基于RPC模型的高分辨率卫星影像精确定位

介绍高分辨率卫星影像RPC模型的定义及其解算方法,推导RPC模型立体定位的基本方程,在此基础上对RPC模型的区域网平差进行深入研究。IKONOS卫星数据的实验结果表明,RPC模型误差呈现较强的系统性,但通过物方或像方的补偿立体定位可达到优于1.3 M的定位精度,区域网平差是最优的定位方法,精度可达1.1 M。     

On the Non-linear Motion of IGS Station

With the daily SINEX files of the IGS, the time series of IGS stations are obtained using an independently developed software under generalized network adjustment models with coordinate patterns. From ...     

IGS测站的非线性变化研究

基于坐标模式的广义网平差模型，利用IGS发布的对GPS全球站处理后形成的单天解SINEX文件，通过自编软件计算了IGS测站的时间序列，并发现IGS测站存在非线性变化。利用频谱分析方法得出了IGS测站存在年周期或半年周期的变化，同时利用经验模型建立了IGS测站的测站速度函数。指出了仅利用1个线性量估计IGS跟踪站的速度值会存在偏差，应建立周期性变化模型，或采用分段线性化的方法，每隔一定的时间给出1个对应的速度。     

Adjusting VLBI data to obtain geophysical information for mobile VLBI sites

We have used Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) data to compute the site coordinates and constant velocity components for 29 fixed antenna sites and 25 mobile sites. The three singularities which occur in the adjustment with respect to the rotation of the system have been resolved by a constraint holding the net rotation of seven fixed antennas, distributed on the stable portions of four of the geologic plates, to the net rotation for these sites as defined by the NNR-NUVEL1 no net rotation model. In order to achieve a minimally constrained adjustment of this type we have found it necessary to use a new adjustment procedure in which we solve for the coordinates of each site at the weighted mean epoch of all the observations involving that site.Using the results of the above solution we have computed the departure for each site from the NNR-NUVEL1 rigid plate model. These departures show that the transition zone in western North America from the region of rigidity to the plate boundary is at least 400 km wide, in general agreement with Ward (1988,1990).     

利用RPC模型进行IKONOS影像的精确定位

研究了IKONOS卫星影像基于RPC模型的立体定位算法与区域网平差方法。针对立体定位计算过程中RPC(Rational Polynomial Coefficients)模型存在的系统性误差,给出了物方和像方补偿方案。实验结果表明,各种补偿方案均可有效消除RPC模型的系统误差,取得优于1.3 m的定位精度;区域网平差的定位精度可达1.1 m,是最理想的定位方法。     

利用RPC模型进行IKONOS影像的精确定位

研究了IKONOS卫星影像基于RPC模型的立体定位算法与区域网平差方法.针对立体定位计算过程中RPC(Rational Polynomial Coefficients)模型存在的系统性误差,给出了物方和像方补偿方案.实验结果表明,各种补偿方案均可有效消除RPC模型的系统误差,取得优于1.3 m的定位精度;区域网平差的定位精度可达1.1 m,是最理想的定位方法.     

LEAST SQUARES ADJUSTMENTS OF TRIANGULATION: DIRECTIONS VERSUS ANGLES

Abstract

This paper continues the discussion started in an article of the same title (E.S.R., ×, 78, :353-66), on which a further letter was written in October, 1952. The amount of computation required originally was very considerable, and it was obviously impossible to publish it all. The recent letter was necessary to answer the suggestion that the agreement between errors put in and corrections obtained from the L.S. solution was not very close. It seemed sufficient to give the list of errors and corrections, leaving readers to judge for themselves. The correlation coefficient from the two sets of figures was 0.78, which looked quiteg90d. Unfortunately, it was not realized before that corrections from a L.S. solution cannot, legitimately, be compared with errors put in on directions unless a station correction is first applied to the errors to make the sum of the errors at each station equal to zero. This is one of the points about the direction method of adjustment which is not very easy to understand.     

Doppler Surveying with the JMR-1 Receiver

Geoceiver observations of Navy Navigational Satellites are generally reduced by the Method of Independent Point Positioning using the NSWC Precise Ephemeris. With this approach RMS Errors on the order of one meter have been demonstrated for relative geodetic positioning based on reduction of approximately 40 passes per station. Under the same circumstances, but with the Broadcast Ephemeris being used in place of the Precise Ephemeris, accuracies on the order of 3 to 5 meters are normally to be expected. Here, the more rigorous Short Arc Method can be used to significant advantage to overcome the shortcomings of the Broadcast Ephemeris. Results of a recent field test involving a net occupied by four JMR-1 Doppler Receivers show that the Short Arc Method can produce relative accuracies of better than one meter from as few as 25 passes per station when the Broadcast Ephemeris is used.     

Undulation and anomaly estimation using Geos-3 altimeter data without precise satellite orbits

The paper describes results obtained from the processing of 53 Geos-3 arcs of altimeter data obtained during the first weeks after the launch of the satellite in April, 1975. The measurement from the satellite to the ocean surface was used to obtain an approximate geoid undulation which was contaminated by long wavelength errors caused primarily by altimeter bias and orbit error. This long wavelength error was reduced by fitting with a low degree polynomial the raw undulation data to the undulations implied by the GEM 7 potential coefficients, in an adjustment process that included conditions on tracks that cross. The root mean square crossover discrepancy before this adjustment was ±12.4 meters while after the adjustment it was ±0.9 m. These adjusted undulations were used to construct a geoid map in the Geos-3 calibration area using a least squares filter to remove remaining noise in the undulations. Comparing these undulations to ones computed from potential coefficients and terrestrial gravity data indicates a mean difference of 0.25 m and a root mean square difference of ±1.92 m. The adjusted undulations were also used to estimate several 5^o, 2^o, and 1^o anomalies using the method of least squares collocation. The resulting predictions agreed well with known values although the 1^o x 1^o anomalies could not be considered as reliably determined.     

Nonlinear Adjustment of GPS Observations of Type Pseudo-Ranges

The nonlinear adjustment of GPS observations of type pseudo-ranges is performed in two steps. In step one a combinatorial minimal subset of observations is constructed which is rigorously converted into station coordinates by means of Groebner basis algorithm or the multipolynomial resultant algorithm. The combinatorial solution points in a polyhedron are reduced to their barycentric in step two by means of their weighted mean. Such a weighted mean of the polyhedron points in ℝ³ is generated via the Error Propagation law/variance-covariance propagation. The Fast Nonlinear Adjustment Algorithm (FNon Ad Al) has been already proposed by Gauss whose work was published posthumously and Jacobi (1841). The algorithm, here referred to as the Gauss-Jacobi Combinatorial algorithm, solves the over-determined GPS pseudo-ranging problem without reverting to iterative or linearization procedure except for the second moment (Variance-Covariance propagation). The results compared well with the solutions obtained using the linearized least squares approach giving legitimacy to the Gauss-Jacobi combinatorial procedure. ? 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

海洋重力测量误差补偿两步处理法

基于工程化应用的需要，对笔者原来提出的两种海洋重力测量误差补偿方法进行了简化，把原来严密的自检校平差简化为两步处理法，并深入分析了简化方法的技术和适用范围。利用一个实际观测网数据验证了两步处理法的有效性和可靠性。     

DORIS Contribution to ITRF2005

We examine the contribution of the Doppler Orbit determination and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) technique to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2005) by evaluating the quality of the submitted solutions as well as that of the frame parameters, especially the origin and the scale. Unlike the previous versions of the ITRF, ITRF2005 is constructed with input data in the form of time-series of station positions (weekly for satellite techniques and daily for VLBI) and daily Earth orientation parameters (EOPs), including full variance–covariance information. Analysis of the DORIS station positions’ time-series indicates an internal precision reaching 15 mm or better, at a weekly sampling. A cumulative solution using 12 years of weekly time-series was obtained and compared to a similar International GNSS Service (IGS) GPS solution (at 37 co-located sites) yielding a weighted root mean scatter (WRMS) of the order of 8 mm in position (at the epoch of minimum variance) and about 2.5 mm/year in velocity. The quality of this cumulative solution resulting from the combination of two individual DORIS solutions is better than any individual solution. A quality assessment of polar motion embedded in the contributed DORIS solutions is performed by comparison with the results of other space-geodetic techniques and in particular GPS. The inferred WRMS of polar motion varies significantly from one DORIS solution to another and is between 0.5 and 2 mas, depending on the strategy used and in particular estimating or not polar motion rate by the analysis centers. This particular aspect certainly needs more investigation by the DORIS Analysis Centers.     

Accuracy analysis for the NAD 83 geodetic reference system

The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) provides horizontal coordinates for more than 250,000 geodetic stations. These coordinates were derived by a least squares adjustment of existing terrestrial and space-based geodetic data. For pairs of first order stations with interstation distances between 10km and 100km, therms discrepancy between distances derived fromNAD 83 coordinates and distances derived from independentGPS data may be suitably approximated by the empirical rulee=0.008 K^0.7 where e denotes therms discrepancy in meters and K denotes interstation distance in kilometers. For the same station pairs, therms discrepancy in azimuth may be approximated by the empirical rule e=0.020 K^0.5. Similar formulas characterize therms discrepancies for pairs involving second and third order stations. Distance and orientation accuracies, moreover, are well within adopted standards. While these expressions indicate that the magnitudes of relative positional accuracies depend on station order, absolute positional accuracies are similar in magnitude for first, second, and third order stations. Adjustment residuals reveal a few local problems with theNAD 83 coordinates and with the weights assigned to certain classes of observations.     

Applications of an orbiting gravity gradiometer

Considering present attempts to develop a gradiometer with an accuracy between 10⁻³ E and 10⁻⁴ E, two applications for such a device have been studied: (a) mapping the gravitational field of the Earth, and (b) estimating the geocentric distance of a satellite carrying the instrument. Given a certain power spectrum for the signal and 10⁻⁴ E (rms) of white measurement noise, the results of an error analysis indicate that a six-month mission in polar orbit at a height of 200 km, with samples taken every three seconds, should provide data for estimating the spherical harmonic potential coefficients up to degree and order 300 with less than 50% error, and improve the coefficients through degree 30 by up to four orders of magnitude compared to existing models. A simulation study based on numerical orbit integrations suggests that a simple adjustment of the initial conditions based on gradiometer data could produce orbits where the geocentric distance is accurate to 10 cm or better, provided the orbits are 2000 km high and some improvement in the gravity field up to degree 30 is first achieved. In this sense, the gravity-mapping capability of the gradiometer complements its use in orbit refinement. This idea can be of use in determining orbits for satellite altimetry. Furthermore, by tracking the gradiometer-carrying spacecraft when it passes nearly above a terrestrial station, the geocentric distance of this station can also be estimated to about one decimeter accuracy. This principle could be used in combination with VLBI and other modern methods to set up a world-wide 3-D network of high accuracy.     

BDS/GPS工程控制网质量分析

针对北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)建立工程控制网的应用问题,以广东省域内某控制网为实例,分别从观测数据质量情况、基线解算与平差精度、坐标结果差异性等指标,与GPS进行对比,验证了BDS系统建立工程控制网的可行性.结果表明,BDS可见卫星数与GPS相差不大,BDS的基线解算与平差精度整体略低于GPS,且在U方向上相对更为明显.当测站数据质量较好时,BDS/GPS坐标结果平均只有毫米级的差异,完全可替代GPS作为最终成果;当测站数据质量较差时,坐标结果平均有毫米级至厘米级的差异,可满足一般工程控制网的要求.     

M_DCB: Matlab code for estimating GNSS satellite and receiver differential code biases

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have been widely used to monitor variations in the earth’s ionosphere by estimating total electron content (TEC) using dual-frequency observations. Differential code biases (DCBs) are one of the important error sources in estimating precise TEC from GNSS data. The International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Centers have routinely provided DCB estimates for GNSS satellites and IGS ground receivers, but the DCBs for regional and local network receivers are not provided. Furthermore, the DCB values of GNSS satellites or receivers are assumed to be constant over 1?day or 1?month, which is not always the case. We describe Matlab code to estimate GNSS satellite and receiver DCBs for time intervals from hours to days; the software is called M_DCB. The DCBs of GNSS satellites and ground receivers are tested and evaluated using data from the IGS GNSS network. The estimates from M_DCB show good agreement with the IGS Analysis Centers with a mean difference of less than 0.7?ns and an RMS of less than 0.4?ns, even for a single station DCB estimate.     

Use of generalised Procrustes analysis for the photogrammetric block adjustment by independent models

The paper reviews at first some aspects of the generalised Procrustes analysis (GP) and outlines the analogies with the block adjustment by independent models. On this basis, an innovative solution of the block adjustment problem by Procrustes algorithms and the related computer program implementation are presented and discussed.The main advantage of the new proposed method is that it avoids the conventional least squares solution. For this reason, linearisation algorithms and the knowledge of a priori approximate values for the unknown parameters are not required. Once the model coordinates of the tie points are available and at least three control points are known, the Procrustes algorithms can directly provide, without further information, the tie point ground coordinates and the exterior orientation parameters.Furthermore, some numerical block adjustment solutions obtained by the new method in different areas of North Italy are compared to the conventional solution. The very simple data input process, the less memory requirements, the low computing time and the same level of accuracy that characterise the new algorithm with respect to a conventional one are verified with these tests.A block adjustment of 11 models, with 44 tie points and 14 control points, takes just a few seconds on an Intel PIII 400 MHz computer, and the total data memory required is less than twice the allocated space for the input data. This is because most of the computations are carried out on data matrices of limited size, typically 3×3.     

Principle, software and experiment of GPS-supported aerotriangulation

1 IntroductionAs is now well known, the high accurate point de-termination with airborne remOe sensing data hasalways ben one of the most fundaxnental prObletns..in aerial photOgrammtry. According to the princi-ple of the geOmtry reversal in photOgramrntry,the interior and exterior orientation elements ofaerial phOtOgraphs must first be known in order toreconstnJct the measuring stereo geometric medels.For the past 60 years, however, the interior orienta-tion parameters of carnera were main…     

基于精密单点定位技术的航空测量应用实践

讨论了基于精密单点定位技术来实现无地面基准站的航空测量。计算结果表明，用观测值的验后残差计算得到的实测动态及静态模拟动态进行精密单点定位的三维RMS均优于3cm；用动态数据精密单点定位的结果同多基准站的双差解求较差计算出的RMS．南北分量和东西分量均优于5cm，高程分量优于10cm；用基准站的静态数据模拟动态单点定位解算得到的坐标同已知坐标求较差计算出的RMS，南北分量和东西分量均优于3cm，高程分量优于5cm。