Estimation of Probability of Damage Detection in Offshore Structural Inspection

- To characterize the uncertainty and fuzziness in offshore structural inspection, probability of detection (POD) must be determined. This paper presents the expressions for the POD of four different damage forms mainly existing in offshore structures. The fuzzy-set theory is applied to estimate human errors through the definition of inspection quality. Expressions of inspection quality are achieved. To verify the validity and correctness of the expressions, the data from an offshore platform field inspection of evaluation results of human errors affecting inspection quality are used to estimate the parameters of the POD. The results show that the present models can provide basis for further study of ofTshore structural inspection reliability.     

两种基于贝叶斯点估计理论的多声源定位方法研究

海洋环境参数失配是制约匹配场定位性能的主要因素之一。为了克服环境失配,本文基于贝叶斯理论,将环境参数与声源的距离和深度一起作为未知量进行反演。然而在进行多声源定位时,反演参数的维数几何增长,极大地增加了反演问题的复杂性和计算量。为此本文将声源强度和噪声方差表示成其极大似然估计值,从而将这些参数进行隐式采样,大大降低了反演的维数和难度。文章比较了两种贝叶斯点估计方法,最大后验概率密度方法和最大边缘后验概率密度方法。最大后验概率密度方法的解是令后验概率密度取得最大值的参数组合,可以利用优化算法快速获得。最大边缘后验概率密度法将其他参数积分,得到目标参数的一维边缘概率分布,分布的最大值为反演结果。该方法得到最优估计值的同时可以获取参数估计的不确定信息。在环境参数和声源参数都未知的情况下,利用蒙特卡洛法在不同信噪比情况下对两种声源定位方法进行分析,实验结果表明：(1)对于敏感参数,如声源距离、水深和海水声速,最大边缘后验概率密度法比最大边缘后验概率密度方法的性能好。(2)对于较不敏感的参数,如海底声速、海底密度和海底声衰减,当信噪比较低时,最大边缘后验概率密度方法能较好地平滑噪声,从而比最大边缘后验概率密度法具有更好的性能。由于声源距离和深度是敏感参数,研究表明最大边缘后验概率密度法提供了一种在不确知环境下更可靠的多声源定位方法。     

基于GeoEye-1和WorldView-2遥感数据的浅海水深反演比较研究

浅海区水深的精确反演对于海洋空间管理和生态环境保护至关重要.选取南海西沙群岛的羚羊礁海域为研究区,基于GeoEye-1和WorldView-2高分辨率多光谱遥感数据和实测水深数据,分别建立了单波段模型、多波段模型和波段比值模型.结果显示,由绿波段参与建立的水深反演模型相关性普遍较高,同时利用4个波段组合建立的多波段模型...     

Comparison Study on Wind Input and Whitecapping Dissipation Expressions in Numerical Simulation of Typhoon Generated Waves

In order to investigate the effect of wind input and whitecapping dissipation on the simulation of typhoon-waves, three experiments are conducted with the latest version of SWAN （Simulating WAves Nearshore） model. The three experiments adopt the Komen, Janssens, and Westhuysen expressions for wind input and whitecapping dissipation, respectively. Besides the above-mentioned source tems, other parameterization schemes in these experiments are the same. It shows that the experiment with the Westhuysen expression result in the least simulation errors while that with the Janssens expression has the most. The results from the experiments with Komen and Westhuysen expressions show that the differenees in significant wave height （SWH） have a good correlation with the differences in dissipation energy caused by whiteeapping. This indicates that the whitecapping dissipation source term plays an important role in the resultant differences of the simulated SWH between the two experiments.     

Incoherent multibeam Doppler current profiler performance: Part II--Spatial response

We consider the spatial response and sampling properties of ship-mounted four-beam and three-beam incoherent Doppler current profilers. Spatial properties are an issue because such systems cannot make a point measurement of the current field, and because the actual current field is nonuniform. We obtain expressions for the effect of beamwidth, beam separation, and block averaging on system response. We observe that spatial aliasing may occur above some critical depth, and that pulsewidth reduction cannot improve vertical resolution beyond a limit imposed by system geometry. We also find that, for the three-beam system, the along-track component is irrevocably contaminated (to some degree) by the cross-track component as a result of its nonorthogonal beam geometry. The velocity and shear estimate variances achievable with these systems are calculated in a companion paper [1].     

Observations of cnoidal internal waves and their effect on acousticpropagation in shallow water

Distinctive packets of periodic internal waves were observed during an experiment in the Gulf of Mexico. There was a 65-m-deep mixed layer overlying a thin strong density interface. A layer of weaker density stratification extended below the interface to the bottom, at a depth of 185 m. The waves had 2-10-m amplitudes, narrow frequency bandwidths with central frequencies of 8.5 cph, and they propagated in the upslope direction. The wave packets were observed on three consecutive days. They lasted about 3 h and were always observed at the same time of day, clearly in response to tidal forcing. A model of the time/space structure of the waves was tuned to match that of the observations, showing that the data are consistent with a cnoidal wave hypothesis. Observations of low-frequency acoustic propagation along two baselines show fluctuations that we hypothesize are due to interactions with the cnoidal waves. The fluctuations have spatial correlation scales (in the slantwise direction) on the order of 76 m. We simulate these effects using a time-step PE approach. We find that a mode-coupling resonance with the internal wave field results in elevated acoustic variability along a set of discrete spokes, emanating from the acoustic source. While acoustic variability tends to increase with range and with internal wave amplitude, tangential and radial correlation scales do not show a systematic dependence. The patterns in tangential and radial correlation scales show strong anisotropic patterns in azimuth, but little systematic trend in range     

Wave-power absorption by a periodic linear array of oscillating water columns

This paper describes a theoretical analysis of the ocean wave energy absorption by a periodic linear array of oscillating water columns (OWCs) of arbitrary planform. The analysis is based on classical linear water wave theory and uses the expressions for the wave field resulting from time-harmonic pressure distributions on the free surface. The water depth is assumed finite and constant. The cases of oblique and normal incidence are analysed. A linear power take-off mechanism is assumed, but a complex characteristic constant (allowing for phase control) and air compressibility are considered. Special analytical expressions are derived for OWCs of rectangular and circular planforms. Numerical results for circular chambers show that the hydrodynamic interaction can substantially change the maximum energy absorption, depending on array and chamber geometry and on angle of incidence.     

Comparison Study on Wind Input and Whitecapping Dissipation Expressions in Numerical Simulation of Typhoon-Generated Waves

In order to investigate the effect of wind input and whitecapping dissipation on the simulation of typhoon-waves, three experiments are conducted with the latest version of SWAN (Simulating WAves Nearshore) model.The three experiments adopt the Komen, Janssens, and Westhuysen expressions for wind input and whitecappingdissipation, respectively. Besides the above-mentioned source terms, other parameterization schemes in these experiments are the same. It shows that the experiment with the Westhuysen expression result in the least simulationerrors while that with the Janssens expression has the most. The results from the experiments with Komen and Westhuysen expressions show that the differences in significant wave height (SWH) have good correlation with thedifferences in dissipation energy caused by whitecapping. This indicates that the whitecapping dissipation sourceterm plays an important role in the resultant differences of the simulated SWH between the two experiments.     

Non-Energy Resources,Connecticut Coastal Waters,Year 9 and 10 Activities

The Connecticut effort in year 9 of the Continental Margins Program concentrated on a 13.6-mi2 area south of the Housatonic River. This area was chosen for a side-scan sonar survey because it lies on and adjacent to the bathymetric expressions of two fairly large, subcropping, potential sources of coarse material. Previous seismic work in the area indicated that outcrops or subcrops of these potential source deposits could be delineated using their bathymetric expression. Owing to the limited resolution of the seismic data, a correlation between bottom type and underlying source deposits could not be made with the seismics alone. Results from the November 1993 side-scan survey show that although the source deposits have discernible bathymetric expressions, they are not cropping out as much as expected. As a result, bottom type is not necessarily determined by subcropping deposits in this particular area. Year 10 work was concentrated in Fishers Island Sound, where three areas of potential interest for near-shore gravel resources had previously been identified. These areas were surveyed, during the spring of 1996, using the RoxAnn Seabed Classification System. A small video camera and a Van Veen grab sampler were used to calibrate and verify the RoxAnn data. Although previous sampling had indicated the presence of gravel or gravelly sediment in all of the survey areas, the RoxAnn results showed less gravel than anticipated. Vibrant eelgrass beds and other habitat indicators were detected in all of the survey areas. Given the variable sediment results, and the high habitat potential of the areas surveyed, the likelihood of developing a sand and gravel supply from the near shore of Fishers Island Sound appears quite low.     

Swath bathymetry with GLORIA

For many years, GLORIA has been producing sonar images of the deep ocean floor. In the mid-1980's, the SeaMARC II system came to prominence producing depth values as well as sonar images. The basic method compares the phases of the signals returning from the seafloor to two rows of transducers. The phase differences are converted into angles of arrival and together with the arrival times converted into range and depth values. This capability has now been added to the GLORIA system. The fact that GLORIA uses a 2s FM pulse means the backscattered reverberation can come from a strip of seafloor up to 1.5 km wide. To accommodate this, overlapping complex FFT's are used to produce a time-frequency matrix for the returning signals. In this matrix, a constant range feature appears as a diagonal. Phases are then calculated using a least-mean-squares estimate along diagonals. The main source of error and bias is due to surface reflection, and this is taken into account. The GLORIA swath bathymetry system was tested on two cruises and it was possible to produce depth contours with a good level of confidence. The total swath width was over eight water depths and would have been greater with a more favorable velocity profile. Comparison with other bathymetry data (such as multibeam systems) showed excellent correlation, having a standard deviation of only 4% of total water depth     

基于梯度提升决策树模型的Sentinel-1图像浅海水深反演

利用合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)反演浅海水深在海洋遥感中极具挑战性。本文采用梯度提升决策树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree, GBDT)为核心的机器学习算法, 使用Sentinel-1、全球水深数据、风场和流场数据来反演杭州湾和长江口南缘相连的浅海区域的水深。首先分析反演的最佳风速和迭代次数, 再对0~10 m、10~20 m、20~30 m、30~40 m、40~50 m的分段水深和0~10 m、0~20 m、0~30 m、0~40 m、0~50 m的总体水深用相关系数、均方根误差和平均绝对误差进行精度评价, 最后分析反演水深的空间分布特征。结果表明: 反演的最佳风速约为3.78 m/s, 并且GBDT模型达到最佳精度时的迭代次数远小于其他模型, 最佳迭代次数为4。分段水深中, 40 m以内的相关系数都高于0.8, 其中以10~20 m的相关系数最高, 为0.9; 40~50 m则最低, 为0.73。40~50 m的平均绝对误差和均方根误差均为最大, 分别为1.89 m和2.24 m, 20~30 m的平均绝对误差和均方根误差均为最小, 分别为0.75 m和0.96 m。在总体水深中, 虽然随水深区间的扩大, 相关系数会逐渐增加, 但是平均绝对误差和均方根误差的精度都随水深区间的扩大而下降, 且在0~50 m区间内的平均绝对误差和均方根误差最大, 分别为1.06 m和1.59 m, 因此反演的最佳区间为0~40 m。该区域的水深从杭州湾海岸线开始由浅及深阶梯增加, 反演结果能够较好的表现研究区内的实际水深分布情况, 比较符合当前区域的水下地形特征。     

An experimental investigation of hydrodynamic coefficients for a vertical truncated rectangular cylinder due to regular and random waves

The research into hydrodynamic loading on ocean structures has concentrated mostly on circular cross-section members and relatively limited work has been carried out on wave loading on other cross-sections such as rectangular sections. These find applications in many offshore structures as columns and pontoons in semi-submersibles and tension-leg platforms. The present investigation demonstrates the behaviour of rectangular cylinders subject to wave loading and also supplies the hydrodynamic coefficients for the design of these sections.This paper presents the results of wave forces acting on a surface piercing truncated rectangular cylinder set vertically in a towing tank. The experiments are carried out in a water depth of 2.2 m with regular and random waves for low Keulegan–Carpenter number up to 6. The rectangular cylinder is of 2 m length, 0.2 m breadth and 0.4 m width with a submergence depth of 1.45 m from still water level. Based on Morison equation, the relationship between inertia and drag coefficients are evaluated and are presented as a function of KC number for various values of frequency parameter β, for two aspect ratios of cylinders, equals to 1/2 and 2/1. Drag and inertia coefficients obtained through regular wave tests are used for the random wave analysis to compute the in-line force spectrum.The results of the experiments show the drag and inertia coefficients are strongly affected by the variation in the aspect ratios of the cylinder. The drag coefficients decreases and inertia coefficients increases with increase in Keulegan–Carpenter number up to the range of KC number tested. The random wave results show a good correlation between measured and computed force spectrums. The transverse forces in both regular and random waves are found to be small compared to in-line forces.     

台风期间南海北部岛礁及下坡海底对水下噪声的影响研究

The correlation of ambient noise with wind speed, and the depth dependence of ambient noise are both investigated, where the ocean noise data were recorded by a vertical line array in the northern South China Sea. It is shown that the correlation coefficients increase with increasing hydrophone depth during typhoon periods when the frequency ≥ 250 Hz, which opposes the generally accepted knowledge that the correlation coefficients of noise level and wind speed decrease with increasing depth during non-typhoon periods. Particularly at frequencies of 250 Hz, 315 Hz and 400 Hz, the correlation coefficients increase by more than 0.05 at depths ranging from 155 m to 875 m. At the three frequencies, the average noise levels also increase with increasing depth during typhoon periods. It is suggested that these differences are attributed to the wind-generated noise in shallow waters and the effect of "downslope enhancement" to sound propagation. During typhoon periods, the surf breaking and surf beat upon the shores and reefs are strengthened, and the source levels are increased. The wind-generated noise in shallow waters interacts with the downslope sea floor, with the noise-depth distribution changed by a "downslope enhancement" effect promoting noise propagation.     

A brief description of the fundamental difficulties in passive ranging

The use of passive sensors to estimate range and bearing to an acoustic source is investigated. The variance of the estimators is shown to depend on the number of sensors, integration time, signal-to-noise ratio, and more significantly, on the available array length. The variances for four different array configurations are discussed.     

复变函数表示的高斯投影非迭代公式

借助复数理论讨论了高斯投影的复变函数表示。引入了等量纬度反解的直接展开式,借助计算机代数系统Mathematica推导出了子午线弧长与等量纬度之间的关系式,并将其拓展至复数域,导出了形式紧凑、结构简单的高斯投影正反解非迭代公式,并在此基础上给出了适合计算机计算的表达式及其相关系数在不同参考椭球下的数值形式。算例结果表明本文公式计算精度在10^-6s以上,可供实际使用。     

Sloshing waves and resonance modes of fluid in a 3D tank by a time-independent finite difference method

A 3D time-independent finite difference method is developed to solve for wave sloshing in a three-dimensional tank excited by coupled surge and sway motions. The 3D equations of fluid motion are derived in a moving coordinate system. The three-dimensional tank, with an arbitrary depth and a square base, is subjected to a range of excitation frequencies with motions that exhibit multiple degrees of freedom. For demonstration purposes the numerical scheme is validated by a benchmark study. Five types of sloshing waves were observed when the tank is excited by various excitation frequencies. A spectral analysis identified the resonant frequencies of each type of wave and the results show a strong correlation between resonant modes and the occurrence of the sloshing wave types. The method can be used to simulate fluid sloshing in a 3D tank with six-degrees of freedom.     

Seasonal variability of climatic currents in the Caspian Sea reconstructed by assimilation of climatic temperature and salinity into the model of water circulation

We present the results of an analysis of the seasonal variability of current fields in the Caspian Sea, reconstructed by assimilation of climatic temperature and salinity into the primitive-equation model of water circulation on the basis of an algorithm for adaptive statistics of prediction errors. The sources in heat and salt transfer-diffusion equations depend on the spatial and temporal variability of the variances of prediction errors and one-dimensional (in the vertical coordinate) variances of measurement errors for temperature and salinity. The variances of prediction errors are adjusted at the moments of data assimilation in accordance with a simplified Kalman filter. The climatic circulation of waters in the Caspian Sea is shown to be highly varying. The maximum of its intensity over the entire depth is reached in February. The minimum of kinetic energy is observed in April. The currents in deep-sea areas are determined by the balance between wind and baroclinic factors of the formation of circulation with wind currents prevalent.     

Initial sedimentation of particles from a line source in 1-D homogenous current fields

On the basis of the study of initial sedimentation of suspended participates discharged from a continuous point source, the mode of dispersion, descension and deposition of the suspended particulates which are released from a line source is derived. By use of puff model, the semi-analytical solution to the problem of initial sedimentation of suspended particulates discharged from a continuous line source in one-dimensional homogenous current fields, of which water depth is constant, is presented, some computations and analyses for long-term distribution of sedimentation are carried out under various sets of parameters. And the comparisons between the sedimentation results of the line and point source are conducted. The results show that the higher the initial height,and the smaller the fall velocity of the particles ,the closer the sedimentation distribution results of the line source to that of the point source.