The inner ramp facies of the Thanetian Lockhart Formation,western Salt Range,Indus Basin,Pakistan

The Lockhart Formation from a major carbonate unit of the Paleocene Charrat Group in Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan represents a larger foraminiferal–algal build up deposited in a cyclic sequence of the carbonate ramp. The foraminiferal–algal assemblages of the Lockhart Formation are correlated here to larger foraminiferal biostratigraphic zone, i.e. Shallow Benthic Zone (SBZ3) of the Thanetian Age. Inner ramp lagoon, shoal and fore shoal open marine are three main facies associations represented by wackstone and packstone foraminiferal–algal deposits. These facies are present in a cyclic order and displayed a retrograding carbonate ramp indicating the Thanetian transgressive deposits associated with eustatic sea level rise. The correlation of the microfacies of the Lockhart Formation (Upper Indus Basin) and facies of the Dungan Formation (Lower Indus Basin) provide detailed configuration of the depositional setting of the Indus Basin during the time interval represented by the Thanetian Zone SBZ3.     

Sedimentary Characteristics and Reservoir Prediction of Paleogene in the East Part of Kuqa Foreland Basin

Being one of the largest gas fields ever discov-ered in the continental exploration of China , theKela-2 gas field in the Tari m basin has become afoundation for the reliable production of gas re-sources for the “West-to-East Gas Transmission”project . The Kuqa depressionis one of the most eco-nomically i mportant oil and gas prospecting districtsin the Tari mbasin, with a giant gas fieldfoundinitsnorthern central area . Many previous studies haveshown that the Paleogene Kuqa depression …     

碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩混合地层沉积特征与演化－以神木气田太原组为例

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘的神木气田太原组为特征性的碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩互层含煤岩系.近期天然气勘探证实其具有良好的开发潜力.为指导神木气田太原组开发和盆地太原组储层勘探,根据测井、录井、常规薄片、铸体薄片、物性和粒度资料,结合岩芯描述,研究了神木气田太原组地层组合、沉积特征、沉积环境演化、砂体宽度以及沉积相对储层控制作用.太原组地...     

伊犁盆地南缘西段中下侏罗统水西沟群沉积体系及其对铀成矿的控制作用

通过野外地质露头和钻孔岩心观察以及对大量钻孔岩心编录和测井解释资料的综合统计分析,笔者将伊犁盆地南缘西段中下侏罗统水西沟群划分出4个大的沉积体系:八道湾组(J1b)的冲积扇沉积体系、三工河组—西山窑组一段的辫状河三角洲沉积体系、西山窑组二段至三段的浅湖沼泽沉积体系和西山窑组四段至五段的曲流河三角洲沉积体系。文中详细讨论了伊犁盆地南缘西段水西沟群各沉积体系的沉积相特征,研究了水西沟群沉积体系及沉积相与砂岩型铀矿的成矿关系,指出辫状河三角洲沉积体系是砂岩型铀矿成矿最有利的沉积体系,三角洲前缘河口坝及席状砂亚相、三角洲平原辫状河流亚相、扇中-扇端亚相及三角洲平原分流河道亚相是砂岩型铀矿主要的控矿沉积相。     

西藏措勤盆地下白垩统多巴组沉积环境分析

西藏措勤前陆盆地下白垩统多巴组是一套分布面积广大,比较特征的碳酸盐、陆源碎屑混合沉积的地层,本文通过对几条较完整的主干剖面的详细沉积相分析,揭示了多巴组的主要沉积环境包括潮坪、低能潮下带、近岸碳酸盐台地缓坡、台缘介壳滩及碳酸盐台地等几种主要类型,建立了多巴组的沉积相模式,并指出多巴组的沉积演化主要受控于盆地构造运动和全球海平面变化,这将有助于该地区的构造沉积演化研究。     

川中—川南地区上三叠统沉积相研究

综合分析岩心、露头剖面和测井资料,认为川中—川南地区上三叠统发育三角洲相和湖泊相,其中,三角洲相可进一步划分为三角洲平原、三角洲前缘和前三角洲三个亚相,湖泊相则可细分为滨湖和浅湖两个亚相。不同时期三角洲相和湖泊相发育程度不同。须一段、须三段、须五段和须六段以湖泊沉积为主,由东向西,水体逐渐加深。须二段和须四段以三角洲沉积为主,湖泊沉积分布范围较小。须二段发育时期,研究区北部构造活动强烈,沉积物供给充分,三角洲相主要由北向南延伸;须四段沉积时期,由于北部构造活动逐渐减弱,东南部沉积物供给增加,三角洲相主要由东南向西北方向延伸。随着周缘构造活动的变化,研究区沉积范围逐渐扩大。早期沉积范围仅局限于宜宾—泸州以北地区,中晚期沉积范围扩大,宜宾—泸州以南地区开始接收沉积。     

Sedimentological characteristics and facies of the evaporite-bearing Kirmir Formation (Neogene), Beypazari Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey

A thick sedimentary sequence comprising fluvial, lacustrine and volcano-sedimentary rocks is present in the Neogene Beypazari Basin, central Anatolia. These units display considerable lateral facies variation and interfinger with alkaline volcanic rocks along the north-eastern margin of the basin. The uppermost Miocene Kirmir Formation contains numerous evaporite horizons. The evaporite sequence is up to 250 m thick and may be divided into four lithofacies. In ascending stratigraphical order these are: (1) gypsiferous claystone facies, (2) thenardite-glauberite facies, (3) laminar gypsum facies and (4) crystalline gypsum facies. These facies interfinger with one another laterally along a section from the margins to central parts of the basin. The lithological and sedimentological features of the Kirmir Formation indicate fluvial, saline playa mudflat, hypersaline ephemeral playa lake and very shallow subaqueous playa lake depositional environments, which probably were influenced by alternating semi-arid and evaporative conditions.     

Study on the geochemical correlation of crude oils of Palaeocene and Jurassic ages from the Potowar Indus Basin in northern Pakistan

This study deals with a detailed geochemical characterization of three crude oils from the Upper Indus Basin, Punjab, Pakistan. The samples were obtained from three productive oil fields of the Datta Formation (Jurassic), Lochhart (Palaeocene) and the Dhak Pass zone (Palaeocene). The GC parameters for and the bulk properties of Datta Formation oils are essentially coincident with those of the oils from the Dhak Pass Formation in the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan and the oils likely originate from a marine source rock. In contrast, the Lockhart Formation oils show different behaviors and seem to be originated from dirty carbonate rocks although all three crude oils are mature, being of non-biodegraded and somewhat mixed organic matter origin. Low Pr/Ph values and high C₃₅ homohopane index for the Lockhart Formation oils suggest a source of anoxic environment with low Eh while oils from the Datta Formation and Dhak Pass Formation showed different trends, i.e., lower values of C₃₅ homohopane index indicating different depositional environment than oil from the Lockhart Formation. All three crude oils from the Upper Indus Basin are mature for the hopane ratios, i.e., Ts/Ts+Tm, C₃₂22S/(S+R) and C₃₀ αβ/(αβ+βα) and sterane ratios, i.e., C₂₉22S/(S+R) and C₂₉ββ/(ββ+αα) but oils from the Lockhart Formation seem to be less mature than those from the Palaeocene and Datta Formation according to plots like API° vs. homohopane Index, Pr/Ph vs. sterane. The relative composition of 5α(H), 14β(H), 17β(H)-24-ethylecholestanes and the C₂₉20S/20S+20R index, indicate that all three crude oils are equally mature, which makes it unlikely with respect to the above said plots. This difference is may be due to the migratory chromatography which alters the concentrations of sterane and hoapnes and hence gives different results. These oils do not exhibit UCM and have complete n-alkane profiles indicating non-biodegradation.     

准噶尔盆地东北缘早石炭世南明水组沉积环境及构造背景分析

准噶尔盆地东北缘发育的下石炭统南明水组沉积岩是对晚古生代北疆地区洋壳俯冲消减作用的沉积响应。本次研究在南明水组地层中发现丰富的遗迹化石:Scalarituba, Planolites,Cosmorhaphe,Spirophycus和Helminthoida。岩性组合特征和遗迹化石所代表的遗迹相,反映了南明水组的主要沉积相类型为扇三角洲前缘、浅海、深海-半深海,从下往上为一个由浅变深再变浅的不对称的完整层序。南明水组的岩性、层序演化以及砂、泥岩地球化学特征表明,该套地层发育的构造背景为弧后盆地。早石炭世准噶尔盆地东部存在的洋壳俯冲消减作用是研究区弧后盆地发育的动力机制。     

青海聚乎更矿区三露天井田中侏罗统沉积环境

青海聚乎更矿区是全球陆域中纬度地区天然气水合物的首要发现地,水合物储存层位主要为该矿区三露天井田的中侏罗世含煤岩系。依据钻孔岩心及测井曲线,对该矿区三露天井田含煤岩系进行沉 积环境分析,在单孔沉积相及沉积相断面图分析的基础上,重建研究区的岩相古地理格局。木里组下段岩性主要为细砾岩、含砾粗砂岩及粗砂岩等粗粒岩石,以辫状河为主的沉积环境;木里 组上段岩性以厚层砂岩与厚层煤层互层为特征,反映了水体逐渐加深的过程中发育三角洲为主的沉积环境;江仓组下段以细粒砂岩及泥岩互层夹薄煤层为特征,反映水体进一步加深过程中的三角洲前缘和滨浅湖环境;江仓组上段以油页岩、暗色泥岩为主,含有瓣鳃类化石,反映湖泊为主的沉积环境。     

塔里木盆地东南部石炭系,二叠系沉积与层序特征

塔里木盆地东南部中古炭统一下二叠统是一个顶底为Ⅰ类不整合所限定的二级沉积层序。该层序沉积期，塔里木盆地东南部存在三个古陆，两个浅海海峡，一个半深海斜坡。随着海面上升－静止－下降于不同部位形成了不同沉积体系及组合。海进体系域由中上石炭统的滨岸破坏性三     

Sequence stratigraphy and Quaternary depositional systems in the Sanhu area of the Qaidam Basin,northwest China

The Qaidam Basin is a Mesozoic–Cenozoic compresso-shearing basin in western China. This basin has been subsiding since the Indosinian orogeny, and the subsidence is a strongly inherited feature in its Quaternary development. Five third-order sequences (SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4 and SQ5) were recognised using drilling/logging, coring and seismic data analysis. Each sequence was further divided into transgressive systems tract and regressive systems tract based on the maximum flooding surface. A sequence stratigraphic framework was established that revealed the distribution of sedimentary systems. Seven depositional systems, namely, alluvial fan, fan delta, braided-delta, shore lacustrine, shallow lacustrine, semi-deep lacustrine and incised valley depositional system, were identified from 105 well logs and 2?D seismic lines covering 1600?km. The sedimentary system distribution was identified as follows: (1) large-scale alluvial deposit located on the southern slope and adjacent to Kunlun Mountain and Yaber tectonic zone located northeast of the study area; (2) braided-delta deposits southeast of the Sanhu area; (3) widely developed fan-delta sediments on the base of Qigequan Formation in the Yaber tectonic zone; (4) well-deposited shoal lacustrine facies along the depositional strike in the regressive systems tract; (5) widely distributed shallow lacustrine facies; and (6) incised valley with large lateral extension and incision depth as an entity at the front of the Golmud Basin in the Sanhu area. Two different depositional models, namely, east and west models, were built by conducting an integrated analysis of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary process. In the Sanhu area, the main controlling factors of the sequence architecture and depositional systems associations of the Qigequan Formation are tectonic subsidence and climate change with sediment supply and lake-level fluctuation secondary factors. This case study provides an example of the analyses of sequence stratigraphy and depositional systems in a salinised plateau basin. The approach combines seismic and sedimentary facies analysis to investigate Quaternary deposition and stratigraphy. The low-amplitude tectonic belt on the northern slope and the lithological traps on the southern slope are predicted to be favourable for the lithological gas reservoirs.     

Depositional environment and provenance of Middle Siwalik sediments in Tista valley,Darjiling District,Eastern Himalaya,India

The frontal part of the active, wedge-shaped Indo-Eurasian collision boundary is defined by the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt whose foreland basin accumulated sediments that eventually became part of the thrust belt and is presently exposed as the sedimentary rocks of the Siwalik Group. The rocks of the Siwalik Group have been extensively studied in the western and Nepal Himalaya and have been divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Subgroups. In the Darjiling–Sikkim Himalaya, the Upper Siwalik sequence is not exposed and the Middle Siwalik Subgroup exposed in the Tista river valley of Darjiling Himalaya preserves a ~325 m thick sequence of sandstone, conglomerate and shale. The Middle Siwalik section has been repeated by a number of north dipping thrusts. The sedimentary facies and facies associations within the lithostratigraphic column of the Middle Siwalik rocks show temporal repetition of sedimentary facies associations suggesting oscillation between proximal-, mid- and distal fan setups within a palaeo-alluvial fan depositional environment similar to the depositional setup of the Siwalik sediments in other parts of the Himalaya. These oscillations are probably due to a combination of foreland-ward movement of Himalayan thrusts, climatic variations and mountain-ward shift of fan-apex due to erosion. The Middle Siwalik sediments were derived from Higher- and Lesser Himalayan rocks. Mineral characteristics and modal analysis suggest that sedimentation occurred in humid climatic conditions similar to the moist humid climate of the present day Eastern Himalaya.     

东昆仑东段下三叠统洪水川组沉积序列与盆地构造原型恢复

下三叠统洪水川组沉积地层研究结果表明,洪水川组由底到顶可划分为6个岩性段,一段主要为灰绿-肝红色粗碎屑岩及紫红色细碎屑岩组合;二段主要为灰绿色含砾粗砂岩、粗砂岩夹砾岩组合;三段以深灰色-灰黑色薄层-中薄层灰岩为主,四段主要为浅灰色-灰色中-薄层粉砂岩夹灰色薄层灰岩组合,五段主要为鲍马序列中某几段有规律的浊积岩组合,六段主要为灰色中薄层细砾岩、含细砾粗砂岩、细砂岩夹薄层钙质粉砂岩及灰岩组合。岩石组合及沉积结构构造特征表明,洪水川组一段和二段属于扇三角洲沉积体系,三段和四段属于浅海混积陆棚沉积体系,五段属于半深海-深海浊流沉积体系,六段属于滨浅海沉积体系。洪水川组沉积序列与弧前盆地沉积序列相似,记录了一个弧前盆地初始沉积、正常沉积、晚期沉积等连续的沉积-构造演化过程,认为洪水川组是一套形成于阿尼玛卿-布青山古特提斯洋向北俯冲过程中的弧前盆地的产物,客观记录了东昆仑三叠纪弧前盆地形成及古洋壳俯冲过程。     

会理-会东及邻区中元古代东川群层序地层分析

广泛出露于四川会理－会东及云南东川等地的中元古代东川群地层,由于其中赋存有丰富的矿产资源,包括铜 矿、铁矿等而倍受重视。前人对其地层划分、岩石学及其含矿性等进行了系统的研究,取得了一系列的成果和认识,但尚未对其进行系统的层序地层研究。本文在野外地质考察的基础上,通过室内的详细分析,建立了东川群的沉积层序,即１个Ｉ级层序（时限约２．３亿年）,１２个Ⅱ级层序。     

Sedimentary Characteristics of the Cretaceous in the Songliao Basin

The rupture of the lithosphere in Late Jurassic brought about the eruption of basaltic magma in the Songliao Basin. The evolution of the basin in Cretaceous progressed through six stages: pre-rift doming, extensional fracturing, fault subsidence, fault downwarping, downwarping and shringkage, resulting in the deposition of terrstrial facies nearly 10,000 m thick. There are different depositional sequences in these stages: the depositional period of the Early Cretaceous Shahezi and Yincheng Formations is the development stage of the down-faulted basin, forming a volcanic rock-alluvial fan-fan delta-lacustrine (intercalated with episodic turbidites)-swamp facies sequences; the period of the Early Cretaceous Dengluku Formation is the transformation stage of fault subsidence into fault downwarping of the basin, forming a sequence mainly of alluvial plain-lacustrine facies; the depositional period of the Early Cretaceous Quantou Formation-Late Cretaceous Nenjiang Formation is the downwarping stage of the basin, forming an alluvial plain-delta-lacustrine facies sequence; the period of the Late Cretaceous Sifangtai Formation-Mingshui Formation is the shringkage stage of the basin, forming again a sequence mainly of alluvial plain-alluvial fan and small relict lacustrine facies. These vertical depositional sequences fully display the sedimentary characteristics of a failed continental rift basin. Many facts indicate that the two large-scale lake invasions, synchronous with the global rise of sea level, which took place in the downwarping stage of the basin development, led to the connection between the lake and sea.     

滦平盆地大北沟组—大店子组沉积和地层格架及陆相层型意义

依据大量实测剖面资料初步建立了滦平盆地侏罗－白垩系大北沟－大店子组地层格架,证明盆地在两组沉积期为西南高、东北低的簸箕形,两组地层从西南向东北在地层厚度、沉积旋回组成、相序与环境和标志层的分布等方面均发生规律性变化。地层格架不仅有助于研究盆地形成演化、构造应力条件和火山活动,而且可以确定盆地沉降中心,确定建立地层层型的候选剖面。位于盆地沉降中心的张家沟剖面大北沟组－大店子组以扇三角洲前缘半深湖－深湖相深水沉积为主,由5个完整的沉积旋回（SDC）组成。旋回沉积相序大北沟组由滨浅湖相－前扇三角洲半深湖、深湖相－扇三角洲前缘相构成;大店子组明显水体加深,沉积环境相对单一,地层厚度增大,旋回相序由半深湖、深湖相泥页岩、粉砂岩夹砂岩组成,部分层位为扇三角洲前缘的砂、砾岩层。两组沉积较厚,达665m。并且排除了其它剖面上“蜂窝梁砾岩”（辫状河道－分流河道砾岩）对下伏层侵蚀造成的大北沟组顶部沉积间断,以及“玄武安山岩”喷发活动造成的大店子组顶部地层缺失。张家沟剖面沉积连续、暴露完全、化石极为丰富,是建立侏罗－白垩系临界阶陆相层型的研究界线划分的理想剖面。     

鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长9油层组沉积相及其演化*

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9油层组发育三角洲—湖泊沉积相,三角洲平原分流河道砂体和三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体是最有利的储集砂体。在沉积相研究的基础上,根据单因素分析多因素综合作图法,选取了地层厚度、较深水沉积岩含量、砂岩厚度、砂地比、自生绿泥石分布、古生物化石分布和沉积构造分布等单因素,对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9油层组上下2段的沉积相平面展布特征进行了深入研究,并探讨了其演化规律。研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地以发育多水系、多物源注入的环湖分布的多个三角洲为特色,东北部地区主要发育曲流河三角洲,西部发育辫状河三角洲,其中以三角洲平原分流河道和三角洲前缘水下分流河道微相较为发育。长9₂沉积期,半深湖沉积在盆地内较为局限,长9₁沉积期湖盆初始扩张达到最大范围,湖岸线向陆推移,湖域面积扩大,半深湖沉积较发育。由长9₂沉积期到长9₁沉积期,鄂尔多斯盆地沉积水体经历了由浅变深的过程,由此在长9₂的顶部沉积了一套具有生烃潜力的油页岩。     

川北前陆盆地上三叠统须家河组陆相层序地层

中国中西部前陆盆地大多具有陆内俯冲造山形成的特点,层序地层学在这类前陆盆地中的应用是一个值得研究的新领域。对川北前陆盆地上三叠统须家河组5条露头剖面和1条测井剖面进行详细沉积相分析和层序地层划分,同时阐述了沉积相迁移规律、层序界面类型、层序发育特征及基准面变化;将川北前陆盆地上三叠统须家河组划分为4个三级层序(TS1,TS2,TS3和TS4)。大竹、开江一带须家河组沉积厚度为400～600m,4个层序发育完整;向北东至万源一带地层变薄至100余m,保存残留不全的须家河组只能归为1个三级层序(TS4)。在露头剖面和测井剖面层序地层划分的基础上建立的层序地层格架表明:TS1—TS2以曲流河及曲流河三角洲沉积体系为主,盆地处于稳定坳陷和慢速充填的欠补偿状态,TS3—TS4以冲积扇、辫状河及辫状河三角洲沉积体系为主,盆地处于强烈坳陷和快速充填的过补偿状态。沉积相的时空叠置样式受北部秦岭造山带构造活动的制约作用较为明显。     

A Periglacial Palaeoenvionment in the Upper Carboniferous–Lower Permian Tobra Formation of the Salt Range, Pakistan

The Upper Carboniferous—Lower Permian(Upper Pennsylvanian-Asselian) Tobra Formation is exposed in the Salt and Trans Indus ranges of Pakistan.The formation exhibits an alluvial plain(alluvial fan-piedmont alluvial plain) facies association in the Salt Range and Khisor Range.In addition,a stream flow facies association is restricted to the eastern Salt Range.The alluvial plain facies association is comprised of clast-supported massive conglomerate(Gmc),diamictite(Dm)facies,and massive sandstone(Sm) Hthofacies whereas the stream flow-dominated alluvial plain facies association includes fine-grained sandstone and siltstone(Fss),fining upwards pebbly sandstone(Sf),and massive mudstone(Fm) Hthofacies.The lack of glacial signatures(particularly glacial grooves and striatums) in the deposits in the Tobra Formation,which are,in contrast,present in their timeequivalent and palaeogeographically nearby strata of the Arabian peninsula,e.g.the AI Khlata Formation of Oman and Unayzah B member of the Saudi Arabia,suggests a pro-to periglacial,i.e.glaciofluvial depositional setting for the Tobra Formation.The sedimentology of the Tobra Formation attests that the Salt Range,Pakistan,occupied a palaeogeographic position just beyond the maximum glacial extent during Upper Pennsylvanian-Asselian time.