纤蛇纹石在纳米材料及环境科学中的意义

传统工业矿物——纤蛇纹石，是一种具有独特卷管状构造的一维纳米管材料，具有机械强度好、耐热、绝缘等优良性能，同时具有高表面化学活性和生物活性。其活性主要源自表面不饱和键、纳米晶体巨大的比表面积所带来的高表面能以及卷曲构造导致的晶格弯曲而引起的附加内能和表面能。优良的物理和化学性能使其在纳米新材料中具有广阔的应用前景；高表面活性使其可被用来治理环境污染，但也可对人体造成致命威胁，导致石棉肺并引发癌症。因此，积极开展纤蛇纹石污染和致病机理的深入研究，有针对性的对其进行表面改性，降低或消除其毒性，同时加强采、选及加工企业粉尘污染的监测、改善人员防护，纤蛇纹石可以发挥优良性能，实现物尽其用。     

青海茫崖超镁铁质岩蛇纹石化作用的氢氧同位素研究

对青海茫崖石棉矿床中的蛇纹岩和纤蛇纹石石棉进行了氢氧同位素分析,蛇纹岩的δ~(18)O为+5.9—+7.5‰,δD为—115——133‰,纤蛇纹石石棉的δ~(18)O为+7.4—+8.9‰,δD为—115——136‰。共生蛇纹石-磁铁矿同位素温度表明各种蛇纹岩的形成温度为210—320℃,纤蛇纹石石棉为120—170℃。超镁铁质岩的蛇纹石化作用是多阶段的,蛇纹石化作用的水可能以具有一定盐度、CO_2分压较高的深循环大气变质水为主。蛇纹石作用发生在大陆环境中,纤蛇纹石石棉是在蛇纹石化最后阶段于近地表环境中形成的。     

水热条件对纤蛇纹石纳米管合成的影响研究

采用水热法在不同反应条件下合成了一系列纤蛇纹石纳米管.利用红外吸收光谱、扫描电镜和透射电镜系统地研究了水热反应中,反应温度、Si/Mg比、反应时间等不同反应参数对合成纤蛇纹石纳米管的晶体生长及其结构的影响.结果表明,温度的升高、Si/Mg比趋近0.68及反应时间的延长均有利于纤蛇纹石的生长,并获得最佳条件下合成的纤蛇纹石条件.     

阿克塞红柳沟纤蛇纹石矿物学特征研究

在对阿克塞红柳沟温石棉矿床的地质特征分析的基础上,采用XRF、XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TG-DTA等分析测试方法对4个纤蛇纹石样品进行了化学成分、晶体结构、谱学特征、显微形貌与理化性质研究。结果表明:纤蛇纹石样品的主要化学组成为SiO2、MgO,其次含有Al2O3、Fe2O3及少量的NiO等类质同象组分,为典型的斜纤蛇纹石结构,内外羟基伸缩振动和Si-O伸缩振动吸收峰尖锐、分裂明显,纤维形态表现为柔韧的丝状,结构破坏温度在650~700℃,酸蚀量在43.67%~59.89%之间,碱蚀量在2.72%~7.01%之间。矿床地质特征和纤蛇纹石的矿物学特征表明该矿床形成后遭受后期的地球化学作用破坏程度低,与纤蛇纹石共生的矿物较简单,纤蛇纹石纤维表面结构较完善。     

四川石棉矿蛇纹石矿物学研究

四川石棉矿产出四种蛇纹石矿物:纤蛇纹石,Povlen型纤蛇纹石、利蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石。它们的形态、结构、化学成分和红外光谱各具特征,本文对此进行了描述和讨论。纤蛇纹石以纵纤维脉和横纤维脉形式产出,以斜纤蛇纹石为主,含少量正纤和副纤蛇纹石。纵纤维蛇纹石可能由地壳浅层中的大气热水形成。Povlen型纤蛇纹石是蛇纹石族矿物的一个新变种,其形态、结构和化学成分都不同于其他蛇纹石矿物。     

不同反应参数下纤蛇纹石纳米管的水热合成研究

以活性MgO和纳米SiO2为原料,在仿地质作用的碱性水热环境下控制不同反应参数合成了多个系列的纤蛇纹石样品。利用XRD和IR分析系统地研究了不同反应参数对纤蛇纹石特征的影响。结果表明,活性MgO和纳米SiO2在水热环境中很容易转变成纤蛇纹石相,但形成完善纳米管结构须严格控制水热反应条件;pH值、反应温度和反应时间的提高均有利于水热合成结晶度及管状结构更加完善的纤蛇纹石,最佳水热反应条件为pH=13.8,200℃,反应60h,此条件下无其它杂质产物生成,合成温度较前人采用的300℃有所降低。利用SEM和AFM对最佳反应条件下合成的纤蛇纹石纳米管的形貌进行了观察,发现其为短柱状,准直性较高,表面光洁无杂质,直径均一,约50nm,长度多为400～500nm。     

碱度对水热合成纤蛇纹石纳米管的影响研究

为克服天然纤蛇纹石纳米管在量子组装应用上存在的不易提纯、易被伴生矿物堵塞、管径不均等缺点,以活性MgO和纳米SiO2为原料,采用水热法在不同碱度下合成了系列纤蛇纹石样品.时合成样品的X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)以及扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明,在200℃.pH值大于13的条件下反应60 h以上能够合成结晶度比较完善的纤蛇纹石;碱度的提高有利于纤蛇纹石氢氧镁石层和硅氧四面体层的生长,并促使两者结合更为紧密,晶胞参数b0值增大,结构层更易卷曲,纤蛇纹石的纤维管状结构更加完善,结晶度提高,纤维的晶体轮廓更加清晰,直径更为均一,长度增加;最后确认在200℃.pH 13.8,反应60 h条件下合成纤蛇纹石纳米管的直径约50 nm.长度多在600nm以上,长度上优于前人的合成.     

纤蛇纹石石棉的纳米效应与生物活性

本文首次从纳米材料与纳米效应角度出发讨论了纤蛇纹石石棉的形态、表面结构、表面性质与生物活性的关系。结果表明,纤蛇纹石石棉属自然界产出的一种特殊的一维纳米丝状矿物,在形态、结构和表现性质等方面表现出纳米材料所具有一般特性,其中,形态上一寸及高表面化学活性构成了它的生物活性特征。纤蛇纹石石棉纤维对动物的危害,既具有一般纤维的危害性,又具有非晶质ＳｉＯ２的危害性。由于纤维的小尺寸效应和高表面活性而使生物     

蛇纹石族矿物及其热转变产物的红外光谱研究

本文报道了蛇纹石族矿物及其热转变产物的红外光谱。在室温下斜纤蛇纹石,正纤蛇纹石,叶蛇纹石和利蛇纹石都具有各自的特征光谱。在结构资料基础上,我们解释了它们之间的光谱差异。无疑,红外光谱是区分各种蛇纹石矿物的有效手段。 样品加热到600—700℃时,3680cm~(-1)羟基带消失,这表明在该温度下蛇纹石矿物完全脱羟。与此同时,光谱中出现橄榄石870cm~(-1)的最强带和一个宽带1000cm~(-1),这说明蛇纹石已部分地转变为晶质橄榄石和形成一个无定形的中间相。800℃时,1060cm~(-1)新带的出现标志着顽火辉石的生成。在所有加热样品的光谱中都没有发现SiO_2吸收带,故可认为,在蛇纹石的热转变过程中没有出现SiO_2相。     

灼烧处理对纤蛇纹石反应活性的影响

    使用可循环的NH4Cl 溶液作为中间媒介获取Mg2+用于CO2 矿物封存是一种新兴工艺,但是纤蛇纹石在NH4Cl 溶液中较 低的Mg2+浸出率却是这项工艺发展的瓶颈。针对这一问题,本文采用灼烧处理对纤蛇纹石进行改性。结果表明, 灼烧处理 可以有效改变纤蛇纹石中Mg2+反应活性。在600℃灼烧后,所得产物与NH4Cl 反应的转化率达到55.64%,比灼烧前提高了 约43%。600℃灼烧处理脱除了纤蛇纹石外羟基,增大了矿物的反应表面积和具反应活性的Mg2+的量,促进了其与NH4Cl 的 反应 ;脱除内羟基后,具反应活性Mg2+减少,与NH4Cl 反应的转化率降低。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861