Time-dependence of sea-ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction in the Arctic Basin

The time variation of the sea-ice concentration and multiyear ice fraction within the pack ice in the Arctic Basin is examined, using microwave images of sea ice recently acquired by the Nimbus-5 spacecraft and the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory. The images used for these studies were constructed from data acquired from the Electrically Scanned Microwave Radiometer (ESMR) which records radiation from earth and its atmosphere at a wavelength of 1.55 cm. Data are analyzed for four seasons during 1973–1975 to illustrate some basic differences in the properties of the sea ice during those times. Spacecraft data are compared with corresponding NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory data obtained over wide areas in the Arctic Basin during the Main Arctic Ice Dynamics Joint Experiment (1975) to illustrate the applicability of passive-microwave remote sensing for monitoring the time dependence of sea-ice concentration (divergence). These observations indicate significant variations in the sea-ice concentration in the spring, late fall and early winter. In addition, deep in the interior of the Arctic polar sea-ice pack, heretofore unobserved large areas, several hundred kilometers in extent, of sea-ice concentrations as low as 50% are indicated.     

Enhanced Arctic Ice Concentration Estimation Merging MODIS Ice Surface Temperature and SSM/I Sea-Ice Concentration

Ice concentration data from passive microwave sensors are not reliable during the summer melt season. In this study passive microwave ice concentration estimates are improved upon through the assimilation of ice surface temperature data from the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Ice concentration from the analysis is converted to ice extent and compared with data from the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS). Ice concentration analysis from data assimilation is in better agreement with the IMS data than the original passive microwave data, with the largest improvements occurring during sea-ice melt.     

基于AMSR-E土壤湿度产品的LIS同化试验

由陆面信息系统 (Land Information System, 简称LIS) 通过NOAH陆面过程模型使用集合卡尔曼滤波开展AMSR-E (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System) 土壤湿度同化试验,得到2003年中国区域垂直深度为4层、水平空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°的土壤湿度试验数据。使用农业气象观测站土壤相对湿度和国家生态系统野外科学观测研究站土壤体积含水量对试验结果进行检验,结果表明:同化过程整体上提高了陆面模型的模拟精度,草地生态系统模拟精度高于作物和森林生态系统;有效的同化过程依赖于AMSR-E土壤湿度的准确性;模拟出的土壤湿度空间分布特征与实际相符。同化试验得到的时空相对连续且精度相对准确的土壤湿度数据是气候变化和干旱监测的重要数据基础。     

Microwave remote sensing of sea ice in the AIDJEX Main Experiment

During the AIDJEX Main Experiment, April 1975 through May 1976, a comprehensive microwave sensing program was performed on the sea ice of the Beaufort Sea. Surface and aircraft measurements were obtained during all seasons using a wide variety of active and passive microwave sensors. The surface program obtained passive microwave measurements of various ice types using four antennas mounted on a tracked vehicle. In three test regions, each with an area of approximately 1.5 × 10⁴ m², detailed ice crystallographic, dielectric properties, and brightness temperatures of first-year, multiyear, and first-year/multiyear mixtures were measured. A NASA aircraft obtained passive microwave measurements of the entire area of the AIDJEX manned station array (triangle) during each of 18 flights. This verified the earlier reported ability to distinguish first-year and multiyear ice types and concentration and gave new information on ways to observe ice mixtures and thin ice types. The active microwave measurements from aircraft included those from an X- and L-band radar and from a scatterometer. The former is used to study a wide variety of ice features and to estimate deformations, while both are equally usable to observe ice types. With the present data, only the scatterometer can be used to distinguish positively multiyear from first-year and various types of thin ice. This is best done using coupled active and passive microwave sensing.We dedicate this work to our beloved friend William NordbergHe pioneered in microwave ice observations, and his brilliance and enthusiasm inspired all of us.     

一种基于卫星遥感与地面测站数据融合技术的雪深动态反演方法

提出了一种新的基于被动微波遥感和地面测站数据融合技术的雪深动态反演方法.这种新方法不再依赖单一的地面测站数据或卫星遥感数据,而是利用它们联合建立雪盖可信度指数,共同确定雪盖分布;然后在此基础上采用时空距离权重法设定反演系数动态参数化方案,反演雪深.这种雪深反演方法具有以下特点:针对不同时空条件下反演系数的动态差异问题,提出利用实时测站观测雪深,灵活调整雪深反演系数的解决方案,使反演系数具备随时空动态调整的能力,这是与静态反演方法最大的区别;充分利用了被动微波遥感数据时空连续性好的优势,能够在测站稀少的西部高山地区反演出空间分辨率相对较高的雪深数据,这是地面观测无法做到的.初步检验结果显示,该方法较明显地提高了中国西部高原地区和东部雪盖南缘区的反演精度,并克服了原有融合方法在中国西部雪盖面积偏小的问题,有效避免了静态反演方法在高山地区严重高估而平原地区低估雪深的问题,实现了被动微波遥感和地面观测数据的有效融合,扩大了雪深监测的有效范围     

大面积水体上空星载微波辐射计的干扰识别

卫星微波仪器接收的来自地气系统的被动热辐射与主动传感器发射的信号相混合,被称为无线电频率干扰 (RFI),在主动及被动微波遥感探测领域已成为越来越严重的问题。海洋表面反射的静止通讯、电视卫星下发信号是干扰海洋上星载被动微波辐射计观测的主要来源。该文以先进的微波扫描辐射计AMSR-E为例,采用双主成分分析方法对美国陆地上大面积水体、附近洋面和中国海岸线附近的RFI进行识别,研究表明:美国附近洋面区域星载微波辐射计18.7 GHz通道观测主要受静止电视卫星DirecTV的干扰,由于海表反射引起的RFI非常依赖于静止卫星和星载被动仪器的相对几何位置,只有当闪烁角θ(观测视场镜面反射的静止电视卫星信号方向与视场到星载仪器方向之间的夹角) 较小时卫星观测易受到污染。美国海洋区域较强RFI分布在五大湖区域,离内陆越近RFI越强,东西海岸RFI较强,而整个南海岸干扰相对较弱。中国海岸线附近AMSR-E 6.925 GHz通道观测受RFI影响,而18.7 GHz通道观测未受到干扰。     

Passive microwave and infrared structure of mesoscale convective systems

Summary The precipitation structure of mature Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) is examined in both the midlatitudes and the tropics using SSM/I microwave measurements, geostationary satellite observations, and ground-based radar observations. Discussion includes qualitative comparisons between midlatitude and tropical MCS cases, with particular emphasis on the delineation of convective and stratiform regions and the characterization of microwave polarization difference temperatures in the MCSs. Implications are given regarding the importance of the vertical precipitation structure on top of the atmosphere (TOA) microwave temperatures and for rain retrieval algorithms using measurements from space.Some of the principle findings include the ability of passive microwave brightness temperature measurements to distinguish stratiform and convective regions of MCSs for both tropical and midlatitude cases and over land and ocean backgrounds. Convective regions typically had low differences between the vertical and horizontal brightness temperatures while the stratiform regions have larger differences, and these differences are likely related to the spatial microphysical variations in the upper levels of the precipitation region. Several cases were found in midlatitudes and one case in the tropics where the lowest infrared (IR) brightness temperatures were displaced into the anvil region and were not colocated with the coldest microwave temperatures. Life cycle dependence of the displacement is suggested, but the SSM/I measurements with a maximum of twice daily coverage over the same location were inadequate to answer this question.With 10 Figures     

微波辐射计温湿廓线反演方法改进试验

为提升地基微波辐射计在不同天气条件下, 特别是云天条件下温湿廓线的反演精度, 利用2011年1月—2016年12月中国气象局北京国家综合气象观测试验基地探空数据, 在微波辐射计反演温湿度廓线的过程中通过区分晴天和云天条件并引入全固态Ka波段测云仪云高及云厚信息, 对反演输入亮温进行质量控制和偏差订正, 建立BP神经网络模型, 采用2017年1月—2018年3月微波辐射计探测数据评估检验, 结果表明:在亮温订正前提下, 晴天温度模型、云天温度模型、晴天相对湿度模型和云天相对湿度模型反演结果与探空的相关系数分别为0.99, 0.99, 0.80和0.78, 均方根误差为2.3℃, 2.3℃, 9%和16%, 较微波辐射计自带产品（LV2产品）减小约0.4℃, 0.3℃, 11%和9%, 准确性提升约30%, 28%, 64%和45%;温度模型偏差在±2℃以内、湿度模型偏差在±20%以内的占比分别为68%, 70%和95%, 78%, 较LV2产品分别提高了7%, 5%和27%, 23%, 其中相对湿度改善明显。可见亮温订正、区分天气类型训练反演模型有利于改善地基微波辐射温湿廓线反演精度。     

中国近20 a卫星遥感土壤湿度的季节变化及其验证

分析了欧洲空间局最近基于多颗卫星微波资料研发的ECV土壤湿度产品的季节性干湿变化,并与国家气象局提供的站点资料做了对比验证。研究发现:主动与被动遥感土壤湿度的干湿季节变化在中国东部季风区有显著的不一致性。在中国东部季风区,被动遥感土壤湿度的干湿季变化和站点观测一致,均表现出夏季是干季、冬季是湿季的特征;而主动遥感的数据则存在较大的空间差异,华北地区与被动遥感数据较为一致,华南地区则呈现夏季为湿季、冬季为干季的反位相特征。两者的不一致性说明,针对欧洲空间局开发ECV土壤湿度产品的过程,融合主动遥感和被动遥感资料,研制长序列土壤湿度产品的思路在中国东部季风区不可行。     

GCOM-W AMSR2资料在CMA_GFS 四维变分中的同化应用

卫星微波仪器的辐射率资料,由于兼具卫星观测的全天空优势和微波观测的全天候特性,成为数值天气预报系统同化的日益重要的角色。微波成像仪作为被动微波辐射计的重要一类,其在数值预报中的应用潜力亟待进一步的检验和更充分的挖掘。针对全球水循环变化观测卫星GCOM-W上搭载的第2代先进微波扫描辐射计AMSR2的10个通道,建立了半径200 km的稀疏化方案;研发了包含9项检验的质量控制方案,对于污染低频通道观测的太阳耀光现象和无线电信号干扰等因素进行屏蔽;设计基于经典预报因子的偏差订正方案,对仪器系统偏差进行有效的校正;采用基于变分同化后验估计的观测误差统计,克服了观测误差难以准确估计的问题。通过以上方法,GCOM-W AMSR2共有10个通道辐射率资料在中国自主研发的全球/区域同化预报系统（CMA_GFS,原名为GRAPES_GFS）3.0版的四维变分同化系统（4DVar）中实现了直接同化应用。1个月的批量试验证明,同化GCOM-W AMSR2后,CMA_GFS湿度分析场得到了一定的改进,各量级定量降水中期预报评分有所提高,同时,GCOM-W AMSR2辐射率直接同化对CMA_GFS南半球和赤道地区预报有明显正贡献。研究证实AMSR2能够很好地弥补常规观测资料稀疏区的资料匮乏,发挥水汽敏感特性,改进湿度分析和降水预报的技巧。      

A comparison of conventional and passive microwave sea‐ice datasets for Hudson Bay

Abstract

A sea‐ice dataset derived from passive microwave data acquired by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) is compared with a conventional sea‐ice dataset from Ice Branch, Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. The conventional set uses data from several sources including ships of opportunity, reconnaissance aircraft, satellite photographs and climate stations. The comparison was made for a 3‐year period from 1979 to 1981 over Hudson Bay, an area that is covered with first‐year ice only. For 8 of the 12 months of the year, monthly area‐average ice concentrations are within one tenth; larger differences are evident during periods of melting and freeze‐up. Extensive ponding on first‐year ice during the melt season is interpreted as open water by the SMMR algorithm, leading to significant “errors” in the passive microwave dataset. By comparing the two datasets, we were able to show the extent of ponding on the ice for a complete seasonal melt cycle. During freeze‐up the algorithm, under some conditions, provides a better estimate of the amount of ice than a conventional dataset owing to the difficulty of observing the presence of new ice.     

Opposing Southern Ocean Climate Patterns as Revealed by Trends in Regional Sea Ice Coverage

The 16.8 year sea ice record (November 1978 to August 1995) derived from satellite passive microwave data shows evidence of contrasting climate patterns in the Southern Ocean as indicated by persistent opposing trends in regional sea ice coverage. Southern Ocean regions adjoining the south Atlantic, south Indian and southwest Pacific Oceans show increasing trends in sea ice coverage, particularly during non-winter months, while regions adjoining the southwest Pacific Ocean show decreasing trends in sea ice coverage, particularly during summer months. The data are compiled from three successive passive microwave sensors from which two separate time-series are analyzed. The first includes the data originally released by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) which have not been significantly adjusted to account for differences in the successive sensors, while the second includes data recently released by NSIDC which have been rigorously adjusted (Cavalieri et al., 1997) to account for differences between sensors. Although the significance of many of the increasing trends detected in the original time-series decrease in the reanalyzed time-series, the overall pattern of contrasting trends remains evident. These trends have important implications for the southern hemisphere heat budget and surface albedo as well as for marine ecosystems associated with various sea ice habitats. Other evidence of contrasting climate patterns with respect to southern hemisphere atmospheric circulation is explored. Due to the relatively short sea ice record, it still remains to be seen whether these trends are natural decadel variation or indicative of global climate change. However, the persistent opposition in Southern Ocean regional ice coverage is noteworthy and may well be studied using global circulation models in order to better define potential positive and negative feedbacks for global change scenarios.     

SSM/I资料反演大范围地表湿度试验

利用SSM/ I遥感数据, 结合2002年汛期“973”外场观测资料及T106资料, 借助微波辐射传输正演模型, 通过物理反演原理提取SSM/ I低频19 GHz通道像元平均地表微波比辐射率, 然后利用地表微波辐射模型, 估算SSM/ I像元的地表湿度信息。以2002年8月中旬发生在长江流域的暴雨天气过程为例, 将反演得到的地表湿度信息与地面观测到的降水信息进行对比分析, 并与地面的洪涝特征进行对比分析, 得到了与地面降水观测结果较为一致的对比结果。     

Passive microwave remote sensing of the ocean—A review

This paper reviews the current status of passive microwave remote sensing of the ocean. The physics of emission and instrumentation are highlighted in order to establish a relationship between the thermal emission and retrieved geophysical parameters. A discussion then follows on measurements of temperature, salinity, windspeed, etc. using passive microwave systems. These measurements are related to the accuracy and spatial resolution required by the users. The status of passive microwave remote sensing is summarized and recommendations for future research are presented.Part of this work was done while on leave at the NOAA Wave Propagation Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80302     

阿尔山地区积雪深度微波遥感反演算法的改进与验证

利用阿尔山地区多年实测雪深数据评估3种微波遥感雪深数据,即星载微波成像仪AMSR-E（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS）和AMSR-2（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2）的积雪产品、国内学者建立的中国雪深数据集,在该地区的适用状况,并建立新的雪深反演算法。1981～2014年的中国雪深数据集和阿尔山站点实测雪深统计的积雪日数和最大积雪深度具有较好的一致性,尤其是在2000年以后。AMSR-E和AMSR2雪深数据年变化与实测雪深变化趋势一致,与实测雪深数据相关系数超过0.60,不过具体雪深数据变化幅度远高于实测数据,致使两者之间的均方根误差高达13.0 cm。中国雪深数据集在阿尔山地区与实测雪深相关系数超过0.65,两者之间均方根误差为6.3 cm。结合星载微波观测亮温与实测雪深建立适合阿尔山地区的雪深反演算法,验证分析显示反演结果与实测雪深相关系数为0.77,两者的均方根误差减小为4.7 cm,优于本文评估的3种微波遥感雪深数据。     

基于TRMM卫星对一次华南飑线的闪电活动及其与降水结构的关系研究

利用热带测雨计划任务卫星（TRMM）的测雨雷达(PR)、 闪电成像仪(LIS)和微波辐射计(TMI)资料, 研究了2005年5月6日发生在我国华南的一次强飑线过程的闪电活动及其与降水结构之间的关系。结果表明, 该飑线系统中对流降水面积仅为层云的一半, 但是总降水率却远大于层云的总降水率。绝大多数闪电发生在对流区, 有少数闪电出现在层云区域。在6 km高度上, 闪电发生附近的最大雷达反射率因子主要集中在35～50 dBZ区间, 峰值频数在40～45 dBZ, 35 dBZ以下较少。研究还表明, 对流单体的最大雷达反射率垂直廓线可以很好地指示单体的闪电频数和对流发展强度。对闪电与微波亮温的研究表明, 大多数闪电发生在低亮温区域, 特别是低于200 K亮温区, 而在240～260 K的区域也可观测到少量闪电, 这一般对应于飑线的层云区域。结合2003年4月17日黄淮地区的另一次强飑线系统的进一步研究发现, 在单体尺度上, 总闪电频数和冰相降水含量之间表现出非常密切而稳定的关系, 相关系数达0.92。总闪电频数和冰相降水含量之间的稳定关系在中尺度数值模式中闪电资料的同化和飑线系统的闪电参数化研究中均有较大的应用潜力。     

Climate sensitivity studies of the Greenland ice sheet using satellite AVHRR,SMMR, SSM/I and in situ data

Summary The feasibility of using satellite data for climate research over the Greenland ice sheet is discussed. In particular, we demonstrate the usefulness of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Local Area Coverage (LAC) and Global Area Coverage (GAC) data for narrow-band albedo retrieval. Our study supports the use of lower resolution AVHRR (GAC) data for process studies over most of the Greenland ice sheet. Based on LAC data time series analysis, we can resolve relative albedo changes on the order of 2–5%. In addition, we examine Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) passive microwave data for snow typing and other signals of climatological significance. Based on relationships between in situ measurements and horizontally polarized 19 and 37 GHz observations, wet snow regions are identified. The wet snow regions increase in aerial percentage from 9% of the total ice surface in June to a maximum of 26% in August 1990. Furthermore, the relationship between brightness temperatures and accumulation rates in the northeastern part of Greenland is described. We found a consistent increase in accumulation rate for the northeastern part of the ice sheet from 1981 to 1986.With 16 Figures     

卫星反演积雪信息的研究进展

综合分析了积雪信息反演的主要遥感信息源和提取方法。在光学遥感方面,应用较广的主要是改进型甚高分辨率扫描辐射仪（AVHRR）资料和中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）资料;提取积雪信息大多是根据积雪在可见光波段的高反射率和近红外波段的低反射率,并通过建立回归模型反演积雪面积和深度。由于传感器的改进,MODIS卫星资料在空间分辨率、积雪反演算法等方面明显优于AVHRR资料。光学仪器受云层和大气的影响很大,由于云和积雪在可见光和近红外波段上都具有高反射率。并且由于云层的遮挡。云下的地表信息不能被光学遥感仪器所接收到。微波遥感方面,被动微波遥感仪如微波辐射计成像仪（SSM／I）、高级微波扫描辐射计（AMSR—E）等可以全天候穿过云层进行监测,具有光学仪器所没有的优势,并通过提取地表的亮温差,建立雪深反演模型得到积雪深度。被动微波传感器存在分辨率低。无法监测浅雪区信息等问题。另外影响地表微波亮温的因素很多,这些都在一定程度上影响了反演结果的精确度。主动微波遥感仪如合成孔径雷达、微波散射计等利用积雪与其它地物的后向散射系数的不同来识别积雪,但也同样存在分辨率低等问题。最后探讨了卫星反演积雪信息中仍然存在的问题和进一步发展的方向。     

Observations of precipitating convective systems at 92 and 183 GHz: Aircraft results

Summary High spatial resolution data from an airborne microwave imaging radiometer operating at 92 and 183 GHz (0.32 and 0.16 cm wavelengths) are compared with ground-based radar data for a series of observations of precipitating convective systems. An inverse relationship between microwave brightness temperature (T _B ) and radar-derived rain rate (RR) is observed. Differences in the empirical curves between midlatitude and tropical cloud systems are related to the differing microphysical and dynamical environments.ColdT _B features in the aircraft images are collocated with high reflectivity values in the radar data. Over a water back-ground, which has a low surface emissivity at these frequencies, small convection produces an increase inT _B at 92 GHz due to emission by liquid water in the cloud. As the convection deepens and ice forms,T _B at both frequencies decreases rapidly with increasing rain rate. The large decrease inT _B with increasing storm intensity is due to scattering of upwelling radiation by precipitation-sized ice particles within the clouds. With high rain rates, there is little difference betweenT _B observed over both land and water backgrounds.TheT _B features in the aircraft imagery are qualitatively similar to radar echoes in plan position indicator (PPI) images. Areas of extremely coldT _B (<150 K) coincide with high radar reflectivities. The highest correlations between microwave and radar features with regard to location, intensity, and shape occur more frequently with mid-to upperlevel echoes rather than low-level reflectivity features.With 12 Figures     

高分辨率卫星对“21·7”河南特大暴雨监测能力分析

2021年7月20日河南中北部突降暴雨,造成至少302人遇难,这类极端降水事件会对社会经济发展和人类生产、生活造成较大的影响,因此,准确监测这类暴雨事件至关重要。采用定性和定量方法综合评定了主流的10种高分辨率卫星降水产品（CMORPH-Raw、CMORPH-RT、PERSIANN-CCS、GPM IMERG-Early、GPM IMERG-Late、GSMaP-Now、GSMaP-NRT、FY-2F、FY-2G和FY-2H）在本次极端暴雨事件中的适用性,并分析了这10种产品对不同级别降水的监测能力。结果表明,这10种卫星降水产品均可以较为准确地再现出暴雨中心位于河南中北部的空间分布特征,但是所有卫星降水产品均较大程度低估了暴雨中心的降水量。随着降水等级的升高,各类卫星降水产品的命中率下降,TS评分降低,误报率升高。CMORPH-RT 对于暴雨量的捕捉能力强于CMORPH-Raw,且对暴雨过程的捕捉能力也更强;GPM IMERG-Late的准确度较GPM IMERG-Early有较大提高;相比于GSMaP-Now降水产品,GSMaP-NRT的准确度较高;PERSIANN-CCS和FY-2F的效果较差,不能捕捉此次极端暴雨事件。对本次暴雨事件而言,CMORPH-RT的效果最好,可以准确捕捉暴雨中心而且量值也与观测最为接近;融合红外和被动微波信息的卫星降水效果优于仅使用红外信息的降水产品,而且卫星反演算法和融合被动微波数据的多少对卫星降水的准确度有较大影响。