Classification of oncoids from the upper Jurassic carbonates of the French Jura

Oncoids occur abundantly in Kimmeridgian limestones and dolomitic limestones of the French Jura Mountains. Microscopic study of these oncoids confirms their algal origin. The variable role played by the alga Bacinella irregularis Radioicic in the construction of oncoids leads to the recognition of three main types of laminations: (1) micritic laminations, (2) grumose laminations, (3) organism-bearing laminations. Depending on the relative proportion of each type of lamination in their constructions, three types of oncoids are recognized. A fourth type, devoid of any laminations is formed of an algal mesh.It has been established that the occurrence of Bacinella irregularis Radioicic in the laminations of the three oncoid types I, II and III increases in abundance in that order and ultimately this alga develops a mesh in type IV. The series of oncoids so formed is interpreted as being an expression of increasingly prolonged calm periods in an environment otherwise subjected to intermittent agitation.     

High cadmium concentrations in Jurassic limestone as the cause for elevated cadmium levels in deriving soils: a case study in Lower Burgundy,France

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic element and its presence in the environment needs to be closely monitored. Recent systematic surveys in French soils have revealed the existence of areas in eastern and central France, which show systematically high cadmium concentrations. It has been suggested that at least part of these anomalous levels are of natural origin. For the Lower Burgundy area in particular, a direct heritage from the Jurassic limestone bedrock is highly suspected. This potential relationship has been studied in several localities around Avallon and this study reports new evidence for a direct link between anomalously elevated cadmium contents of Bajocian and Oxfordian limestone and high cadmium concentrations in deriving soils. Soils in this area show cadmium concentrations generally above the average national population values, with contents frequently higher than the ‘upper whisker’ value of 0.8 μg g⁻¹ determined by statistical evaluation. In parallel, limestone rocks studied in the same area exhibit cadmium concentrations frequently exceeding the mean value of 0.030–0.065 μg g⁻¹ previously given for similar rocks by one order of magnitude, with a maximum of 2.6 μg g⁻¹. Mean ratios between the cadmium concentrations of limestone bedrock and deriving soils (Cd_soil/Cd_rock), calculated for different areas, range from 4.6 to 5.7. Calculations based on the analyses of both soils from a restricted area and fragments of bedrock sampled in the immediate vicinity of high-concentration soils are around 5.5–5.7. Cd_soil/Cd_rock is useful in determining the potential of soils in Lower Burgundy to reflect and exacerbate the high concentrations of cadmium present in parent bedrocks.     

Origin of fossil meteorites from Ordovician limestone in Sweden

Based on the analysis of data in [1, 2] on the concentrations of noble gases and the cosmic ray exposure age (CREA) of chromite grains in fossil meteorites, it was demonstrated in [3] that the distributions of gas concentrations and cosmic ray exposure ages can be explained under the assumption of the fall of a single meteorite in the form of a meteorite shower in southern Sweden less than 0.2 Ma after the catastrophic destruction of the parental body (asteroid) of L chondrites in space at approximately 470 Ma. This assumption differs from the conclusion in [1, 2, 4] about the long-lasting (for 1–2 Ma) delivery of L chondrites to the Earth, with the intensity of the flux of this material one to two orders of magnitude greater than now. The analysis of newly obtained data on samples from the Brunflo fossil meteorite [5] corroborates the hypothesis of a meteorite shower produced by the fall of a single meteorite. The possible reason for the detected correlations between the cosmic ray exposure ages of meteorites and the masses of the samples with the ²⁰Ne concentrations can be the occurrence of Ne of anomalous isotopic composition in the meteorites.     

A remarkable example of a Late Jurassic shallow-water ophiuroid assemblage from the Swiss Jura Mountains

Although much effort has been put into attempts to unravel the Mesozoic ophiuroid fossil record, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the geological history of family-level compositions of brittle star assemblages. Here, we describe new ophiuroid material from the Late Oxfordian Bure Member as exposed in a construction site along the federal Highway A16 (Transjurane Highway) near Boncourt–Queue au Loup (Swiss Jura Mountains). The remains are exceptionally well preserved and partially articulated, enabling detailed morphological observations at a level comparable to Recent material. Three species are identified; they are here shown to display unequivocal affinities with extant ophiuroid lineages. The assemblage comprises a new ophiacanthid genus and species, Juracantha hottingeri, which is closely related to extant Ophientrema, an ophiolepidid close to extant Ophiozonella described here as a new genus and species, Eozonella bergeri, and a species previously described as Ophiacantha? francojurassica, which is here reassigned to the extant ophionereidid genus Ophiodoris. The assemblage was found in association with Nanogyra oyster buildups encrusted by serpulids and associated with partially-articulated crinoids, deposited in a shallow subtidal setting. Its family level composition is highly unusual with respect to modern equivalents, and instead is reminiscent of modern bathyal assemblages.     

藏北羌塘盆地羌资1井中侏罗统沥青脉生物标志化合物分布特征及其意义

藏北羌塘盆地羌资1井中侏罗统沥青脉生物标志化合物含有丰富的正烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、萜类化合物和甾类化合物。正烷烃图谱形态以单峰形态占优势,主碳峰以nC₁₆、nC₁₇、为主,次为nC₁₈、nC₂₀、nC₁₅,轻烃组分占有绝对优势,OEP值介于0.69-1.22之间,平均值为0.96,偶碳数优势不明显;Pr/Ph值介于0.35~0.78之间,平均值为0.59,具有明显的植烷优势。萜烷相对丰度表现为五环三萜烷 > 三环萜烷 > 四环萜烷,γ-蜡烷普遍存在,但相对含量较低;甾烷主要为规则甾烷,少量孕甾烷,规则甾烷Σ(C₂₇+C₂₈) > ΣC₂₉,ΣC₂₇/ΣC₂₉介于0.61~2.18之间,平均值为1.06,显示弱的C₂₇甾烷优势或弱的C₂₉甾烷优势。有机质母质构成中,除有丰富的藻类等低等水生生物外,可能还有陆生高等植物输入混合。成熟度参数和镜质体反射率均显示沥青脉中的有机质处于成熟-过成熟阶段。沥青脉形成环境为还原环境。另外,除饱和烃和芳烃含量上有明显差别外,中侏罗统夏里组砂泥岩中的沥青脉与布曲组碳酸盐岩中的沥青脉的生物标志化合物无明显区别。     

富钴结壳关键元素赋存状态与富集机理

富钴结壳是大洋低温海水中的溶解元素在海山边坡沉淀形成的壳状铁锰矿产,广泛分布于全球海山、海底高原斜坡之上,储量巨大。铁锰结壳高度富集Co、Ni、Pt、REE、Te等元素,达到海水丰度的105~1010倍,是未来新能源、高新技术元素的重要来源,具有极大的潜在经济价值。前人通过淋滤实验、吸附实验、现代海洋观测方法、海水化学分析、高分辨率精细矿物学研究等方法对富钴结壳中元素的赋存状态和富集机理进行了广泛而深入的研究。研究结果表明,富钴结壳主要由含铁水羟锰矿和铁氢氧化物组成,在海山附近的海洋化学过程中,含铁水羟锰矿和铁氢氧化物胶体分别优先吸附Co、Ni、Pt、REE和Cu、Pb、Te、REE等元素,表面氧化/置换作用造成了含铁水羟锰矿中Co、Pt、Ni、Ce及铁氢氧化物中Te、Ce的持续积累。富钴结壳极其缓慢的生长速率（1~10 mm/Ma）、超高孔隙度（60%）、极大的体表面积（300 m2/g）都促进了结壳中关键元素的超常富集。对富钴结壳关键元素富集机理的理解是富钴结壳古海洋反演研究的基础,海域富钴结壳地球化学差异的控制因素需要进一步研究,这些关键科学问题的理解有助于富钴结壳资源的勘探工作。     

Lateglacial and early Holocene surface exposure ages of glacial boulders in the Taiwanese high mountain range

Glacial landforms and sediments mapped in three presently unglaciated mountain massifs, the Nanhuta Shan, the Hsueh Shan and the Yushan, support the concept of repeated, multi-stage glaciations in the Taiwanese high mountain range during the late Pleistocene. New results from surface exposure dating using in situ produced cosmogenic ¹⁰Be measured in samples taken from erratic and moraine boulders in Nanhuta Shan at altitudes between 3100 and 3500 m are presented here. The results confirm independent and previously reported Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) ages and ¹⁰Be exposure ages from glacial deposits in the same area and suggest a Lateglacial and early Holocene glaciation, the so called Nanhuta glacier advance with two substages at about 12–15 ka and 9.5 ka BP. The respective equilibrium line altitudes (ELA) were calculated at 3340 m and 3440 m with corresponding ELA depressions of 610 ± 100 m and 510 ± 100 m relative to the present day (theoretical) ELA, which is estimated to be at about 3950 ± 100 m in Taiwan. Large-scale erosional landforms indicate a much wider glacier extent during an earlier stage, which is not dated in Nanhuta Shan so far. Luminescence dating from near Hsueh Shan suggests an age of marine isotope stage (MIS) 4 for this stage.     

Genesis and evolution of a curved mountain front: paleomagnetic and geological evidence from the Gran Sasso range (central Apennines, Italy)

The Gran Sasso range is a striking salient formed by two roughly rectilinear E–W and N–S limbs. In the past 90° counterclockwise (CCW) rotations from the eastern Gran Sasso were reported [Tectonophysics 215 (1992) 335], suggesting west–east increase of rotation-related northward shortening along the E–W limb. In this paper, we report on paleomagnetic data from Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary dykes and strata cropping out at Corno Grande (central part of the E–W Gran Sasso limb), the highest summit of the Apennine belt. Predominant northwestward paleomagnetic declinations (in the normal polarity state) from both sedimentary dykes and strata are observed. When compared to the expected declination values for the Adriatic foreland, our data document no thrusting-related rotation at Corno Grande. The overall paleomagnetic data set coupled with the available geological information shows that the Gran Sasso arc is in fact a composite structure, formed by an unrotated-low shortening western (E–W trending) limb and a strongly CCW rotated eastern salient. Late Messinian and post-early Pliocene shortening episodes documented along the Gran Sasso front indicate that belt building and arc formation occurred during two distinct episodes. We suggest that the southern part of a late Messinian N–S front was reactivated during early–middle Pliocene time, forming a tight range salient due to CCW rotations and differential along-front shortening rates. The formation of a northward displacing bulge in an overall NW–SE chain is likely a consequence of the collision between the Latium-Abruzzi and Apulian carbonate platforms during northeastward propagation of the Apennine wedge, inducing lateral northward extrusion of Latium-Abruzzi carbonates towards ductile basinal sediment areas.     

Origin of dolomite in the Late Jurassic platform carbonates,Bolkar Mountains,Central Taurides,Turkey: Petrographic and geochemical evidence

The Late Jurassic-early Senonian Cehennemdere Formation extending in an E-W direction in a wide area at the south of the Bolkar Mountains (Central Taurides, Turkey) is composed of platform carbonates. The formation was deposited in an environment that was being transformed from a shallow carbonate platform to an open shelf and a continental slope, and was buried until late Paleocene uplift. The formation, with a thickness of about 360 m, was chiefly developed as textures consisting of mudstone and wackestone and has been commonly dolomitized. Based on petrographic and geochemical properties, four types of replacement dolomites and two types of dolomite cements were distinguished. Replacement dolomite (RD), which is cut by low-amplitude stylolites developed as (1) fine crystalline planar-s dolomite (RD1); (2) medium crystalline planar-s dolomite (RD2); (3) medium-coarse crystalline planar-e dolomite (RD3) and; (4) coarse crystalline planar-s (e) dolomite (RD4). Two types of dolomite cements (CD) observed in low abundance and overlie low-amplitude stylolites: (1) coarse crystalline dolomite cement (CD1) filling dissolution voids and fractures in RD1 dolomites, and; (2) rim dolomite cement (CD2) that commonly develops on the space-facing surfaces of RD4 dolomite. Replacement dolomites are non-stoichiometric (Ca_54–59Mg_41–46), have similar geochemical properties, and are generally dull red/non luminescent in appearance. Replacement dolomite is represented by δ¹⁸O values from −4.5 to −0.5‰ VPDB, δ¹³C values of −0.7 to 2.7‰ VPDB, and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios ranging from 0.707178 to 0.707692. Petrographic and geochemical data indicate that replacement dolomite (particularly RD2, RD3, and RD4 dolomite) was formed at shallow-intermediate burial depths during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, from seawater and/or from slightly modified seawater. The replacement dolomite (RD) was then recrystallized at increased burial depths and temperatures. Dolomite cements are similar to replacement dolomites in that they are non-stoichiometric (Ca₅₅Mg₄₅) and have similar trace element compositions. CD1 dolomite, which cuts low-amplitude stylolites, was formed during intermediate to deep burial following stylolite development. CD2 dolomite was precipitated in intercrystal pores in association with RD4 dolomite. Remaining pore space was filled with bitumen.     

Origin of high field strength element enrichment in volcanic arcs: Geochemical evidence from the Sulu Arc, southern Philippines

Lavas from the Sulu Arc, southern Philippines, exhibit an enrichment in high field strength elements (HFSE) that represents a departure from the typical volcanic arc geochemical signature. It has been postulated that this relative enrichment arises from metasomatism of mantle wedge peridotites by melts derived from the subducting oceanic lithosphere, through formation of amphibole which subsequently breaks down and enriches the mantle source of parental arc magmas in HFSE. Divergent chemical and isotopic characteristics between Sulu Arc HFSE-enriched lavas and the Sulu Sea crust being subducted—the presumed source of slab-derived melts—render it unlikely, however, that HFSE enrichment arises from the influence of such melts. New geochemical data suggest that the varying degrees of HFSE enrichment in Sulu Arc lavas are instead the result of variable amounts of mixing between enriched and depleted mantle end-components—the sources of South China Sea intraplate lavas and Sulu seafloor basalts, respectively—within a compositionally heterogeneous mantle wedge.     

The Holocene history of highland pine forests in a submediterranean mountain: the case of Gredos mountain range (Iberian Central range,Spain)

The significance of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra forests in Gredos mountain range in the Iberian botanical literature has been traditionally a matter of controversy. Considered for many botanists to be anthropogenic forests, a high amount of syntaxonomic approaches, cartographies of potential vegetation and dynamic models have been created based on this guesswork.Nevertheless, this work contributes new data that contradicts this previous hypothesis. For the first time, these data prove the existence of a bioclimatic belt where pine trees dominated during the last 6500 years, clarifying its altitudinal range, surface extension, and its stability. The study is based on the analysis of fossil macrorests and megarests, dated using radiocarbon. The results obtained cohere with the suggestions of other authors that assume the native character of P. nigra and P. sylvestris in this area, based on data of diverse origin (palynological, historical, toponymical, dendrochronological or geobotanical).The paper then continues to discuss the geobotanical interpretation of the results and the regional lines of management, as well as the potential causes that could have induced the marked decline of pine forests in the last millennia.     

Nature and origins of internal sediments in Jurassic limestones of Burgundy (Franc) and Fnoud (Algeria)

ABSTRACT Numerous hard-grounds and palaeo-emersion surfaces in Middle Jurassic grainstones of Burgundy (France) and Upper Jurassic micritic limestones of the Fnoud region (Algeria) exhibit a variety of diagenetic cements and internal sediments. Four types of internal sediments have been defined, each being the product of a particular environment: Type 1, unsorted microbioclastic wackestone characterizes submarine hard-grounds; Type 2, pelleted grainstone with inverse graded bedding occurs in microcaverns developed in palaeobeach rocks; Type 3, centrifugal micrite seems to characterize relatively dry supratidal substrates; Type 4, crystal silt is associated with early sparitic cements and dissolution phenomena indicating the influence of non-marine waters. Within a given pore space, a centripetal succession of various cements and internal sediments seems to reflect the lateral evolution of the tidal-flat or beach; at any given pore space interstitial waters have evolved progressively as the intertidal zone advanced or receded. Thus, internal sediments and related early diagenetic phenomena are valid criteria both for particular environments and for the general evolution of the coastal plain. Finally, although internal sediments may accumulate both within grainstones (Burgundy) and mudstone substrates (Fnoud), these textural differences may influence the type and frequency of internal sedimentation. RESUME De multiples ciments diagénétiques et sédiments internes précoces ont été reconnus dans les nombreuses surfaces durcies et surfaces d'émersion des calcaires grainstones du Jurassique moyen de Bourgogne (France) et des calcaires micritiques de la région des Fnoud (Algérie). Quatre types principaux de sédiments internes ont été définis, chacun étant le produit d'un milieu diagénétique particulier; Le Type 1 est un wackestone rnicrobioclastique non classé qui caractérise les surfaces durcies sousmarines; Le Type 2 est un micrograinstone à pellets avec granoclassement inverse qui existe dans les microcavernes developpées dans les paléo-grés de plage; Le Type 3 est une micrite centrifuge qui se developpe dans des conditions supratidales; Le Type 4 consiste en un silt à débris de cristaux, associé aux ciments sparitiques précoces et aux phénomènes de dissolution caractérisant ainsi l'influence d'eaux non marines. Dans un pore donné, la succession centripète entre ciment et sédiments internes reflète I'evolution latérale de la plaine côtière ou de la plage suivant le régime sédimentaire. Dans cet espace poreux, les eaux intersticielles evoluent progressivement au fur et à mesure que la zone intertidale s'accro?t ou se réduit. Ainsi les sédiments internes et les phénomenes diagénétiqués associes constituent de bons critères pour la detérmination d'un environnement particulier et pour retracer I'évolution générale de la plaine côtiere. Enfin, bien que les sediments internes se déposent au sein de calcaires grainstones (Bougogne) ou de calcaires mudstones (Fnoud), les différences texturales du sédiment hôte peuvent influencer sur le type et la fréquence de la sédimentation interne.     

早中生代的华北北部山脉：来自花岗岩的证据

地质历史上何时何地曾经存在过高原或山脉是人们感兴趣的话题,根据花岗岩的地球化学特征（如Sr和Yb）与其形成压力的关系探讨了这种可能性。花岗岩按照Sr和Yb的含量可以分为5类：①埃达克岩（Sr>400×10-6, Yb<2×10-6）、②喜马拉雅型花岗岩（Sr<400×10-6, Yb<2×10-6）、③广西型花岗岩（Sr>400×10-6,Yb>2×10-6）、④浙闽型花岗岩（Sr<400×10-6, Yb>2×10-6）和⑤南岭型花岗岩（Sr<100×10-6, Yb>2×10-6）。其中除了广西型的含义不清楚以外,其他4类花岗岩的差别可能与其形成的深度有关。埃达克岩与残留相榴辉岩平衡,压力通常大于1.5 GPa,相应的地壳厚度超过50 km。喜马拉雅型花岗岩与高压麻粒岩平衡,石榴子石和斜长石是主要的残留相,压力通常在0.8～1.5 GPa之间,相应的地壳厚度在40～50 km之间。浙闽型花岗岩与角闪岩相（斜长石＋角闪石）平衡,压力小于0.8 GPa,相当于正常地壳厚度（30～40 km）。南岭型花岗岩形成于伸展环境,相当于正常或更薄的地壳厚度（30 km或更小）。按照上述标志,根据现有的同位素定年和地球化学资料,在华北北部识别出一个东西向延伸的早中生代的山脉（三叠纪—早侏罗世）,称为华北北部山脉。推测该山脉东西长约3000 km,南北宽200～500 km,高度3000～5000 m。山脉大约在早、中三叠世时开始抬升,至晚三叠世达到顶峰,于早侏罗世后垮塌消失,指示西伯利亚板块和华北地块碰撞导致的一次强烈的挤压构造和快速的抬升事件。     

Origin of planetary cores: evidence from highly siderophile elements in martian meteorites

We present new bulk compositional data for 6 martian meteorites, including highly siderophile elements Ni, Re, Os, Ir and Au. These and literature data are utilized for comparison versus the siderophile systematics of igneous rocks from Earth, the Moon, and the HED asteroid. The siderophile composition of ALH84001 is clearly anomalous. Whether this reflects a more reducing environment on primordial Mars when this ancient rock first crystallized, or secondary alteration, is unclear. QUE94201 shows remarkable similarity with EET79001-B for siderophile as well as lithophile elements; both are extraordinarily depleted in the “noblest” siderophiles (Os and Ir), to roughly 0.00001 × CI chondrites. As in terrestrial igneous rocks, among martian rocks Ni, Os and Ir show strong correlations vs. MgO. In the case of MgO vs. Ni, the martian trend is displaced toward lower Ni by a large factor (5), but the Os and Ir trends are not significantly displaced from their terrestrial counterparts. For Mars, Re shows a rough correlation with MgO, indicating compatible behavior, in contrast to its mildly incompatible behavior on Earth. Among martian MgO-rich rocks, Au shows a weak anticorrelation vs. MgO, resembling the terrestrial distribution except for a displacement toward 2–3 times lower Au. The same elements (Ni, Re, Os, Ir and Au) show similar correlations with Cr substituted for MgO. Data for lunar and HED rocks generally show less clear-cut trends (relatively few MgO-rich samples are available). These trends are exploited to infer the compositions of the primitive Earth, Mars, Moon and HED mantles, by assuming that the trend intercepts the bulk MgO or Cr content of the primitive mantle at the approximate primitive mantle concentration of the siderophile element. Results for Earth show good agreement with earlier estimates. For Mars, the implied primitive mantle composition is remarkably similar to the Earth’s, except for 5 times lower Ni. The best constrained of the extremely siderophile elements, Os and Ir, are present in the martian mantle at 0.005 times CI, in comparison to 0.007 times CI in Earth’s mantle. This similarity constitutes a key constraint on the style of core-mantle differentiation in both Mars and Earth. Successful models should predict similarly high concentrations of noble siderophile elements in both the martian and terrestrial mantles (“high” compared to the lunar and HED mantles, and to models of simple partitioning at typical low-pressure magmatic temperatures), but only predict high Ni for the Earth’s mantle. Models that engender the noble siderophile excess in Earth’s mantle through a uniquely terrestrial process, such as a Moon-forming giant impact, have difficulty explaining the similarity of outcome (except for Ni) on Mars. The high Ni content of the terrestrial mantle is probably an effect traceable to Earth’s size. For the more highly siderophile elements like Os and Ir, the simplest model consistent with available constraints is the veneer hypothesis. Core-mantle differentiation was notably inefficient on the largest terrestrial planets, because during the final ∼ 1% of accretion these bodies acquired sufficient H₂O to oxidize most of the later-accreting Fe-metal, thus eliminating the carrier phase for segregation of siderophile elements into the core.     

Influence of parent material on the contents and distribution of B and Zn in upland soils of Bauchi State, Nigeria

A study was conducted to determine the influence of parent material on the contents and distribution of boron and zinc in soils of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Fourty nine, 30, and 20 top 0–30cm soil samples developed from basement complex rock, Kerri-Kerri Formation and Chad Formation, respectively, were collected and analysed using standard laboratory procedures. Results obtained indicate that parent material influenced Zn but not B contents in the soils. Generally, both B and Zn varied widely (CV>30%) between locations in the State, irrespective of the parent material. Organic carbon significantly (P<0.01) and negatively correlated with Zn in soils from BCR (r = ?0.410) and CF (r = ?0.563) and positively with B in soils developed from KKF (r = 0.471) and CF (r = 0.345). With means of 0.41 and 1.46 mgkg^?1 for B and Zn respectively, their contents are considered adequate for crop growth. Crops grown on soils in some localized areas identified with values below the critical limits for these micronutrients may, however, benefit from their application.     

含方沸石凝灰质豆粒灰岩的成因及地质意义——以准噶尔东部中二叠统平地泉组为例

在准噶尔盆地东部火烧山地区中二叠统平地泉组的暗色泥岩中,发育4层特殊的含方沸石凝灰质豆粒灰岩。通过岩心观察、显微镜下薄片鉴定、电子探针分析方法,对该凝灰质豆粒灰岩的岩矿特征和成因机理进行了研究,得出豆粒主要有3类。第一类最常见,具有核心和同心层包壳,包壳有3～7层,按核心特点又可划分为6种,第1种豆粒核心含有特殊“环带结构”方沸石,其余5种核心含有近圆形—他形方沸石、黄铁矿、火山玻璃、方解石及凝灰质等。方沸石环带的电子探针分析结果为,内部成分偏酸性,外部偏基性;将其成分与近圆形及他形方沸石进行对比,具有明显低镁、富铁、高锶的特点,认为“环带结构”方沸石应是湖底岩浆热液喷流作用形成,他形方沸石为“热水”与“正常湖水”混合后胶体沉淀形成。因此第一类豆粒是在核心（方沸石、方解石或火山玻璃等）形成后,由于湖底喷流作用发生,湖水动荡,水动能发生变化而形成明暗相间圈层。第二类豆粒,具有单层薄包壳,核心由凝灰质、泥晶方解石和火山玻璃或生物碎屑组成,其形成与火山作用关系更密切。第三类豆粒由近等大的方解石圆球粒构成,形成与生物作用有关。含方沸石凝灰质豆粒灰岩的发现对准噶尔盆地东部中二叠统热水喷流沉积作用研究具有重要的意义。     

Emplacement of the Jurassic Mirdita ophiolites (southern Albania): evidence from associated clastic and carbonate sediments

Sedimentology can shed light on the emplacement of oceanic lithosphere (i.e. ophiolites) onto continental crust and post-emplacement settings. An example chosen here is the well-exposed Jurassic Mirdita ophiolite in southern Albania. Successions studied in five different ophiolitic massifs (Voskopoja, Luniku, Shpati, Rehove and Morava) document variable depositional processes and palaeoenvironments in the light of evidence from comparable settings elsewhere (e.g. N Albania; N Greece). Ophiolitic extrusive rocks (pillow basalts and lava breccias) locally retain an intact cover of oceanic radiolarian chert (in the Shpati massif). Elsewhere, ophiolite-derived clastics typically overlie basaltic extrusives or ultramafic rocks directly. The oldest dated sediments are calpionellid- and ammonite-bearing pelagic carbonates of latest (?) Jurassic-Berrasian age. Similar calpionellid limestones elsewhere (N Albania; N Greece) post-date the regional ophiolite emplacement. At one locality in S Albania (Voskopoja), calpionellid limestones are gradationally underlain by thick ophiolite-derived breccias (containing both ultramafic and mafic clasts) that were derived by mass wasting of subaqueous fault scarps during or soon after the latest stages of ophiolite emplacement. An intercalation of serpentinite-rich debris flows at this locality is indicative of mobilisation of hydrated oceanic ultramafic rocks. Some of the ophiolite-derived conglomerates (e.g. Shpati massif) include well-rounded serpentinite and basalt clasts suggestive of a high-energy, shallow-water origin. The Berriasian pelagic limestones (at Voskopoja) experienced reworking and slumping probably related to shallowing and a switch to neritic deposition. Mixed ophiolite-derived clastic and neritic carbonate sediments accumulated later, during the Early Cretaceous (mainly Barremian-Aptian) in variable deltaic, lagoonal and shallow-marine settings. These sediments were influenced by local tectonics or eustatic sea-level change. Terrigenous sediment gradually encroached from neighbouring landmasses as the ophiolite was faulted or eroded. An Aptian transgression was followed by regression, creating a local unconformity (e.g. at Boboshtica). A Turonian marine transgression initiated widespread Upper Cretaceous shelf carbonate deposition. In the regional context, the southern Albania ophiolites appear to have been rapidly emplaced onto a continental margin in a subaqueous setting during the Late Jurassic (Late Oxfordian-Late Tithonian). This was followed by gradual emergence, probably in response to thinning of the ophiolite by erosion and/or exhumation. The sedimentary cover of the south Albanian ophiolites is consistent with rapid, relatively short-distance emplacement of a regional-scale ophiolite over a local Pelagonian-Korabi microcontinent.     

Origin of Sierra Nevadan granite: evidence from small scale composite dikes

Composite dikes at Hell Hole Meadow, in the central Sierra Nevada, contain hybrids created by small scale mixing of andesitic and rhyolitic magmas. Early rhyolitic injections had partially solidified when subsequent andesitic magmas arrived and mixed with small increments of remnant rhyolitic magma. In major element chemistry, the hybrid rocks define linear MgO-variation diagrams that closely resemble those for the Half Dome, Mt. Givens, and Eagle Peak granodiorites. The patterns suggest that mixing of mafic and felsic magmas has been important in the evolution of these plutons.Hornblendes in three Hell Hole Meadow hybrid rocks ranging from dacite to andesite display indistinguishable crystal-chemical variation patterns. The crystals apparently developed as phenocrysts of endmember andesitic magma prior to the mixing event and retained their compositional character in the hybridization event. Plutonic hornblendes (Dodge et al. 1968; Noyes et al. 1983) display crystal-chemical patterns nearly identical to those in the dike cores making it unlikely that the plutonic hornblendes represent restite of a complex lower crust.Hornblende chemical data from a suite of rocks collected across the width of the compositionally zoned Half Dome granodiorite (Yosemite National Park) define clusters, like their Hell Hole Meadow counterparts, that are very similar to one another despite the large range in host rock bulk composition. Sr isotopic data (Kistler et al. 1986) and linear MgO-variation patterns for the major elements (Reid et al. 1983) suggest that the Half Dome is a mixture of high-alumina basalt and rhyolitic magmas. We propose that while the bulk chemistry of hybrid granodiorites is determined by the proportions of the constituent mafic and felsic magmas, the hornblendes in the mixed rocks largely retain compositions created in the mafic component prior to mixing. Mixing may occur either by incremental addition of felsic magma into a relatively large volume of mafic magma (as at Hell Hole Meadow), or by the chilling and subsequent disaggregation of mafic pillows in a largely felsic host.