As, Te, and Bi) during liquid immiscibility. The productivity of PGE mineralization significantly increases with increasing contents of S, As, Te, and Bi (elements to which Pt and, especially, Pd have high affinity) in fluids.     

Depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer, based on geophysical exploration, southern Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA

 A geophysical survey was conducted to determine the depth of the base of the water-table aquifer in the southern part of Jackson Hole, Wyoming, USA. Audio-magnetotellurics (AMT) measurements at 77 sites in the study area yielded electrical-resistivity logs of the subsurface, and these were used to infer lithologic changes with depth. A 100–600 ohm-m geoelectric layer, designated the Jackson aquifer, was used to represent surficial saturated, unconsolidated deposits of Quaternary age. The median depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is estimated to be 200 ft (61 m), based on 62 sites that had sufficient resistivity data. AMT-measured values were kriged to predict the depth to the base of the aquifer throughout the southern part of Jackson Hole. Contour maps of the kriging predictions indicate that the depth of the base of the Jackson aquifer is shallow in the central part of the study area near the East and West Gros Ventre Buttes, deeper in the west near the Teton fault system, and shallow at the southern edge of Jackson Hole. Predicted, contoured depths range from 100 ft (30 m) in the south, near the confluences of Spring Creek and Flat Creek with the Snake River, to 700 ft (210 m) in the west, near the town of Wilson, Wyoming. Received, May 1997 · Revised, February 1998 · Accepted, April 1998     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.