新疆冬季低层大气气溶胶粒子的垂直分布特征

根据1987年冬季人工增雪飞机在乌鲁木齐，克拉玛依、伊犁和库尔勒等机场垂直起降和盘旋飞行中所获得的大量气溶胶粒子资料，分析研究了新疆冬季低层大气（海拔500～3500m）气溶胶粒子浓度和尺度谱的垂直分布及日变化特征。     

气溶胶吸收光学特性对低层大气短波加热率的影响

根据气溶胶折射指数的参数化方法确定其虚部ｋ的日变化，并考虑其对短波加热率的影响，发现用ｋ的日平均值代替其逐时值计算大气气溶胶国中热率，将所得结果增大最大增值可达１．６℃／ｄ。     

青藏高原五道梁低层大气气溶胶来源的初步分析：Ⅱ.源地和输送

基于对五道梁大气气溶胶来源的分析结果和青藏高原及其附近地区环流和天气特征，根据各源气溶胶的浓度变化与单站气象要素变化的关系，讨论了气溶胶的源区和输送。五道梁有两个稳定的污染排放源，全年均对该地低层大气有影响。     

辽宁地区大气气溶胶粒子的垂直分布特征

详细分析了１９９６、１９９７年春末夏初在辽宁省进行的大气气深胶飞机观测的０～５ｋｍ气深胶粒子数深度和尺度谱分布的垂直、水平变化,初步讨论了它们与温度和相对温度的关系。结果表明,混合层顶上下粒子数深度具有不同的垂直分布特征;粒子谱受不同形成机制影响,表现为多峰分布;水平方向上气溶胶粒子数浓度存在显著变化;温度层结和相对温度对气溶胶粒子的浓度和谱分布有明显影响。     

北京地区春季气溶胶分布特征的个例分析

为探讨北京地区春季气溶胶分布特征,利用机载PMS资料中的Probe PCASP-100X数据,分析了2005年4月2日和4月17日北京地区的气溶胶垂直、水平分布的特征,并初步讨论了气象因子和城市对气溶胶的影响.结果表明,4月2日的气溶胶平均浓度为1422.7cm-3,4月17日的平均浓度为2142.1cm-3,平均直径分别为0.22μm和0.25μm.4月2日和4月17日在北京沙河机场气溶胶数浓度垂直变化较大,混合层顶上下具有不同的垂直分布特征,温度层结对气溶胶浓度的分布有重要影响,气溶胶水平分布不均匀,北京市区的气溶胶浓度较大.     

大气气溶胶尺度分布分形特征研究

气溶胶作为大气环境中的重要组成部分,具有复杂的尺度分布结构。为研究其尺度分布特征,采用分形理论首先论述了常用的气溶胶谱分布函数具有分形不变性,然后在分形理论的指导下分别建立了气溶胶粒子和体积分形统计模型,而且以AERONET相关数据验证了分形模型的有效性和实用性,并采用分段分形的方法改进了气溶胶体积分形模型。最后分析研究了分维数的实用意义和分布情况,讨论了气溶胶分维数变化和粒度分布的关系。结果表明：气溶胶粒子数和体积分维数之间存在线性关系,上半年的大气溶胶粒子数分维数的变化幅度明显小于下半年的变化幅度;研究区域大气气溶胶中细粒子分布比较密集,大粒子分布比较分散。分形理论为研究大气气溶胶的尺度分布特征提供了新的方法与手段,具有广阔的研究与应用前景。     

黄山大气气溶胶浓度和尺宽谱分布特征

1988年9月与1989年5月,我们用DL-8318型多道光学粒子计数器在黄山光明顶气象站进行了大气气溶胶的观测。初步得出:黄山大气气溶胶粒子浓度较低,其谱分布模式符合Junge提出的幂指数律谱分布函数,平均相对误差为19%,相关系数为0.99。     

全球不同类型气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布特征

利用MERRA-2(第2版现代研究与应用再分析)资料分析了1980-2017年全球硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳、海盐、沙尘及总气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布特征;选取了北美、北非、南非、印度、中国和印度洋6个典型区域研究了硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳、海盐和沙尘气溶胶对总气溶胶光学厚度的贡献率。结果表明,硫酸盐、黑碳、有机碳、海盐和沙尘气溶胶在全球非均匀分布,并且具有季节变化;全球总气溶胶的光学厚度(Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD)在夏季最大(0.137),春季次之(0.130),冬季最小(0.118);在6个典型区域里,北非地区总气溶胶的光学厚度最大,为0.43;其次是中国的东部地区,为0.41;每个区域其主要气溶胶的类型并不相同,在北美、中国东部及印度中部地区,硫酸盐是主导的气溶胶类型,贡献率分别为66%,63%和42%,在印度洋、南非及北非地区,海盐、有机碳和沙尘分别是最主要的气溶胶类型,贡献率分别为65%,51%和82%;对于黑碳、硫酸盐和总气溶胶,中国东部地区和印度中部地区有较为明显的增长趋势,其中总气溶胶光学厚度的线性增长率分别为0.007 a^-1和0.0056 a^-1,但在2010年以后,中国东部地区出现明显的下降。     

华北地区气溶胶垂直分布特征的观测与分析

利用2006 2013年CALIOP激光雷达Level 1B数据的气溶胶衰减后向散射系数、退偏比和色比观测,分析了华北地区大气气溶胶光学特性的垂直分布特征。统计结果显示:2010-2013年,华北地区4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈减小的趋势,而0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值呈增长趋势。说明2010年以后近地面层(0-2 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐增强,高层(4-8 km)气溶胶散射作用逐渐降低,这与近年华北地区霾天气(颗粒物主要聚集在近地层)日趋增加、沙尘天气(沙尘气溶胶层经常存在于4-8 km的范围)有所减少相吻合。20062013年,华北地区冬季0-4 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值最大,近地面层气溶胶散射作用最大,这与该地区冬季取暖燃烧排放增加有关。春、秋两季4-8 km高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均值较大,夏季0-8 km各高度范围内衰减后向散射系数均最小,说明春、秋季节的气溶胶散射贡献主要来自4-8 km的对流层上部大气。春季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北地区春季频发的沙尘天气有关,秋季对流层上部的高后向散射系数与华北收获季节的生物质燃烧有关。2008年以后,华北地区2-8 km范围内各高度层的退偏比均值逐年减小,这说明规则的球形气溶胶粒子在近几年有所增加。0-4 km范围的低层大气,2009年后色比均值缓慢增加。而6-8 km范围内的色比均值从2008年后一直都是减小的,说明2008年后对流层上部大气(4-8 km)气溶胶粒子的尺度在减小,这也与近几年沙尘天气减少、霾天数增加的现象是一致的。0-8 km各个高度范围内的退偏比和色比均值春季最大,且退偏比随着高度的增加而增加,再次证明春季华北受沙尘天气影响,不规则的粗粒子气溶胶最多。夏、冬季节近地面层(0-2km)退偏比和色比均值略大于2-4 km高度层的,夏、冬两季近地面主要以人为活动排放的气溶胶为主,冬季除了汽车尾气排放和工业排放外,还有取暖增加的排放。近地面层易受人为活动影响混合一些不规则气溶胶。     

近地层大气气溶胶对曙暮光辐射强度和天空颜色的影响

采用离散坐标法(DISORT)辐射传输软件包UVSPEC的伪球面模式,计算了300～850 nm波段曙暮光时期地面不同观测仰角的辐射强度和天空颜色.模式选取美国标准大气(U.S. 1976),考虑多次散射效应及水汽、臭氧和二氧化碳的吸收.分析研究了近地层大气不同气溶胶光学厚度时曙暮光天空辐射强度和颜色指数随太阳天顶角和观测仰角的变化.结果表明,曙暮光时天空的红蓝光颜色指数随近地层大气气溶胶光学厚度的变化显著.此方法理论上可以用于近地层气溶胶光学厚度的反演测量.     

北京地区气溶胶粒度谱分布初步研究

对北京地区气溶胶数浓度及其谱分布特征进行了初步研究,重点探讨了气溶胶数浓度分布与相对湿度的关系。研究结果表明,气溶胶浓度和谱分布存在明显的日变化和逐日变化,并在很大程度上受空气相对湿度和里查森数影响。     

广东省风速极值I型分布参数估计方法的比较

利用广东省86个气象站1951—2003年的年最大风速序列资料,应用极值I型分布函数对各站的年极值风速进行了概率计算,计算过程中极值I型分布函数分别采用了3种参数估计方法矩法、耿贝尔法和极大似然法,结合3种表征参数估计优良性的指标,对不同的参数估计方法进行了比较,结果表明大多数情况下采用耿贝尔法时拟合效果最好,即使在矩法或极大似然法为优的情况下,其拟合优良性指标与耿贝尔法也较为接近。     

Analysis of Low-level Temperature Inversions and Their Effects on Aerosols in the Lower Atmosphere

High-quality and continuous radiosonde, aerosol and surface meteorology datasets are used to investigate the statistical characteristics of meteorological parameters and their effects on aerosols. The data were collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains climate research facility during 2000–15. The parameters and vertical distribution of temperature inversion layers were found to have strong diurnal and seasonal changes. For surface-based temperature inversion (SBI), the mean frequency and depth of temperature inversion layers were 39.4% and 198 m, respectively. The temperature difference between the top and bottom of SBI was 4.8℃, and so the temperature gradient was 2.4℃ (100 m)^?1. The detailed vertical distributions of temperature inversion had been determined, and only the temperature inversion layers below 1000 m showed diurnal and seasonal variations. Mean surface aerosol number concentrations increased by 43.0%, 21.9% and 49.2% when SBIs were present at 0530, 1730 and 2330 LST, respectively. The effect of SBI on surface aerosol concentration was weakest in summer (18.1%) and strongest in winter (58.4%). During elevated temperature inversion events, there was no noticeable difference in surface aerosol number concentrations. Temperature differences and temperature gradients across SBIs correlated fairly well with aerosol number concentrations, especially for temperature gradients. The vertical distribution of aerosol optical properties with and without temperature inversions was different. Surface aerosol measurements were representative of the air within (below), but not above, SBIs and EIs. These results provide a basis for developing a boundary layer aerosol accumulation model and for improving radiative transfer models in the lower atmosphere.     

Statistical Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution in the South China Monsoon Region (Guangdong Province)

While heavy rainfall frequently takes place in southern China during summer monsoon seasons,quantitative precipitation forecast skills are relatively poor.Therefore,detailed knowledge about the raindrop size distribution(DSD)is useful in improving the quantitative precipitation estimation and forecast.Based on the data during 2018-2022 from 86stations in a ground-based optical disdrometer measurement network,the characteristics of the DSD in Guangdong province are investigated in terms of the pa...     

Actinic Radiation and Photolysis Processes in the Lower Troposphere: Effect of Clouds and Aerosols

Within the German Tropospheric Research Program (TFS) a series of projects were performed focussing on aspects of radiation transfer and the effects of UV-radiation on air chemistry. The individual projects covered laboratory investigations, instrument development for photolysis processes as well as field studies of actinic radiation and comparison to model calculations. One and three-dimensional models were tested against field campaign data. The results confirm the improvement of measurement technology achieved through deployment of new techniques like spectroradiometry that offer a wider range of investigations than was previously attainable using chemical actinometry or fixed wavelength filter radiometry. Reasonable agreement was also found between measurements and models for a few selected and well defined cloudy conditions. On the other hand, using simple stratiform geometry models yielded significant deviations between measurement and model in both directions particularly in the case of high zenith angles and with high aerosol load. Further tools both for experimental investigations and for model calculations were developed within the framework of the Troposphere Research Program (TFS) and deficiencies were identified demanding further investigations when broken clouds and more complex cloud layers prevail.     

广东省前汛期降水分布趋势的分析与预测

利用模糊聚类分析方法将广东省前汛期降水的分布趋势进行分类。取各类的代表站进行对应分析,用前两个公共因子对汛期降水的分布趋势进行分类,分析各类的500 hPa平均高度场及它们之间的差异。同时研究各类前冬（1,2月）500 hPa环流形势的演变特点和海温场（12～2月）的分布。最后求得前两个载荷变量的预测值,作出汛期降水分布趋势预报。     

Characteristics of Spatiotemporal Distribution of Sea Surface Wind along the East Coast of Guangdong Province

We analyzed the frequency distribution characteristics of wind speeds occurring at different offshore sites within a range of 0–200 km based on the sea surface wind data captured via buoys and oil platforms located along the east coast of Guangdong Province. The results of the analysis showed that average wind speed measured for each station reached a maximum in winter while minima occurred in summer, corresponding to obvious seasonal variation, and average wind speed increased with offshore distance. The prevailing wind direction at the nearshore site is the easterly wind, and the frequency of winds within 6–10 m s^–1 is considerable with that of winds at > 10 m s^–1. With the increase of the offshore distance, the winds were less affected by the land, and the prevailing wind direction gradually became northerly winds, predominately those at > 10 m s^–1. For areas of shorter offshore distance (< 100 km), surface wind speeds fundamentally conformed to a two-parameter Weibull distribution, but there was a significant difference between wind speed probability distributions and the Weibull distribution in areas more than 100 km offshore. The mean wind speeds and wind speed standard deviations increased with the offshore distance, indicating that with the increase of the wind speed, the pulsation of the winds increased obviously, resulting in an increase in the ratio of the mean wind speed to the standard deviation of wind speed. When the ratio was large, the skewness became negative. When a relatively great degree of dispersion was noted between the observed skewness and the skewness corresponding to the theoretical Weibull curve, the wind speed probability distribution could not be adequately described by a Weibull distribution. This study provides a basis for the verification of the adaptability of Weibull distribution in different sea areas.     

广东地闪时空特征及与降水关系分析

利用2016—2020年粤港澳闪电定位数据和广东86个国家地面观测站逐小时降水资料,分析了广东地闪频次和地闪强度的时空分布特征,以及地闪与降水量、强降水频次之间的相关关系。结果表明：(1)广东逐月地闪频次与降水变化均呈双峰型分布,峰值在6和8月,两者相关系数达到0.95。日变化中,地闪频次高值集中在12:00—20:00,占比为61.4%;地闪频次与逐时雨量均为单峰型,峰值出现在15:00,两者相关系数0.90。(2)地闪密度大值区以广州为中心向四周递减,中心值达到33次/(km²·年)以上;地闪强度分布与地闪密度相反,地闪密度大的地区,其平均地闪强度小。(3)全省大部分地区地闪密度与降水量、强降水频次相关性强,而在粤东及粤北地区相关性较差。相较于降水量,地闪密度大值区与强降水频次的相关性更好;而地闪强度与降水量的相关性,比其与强降水频次相关性要更好。